African-American Vernacular English (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "African-American Vernacular English" in English language version.

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Geoff Pullum (October 17, 1998). "Why Ebonics Is No Joke". Lingua Franca (transcript). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2014.

academia.edu

Wolfram, Walt; Kohn, Mary E. (forthcoming). "The regional development of African American Language Archived 2018-11-06 at the Wayback Machine". In Sonja Lanehart, Lisa Green, and Jennifer Bloomquist (eds.), The Oxford Handbook on African American Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 147.
Wolfram, Walt; Kohn, Mary E. (forthcoming). "The regional development of African American Language Archived 2018-11-06 at the Wayback Machine". In Sonja Lanehart, Lisa Green, and Jennifer Bloomquist (eds.), The Oxford Handbook on African American Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 149-151.

archive.org

For the reasons that linguists avoid using the term Ebonics, see for example Green (2002:7–8). Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), pp. 1–11, 'Introduction'. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), p. 131. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), p. 123. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), p. 116. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), pp. 117–119. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002:121–122) although her examples are different. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), p. 107. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), pp. 107–116. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), pp. 119–121. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002:121), citing Wolfram & Fasold (1974:140) Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019 Wolfram, Walter A.; Fasold, Ralph W. (1974), Social Dialects in American English, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
Green (2002), p. 121. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), pp. 60–62. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Aspectual be: Green (2002:47–54) Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), pp. 54–55. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), pp. 71–72. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), p. 71. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002:70–71), citing DeBose & Faraclas (1993). Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019 DeBose, Charles; Faraclas, Nicholas (1993), "An Africanist approach to the linguistic study of black English: getting to the roots of tense-aspect-modality and copula systems in Afro-American", in Mufwene, Salikoko S. (ed.), Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties, Athens, GA: University of Georgia press, pp. 364–387
Green (2002), pp. 73–74. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green 2002. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), p. 38. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), pp. 102–103. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), p. 80. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), pp. 84–89. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), pp. 89–91. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Rickford & Rickford (2000), p. 146. Rickford, John; Rickford, Russell (2000), Spoken Soul: The Story of Black English., New York: John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-39957-4
Smitherman (1977) cited in Rickford & Rickford (2000:240). Smitherman, Geneva (1977), Talkin and Testifyin: The Language of Black America, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Rickford, John; Rickford, Russell (2000), Spoken Soul: The Story of Black English., New York: John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-39957-4
Smitherman (2000) suggests either a general West African or the Pig Latin origin. Black Talk, s.v. "Ofay". Smitherman, Geneva (2000), Black Talk: Words and Phrases from the Hood to the Amen Corner (revised ed.), Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-96919-0
Smitherman (2000), s.v. "Kitchen". Kitchen, siditty: Dictionary of American Regional English, s.vv. "Kitchen", "Siditty". Smitherman, Geneva (2000), Black Talk: Words and Phrases from the Hood to the Amen Corner (revised ed.), Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-96919-0
"Black critics [of Black English] use all the different arguments of the White critics, and spare us the more or less open embarrassment that all White Americans feel when publicly criticizing anything or anyone Black. So, of course, they can be even more wrong-headed and self-righteously wrong-headed than anyone else ..." Quinn (1982:150–51). Quinn, Jim (1982), American Tongue and Cheek: A Populist Guide to Our Language, New York: Penguin, ISBN 0-14-006084-7

books.google.com

Edwards (2004), p. 383. Edwards, Walter (2004), "African American Vernacular English: Phonology", in Kortmann, Bernd (ed.), A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool, vol. 2, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 366–382, ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5
Wheeler (1999), p. 55. Wheeler, Rebecca S., ed. (1999), The Workings of Language: From Prescriptions to Perspectives, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-275-96245-6, archived from the original on May 18, 2016, retrieved January 7, 2018
McWhorter (2001), p. 179. McWhorter, John H. (2001), Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a "Pure" Standard English, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-7382-0446-8
McWhorter (2001), pp. 162, 185. McWhorter, John H. (2001), Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a "Pure" Standard English, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-7382-0446-8
McWhorter (2001), pp. 162, 182. McWhorter, John H. (2001), Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a "Pure" Standard English, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-7382-0446-8
McWhorter (2001), pp. 146–7. McWhorter, John H. (2001), Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a "Pure" Standard English, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-7382-0446-8
McWhorter (2001), pp. 146. McWhorter, John H. (2001), Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a "Pure" Standard English, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-7382-0446-8
McWhorter (2001), pp. 148. McWhorter, John H. (2001), Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a "Pure" Standard English, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-7382-0446-8
Widawski, Maciej (March 5, 2015). African American Slang: A Linguistic Description. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-24061-8.
McWhorter (2001), pp. 146–147. McWhorter, John H. (2001), Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a "Pure" Standard English, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-7382-0446-8
McWhorter (2001). McWhorter, John H. (2001), Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a "Pure" Standard English, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-7382-0446-8

dictionary.com

"The Complexity Of African American Vernacular English". Dictionary.com. February 22, 2024. Retrieved December 18, 2024.

doi.org

Benor, Sarah Bunin (April 19, 2010). "Ethnolinguistic repertoire: Shifting the analytic focus in language and ethnicity". Journal of Sociolinguistics. 14 (67): 159–183. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2010.00440.x.
The Oakland school board's resolution "was about a perfectly ordinary variety of English spoken by a large and diverse population of Americans of African descent. . . . [E]ssentially all linguists agree that what the Oakland board was dealing with is a dialect of English."Pullum (1997) Pullum, Geoffrey K. (March 27, 1997), "Language that dare not speak its name", Nature, 386 (6623): 321–322, Bibcode:1997Natur.386..321P, doi:10.1038/386321a0, S2CID 4255646, archived from the original on May 27, 2010, retrieved August 27, 2010
Mufwene (2001:29) and Bailey (2001:55), both citing Stewart (1964), Stewart (1969), Dillard (1972), and Rickford (1997a). Mufwene, Salikoko (2001), "What is African American English?", in Lanehart, Sonja (ed.), Sociocultural and Historical Contexts of African American English, Varieties of English Around the World, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 21–52, doi:10.1075/veaw.g27.06muf, ISBN 978-90-272-4885-5 Bailey, Guy (2001), "The relationship between African American Vernacular English and White Vernaculars in the American South: A sociocultural history and some phonological evidence", in Lanehart, Sonja (ed.), Sociocultural and Historical Contexts of African American English, Varieties of English Around the World, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 53–92, doi:10.1075/veaw.g27.08bai, ISBN 978-90-272-4885-5 Stewart, William A. (1964), Non-standard Speech and the Teaching of English, Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics Stewart, William A. (1969), "On the use of Negro dialect in the teaching of reading", in Baratz, Joan; Shuy, Roger (eds.), Teaching Black Children to Read, Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, pp. 156–219 Dillard, John L. (1972), Black English: Its History and Usage in the United States, Random House, ISBN 0-394-71872-0 Rickford, John (1997a), "Prior Creolization of African-American Vernacular English? Sociohistorical and Textual Evidence from the 17th and 18th Centuries", Journal of Sociolinguistics, 1 (3): 315–336, doi:10.1111/1467-9481.00019
Wolfram (1998), p. 112. Wolfram, Walter A. (1998), "Language ideology and dialect: understanding the Oakland Ebonics controversy", Journal of English Linguistics, 26 (2): 108–121, doi:10.1177/007542429802600203, S2CID 144554543
Bloomquist, Green & Lanehart (2015). Bloomquist, Jennifer; Green, Lisa J.; Lanehart, Sonja L., eds. (July 1, 2015). The Oxford Handbook of African American Language. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795390.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-979539-0.
Read (1939), p. 247. Read, Allen Walker (1939), "The speech of Negroes in colonial America", The Journal of Negro History, 24 (3): 247–258, doi:10.2307/2714378, JSTOR 2714378, S2CID 150204787
Thomas, Erik R. (September 2007). "Phonological and Phonetic Characteristics of African American Vernacular English: Phonological and Phonetic Characteristics of AAVE". Language and Linguistics Compass. 1 (5): 450–475. doi:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00029.x.
Eberhardt (2008). Eberhardt, Maeve (2008), "The Low-Back Merger in the Steel City: African American English in Pittsburgh", American Speech, 83 (3): 284–311, doi:10.1215/00031283-2008-021
Jones, Taylor; Kalbfeld, Jessica Rose; Hancock, Ryan; Clark, Robin (2019). "Testifying while black: An experimental study of court reporter accuracy in transcription of African American English". Language. 95 (2): e216–e252. doi:10.1353/lan.2019.0042. S2CID 198787228. Project MUSE 727848.
Bailey & Thomas (1998:89), citing Wolfram (1994) Bailey, Guy; Thomas, Erik (1998), "Some aspects of African-American Vernacular English phonology", in Mufwene, Salikoko; Rickford, John R.; Bailey, Guy; Baugh, John (eds.), African-American English: Structure, History, and Use, London: Routledge, pp. 85–109, doi:10.4324/9780203355596-13, ISBN 978-0-203-35559-6 Wolfram, Walter A. (1994), "The phonology of a sociocultural variety: The case of African American Vernacular English", in Bernthal, John E.; Bankson, Nicholas W. (eds.), Child Phonology: Characteristics, Assessment, and Intervention with Special Populations, New York: Thieme
Farrington, Charlie (October 2018). "Incomplete neutralization in African American English: The case of final consonant voicing". Language Variation and Change. 30 (3): 361–383. doi:10.1017/S0954394518000145. S2CID 149592143.
Bloomquist, Jennifer; Green, Lisa J.; Lanehart, Sonja L.; Thomas, Erik R.; Bailey, Guy (July 1, 2015), "Segmental Phonology of African American English", The Oxford Handbook of African American Language, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795390.013.13, ISBN 978-0-19-979539-0
Green, Lisa (September 23, 2021), "Aspect and predicate phrases in African-American vernacular English", African-American English, London: Routledge, p. 109, doi:10.4324/9781003165330-3, ISBN 978-1-003-16533-0, S2CID 244227668
Fickett (1972), pp. 17–18. Fickett, Joan G. (1972), "Tense and aspect in Black English", Journal of English Linguistics, 6 (1): 17–19, doi:10.1177/007542427200600102, S2CID 145716303
DeBose, Charles E. (July 1, 2015). "The Systematic Marking of Tense, Modality, and Aspect in African American Language". The Oxford Handbook of African American Language. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795390.013.18. ISBN 978-0-19-979539-0. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
Fickett (1972), p. 19. Fickett, Joan G. (1972), "Tense and aspect in Black English", Journal of English Linguistics, 6 (1): 17–19, doi:10.1177/007542427200600102, S2CID 145716303
Fickett (1972:17) refers to this as a combination of "punctuative" and "imperfect" aspects. Fickett, Joan G. (1972), "Tense and aspect in Black English", Journal of English Linguistics, 6 (1): 17–19, doi:10.1177/007542427200600102, S2CID 145716303
See Spears (1982:850) Spears, Arthur K. (1982), "The black English semi-auxiliary come", Language, 58 (4): 850–872, doi:10.2307/413960, JSTOR 413960
Coats, S. (2024). Naturalistic double modals in North America. American Speech: A Quarterly of Linguistic Usage, 99(1), 47–77. https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-9766889
Winford (1992), p. 350. Winford, Donald (1992), "Back to the past: The BEV/creole connection revisited", Language Variation and Change, 4 (3): 311–357, doi:10.1017/S0954394500000831, S2CID 143664421
Cassidy, Frederic G.; Algeo, John (June 1993). "Fifty Years among the New Words: A Dictionary of Neologisms, 1941-1991". Language. 69 (2): 397. doi:10.2307/416548. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 416548.
Widawski, Maciej (2015), "Introduction", African American Slang, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. ix–xii, doi:10.1017/cbo9781139696562.001 (inactive November 2, 2024), ISBN 978-1-139-69656-2{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
Reyes, Angela (November 2005). "Appropriation of African American slang by Asian American youth". Journal of Sociolinguistics. 9 (4): 509–532. doi:10.1111/j.1360-6441.2005.00304.x.
Bloomquist, Green & Lanehart (2015), pp. 140–159. Bloomquist, Jennifer; Green, Lisa J.; Lanehart, Sonja L., eds. (July 1, 2015). The Oxford Handbook of African American Language. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795390.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-979539-0.
Jones, Taylor (November 2015). "Toward a Description of African American Vernacular English Dialect Regions Using 'Black Twitter'". American Speech. 90 (4): 403–440. doi:10.1215/00031283-3442117.
Jones, Taylor (2016). "Tweets as graffiti: What the reconstruction of Vulgar Latin can tell us about Black Twitter". In Squires, Lauren (ed.). English in Computer-Mediated Communication. pp. 43–68. doi:10.1515/9783110490817-004. ISBN 978-3-11-049081-7.
Austen, Martha (August 1, 2017). "Put the Groceries Up". American Speech. 92 (3): 298–320. doi:10.1215/00031283-4312064.
Hinton, Linette N.; Pollock, Karen E. (2003). "Regional Variations in the Phonological Characteristics of African American Vernacular English". World Englishes. 19 (1): 59–71. doi:10.1111/1467-971X.00155. ISSN 0883-2919.
Thomas, Erik R. (2007). "Phonological and Phonetic Characteristics of African American Vernacular English: Phonological and Phonetic Characteristics of AAVE". Language and Linguistics Compass. 1 (5): 450–475. doi:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00029.x.
Lanehart (2001), p. 6. Lanehart, Sonja, ed. (2001), "State of the art in African American English research: Multi-disciplinary perspectives and directions", Sociocultural and Historical Contexts of African American English, Varieties of English Around the World, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 1–20, doi:10.1075/veaw.g27.05lan, ISBN 978-90-272-4885-5
Smitherman (1999), p. 357. Smitherman, Geneva (1999), "CCCC's Role in the Struggle for Language Rights", College Composition and Communication, 50 (3): 349–376, doi:10.2307/358856, JSTOR 358856

ed.ac.uk

lel.ed.ac.uk

Heggarty, Paul; et al., eds. (2013). "Accents of English from Around the World". University of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on April 26, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2018. See pronunciation for "Chicago AAVE" and "N.Carolina AAVE."

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Farrington, Charles (September 18, 2019). Language Variation and the Great Migration: Regionality and African American Language (Thesis). hdl:1794/24866.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

The Oakland school board's resolution "was about a perfectly ordinary variety of English spoken by a large and diverse population of Americans of African descent. . . . [E]ssentially all linguists agree that what the Oakland board was dealing with is a dialect of English."Pullum (1997) Pullum, Geoffrey K. (March 27, 1997), "Language that dare not speak its name", Nature, 386 (6623): 321–322, Bibcode:1997Natur.386..321P, doi:10.1038/386321a0, S2CID 4255646, archived from the original on May 27, 2010, retrieved August 27, 2010

icls.edu

"African American Vernacular: Why It Matters In Language Learning". www.icls.edu. April 30, 2024. Retrieved December 18, 2024.

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Jones, Taylor; Kalbfeld, Jessica Rose; Hancock, Ryan; Clark, Robin (2019). "Testifying while black: An experimental study of court reporter accuracy in transcription of African American English". Language. 95 (2): e216–e252. doi:10.1353/lan.2019.0042. S2CID 198787228. Project MUSE 727848.

johnrickford.com

Rickford (2015), pp. 302, 310. Rickford, John (2015), "African American Language in California:Over Four Decades of Vibrant Variationist Research" (PDF), in Lanehart, Sonja (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of African American Language, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 299–315

jstor.org

Read (1939), p. 247. Read, Allen Walker (1939), "The speech of Negroes in colonial America", The Journal of Negro History, 24 (3): 247–258, doi:10.2307/2714378, JSTOR 2714378, S2CID 150204787
See Spears (1982:850) Spears, Arthur K. (1982), "The black English semi-auxiliary come", Language, 58 (4): 850–872, doi:10.2307/413960, JSTOR 413960
Cassidy, Frederic G.; Algeo, John (June 1993). "Fifty Years among the New Words: A Dictionary of Neologisms, 1941-1991". Language. 69 (2): 397. doi:10.2307/416548. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 416548.
Lee (1999), pp. 381–386. Lee, Margaret (1999), "Out of the Hood and into the News: Borrowed Black Verbal Expressions in a Mainstream Newspaper", American Speech, 74 (4): 369–388, JSTOR 455663
Smitherman (1999), p. 357. Smitherman, Geneva (1999), "CCCC's Role in the Struggle for Language Rights", College Composition and Communication, 50 (3): 349–376, doi:10.2307/358856, JSTOR 358856

languagejones.com

Jones (2020), p. 165. Jones, Taylor (January 1, 2020). Variation in African American English: The Great Migration and Regional Differentiation (PDF) (Thesis). ProQuest 2423437304.
Jones (2020). Jones, Taylor (January 1, 2020). Variation in African American English: The Great Migration and Regional Differentiation (PDF) (Thesis). ProQuest 2423437304.
Jones (2020), p. 263. Jones, Taylor (January 1, 2020). Variation in African American English: The Great Migration and Regional Differentiation (PDF) (Thesis). ProQuest 2423437304.
Jones (2020), p. 225. Jones, Taylor (January 1, 2020). Variation in African American English: The Great Migration and Regional Differentiation (PDF) (Thesis). ProQuest 2423437304.
Jones (2020), p. 35. Jones, Taylor (January 1, 2020). Variation in African American English: The Great Migration and Regional Differentiation (PDF) (Thesis). ProQuest 2423437304.
Jones (2020), p. 253. Jones, Taylor (January 1, 2020). Variation in African American English: The Great Migration and Regional Differentiation (PDF) (Thesis). ProQuest 2423437304.
Jones (2020), p. 264. Jones, Taylor (January 1, 2020). Variation in African American English: The Great Migration and Regional Differentiation (PDF) (Thesis). ProQuest 2423437304.
Jones (2020), p. 226. Jones, Taylor (January 1, 2020). Variation in African American English: The Great Migration and Regional Differentiation (PDF) (Thesis). ProQuest 2423437304.

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Thomas (2006), pp. 16, 19–20. Thomas, Erik R. (2006), "Rural White Southern Accents" (PDF), Atlas of North American English (online), Walter de Gruyter, archived from the original (PDF) on December 22, 2014, retrieved January 7, 2018

npr.org

Ludden, Jennifer (September 6, 2010). "Op-Ed: DEA Call For Ebonics Experts Smart Move" Archived 2018-01-08 at the Wayback Machine. NPR.

oxfordhandbooks.com

Bloomquist, Green & Lanehart (2015). Bloomquist, Jennifer; Green, Lisa J.; Lanehart, Sonja L., eds. (July 1, 2015). The Oxford Handbook of African American Language. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795390.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-979539-0.
DeBose, Charles E. (July 1, 2015). "The Systematic Marking of Tense, Modality, and Aspect in African American Language". The Oxford Handbook of African American Language. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795390.013.18. ISBN 978-0-19-979539-0. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
Bloomquist, Green & Lanehart (2015), pp. 140–159. Bloomquist, Jennifer; Green, Lisa J.; Lanehart, Sonja L., eds. (July 1, 2015). The Oxford Handbook of African American Language. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199795390.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-979539-0.

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"Do you speak American?: African American English". PBS.

proquest.com

search.proquest.com

Jones (2020), p. 165. Jones, Taylor (January 1, 2020). Variation in African American English: The Great Migration and Regional Differentiation (PDF) (Thesis). ProQuest 2423437304.
Jones (2020). Jones, Taylor (January 1, 2020). Variation in African American English: The Great Migration and Regional Differentiation (PDF) (Thesis). ProQuest 2423437304.
Jones (2020), p. 263. Jones, Taylor (January 1, 2020). Variation in African American English: The Great Migration and Regional Differentiation (PDF) (Thesis). ProQuest 2423437304.
Jones (2020), p. 225. Jones, Taylor (January 1, 2020). Variation in African American English: The Great Migration and Regional Differentiation (PDF) (Thesis). ProQuest 2423437304.
Jones (2020), p. 35. Jones, Taylor (January 1, 2020). Variation in African American English: The Great Migration and Regional Differentiation (PDF) (Thesis). ProQuest 2423437304.
Jones (2020), p. 253. Jones, Taylor (January 1, 2020). Variation in African American English: The Great Migration and Regional Differentiation (PDF) (Thesis). ProQuest 2423437304.
Jones (2020), p. 264. Jones, Taylor (January 1, 2020). Variation in African American English: The Great Migration and Regional Differentiation (PDF) (Thesis). ProQuest 2423437304.
Jones (2020), p. 226. Jones, Taylor (January 1, 2020). Variation in African American English: The Great Migration and Regional Differentiation (PDF) (Thesis). ProQuest 2423437304.

researchgate.net

Benor, Sarah Bunin (April 19, 2010). "Ethnolinguistic repertoire: Shifting the analytic focus in language and ethnicity". Journal of Sociolinguistics. 14 (67): 159–183. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2010.00440.x.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

The Oakland school board's resolution "was about a perfectly ordinary variety of English spoken by a large and diverse population of Americans of African descent. . . . [E]ssentially all linguists agree that what the Oakland board was dealing with is a dialect of English."Pullum (1997) Pullum, Geoffrey K. (March 27, 1997), "Language that dare not speak its name", Nature, 386 (6623): 321–322, Bibcode:1997Natur.386..321P, doi:10.1038/386321a0, S2CID 4255646, archived from the original on May 27, 2010, retrieved August 27, 2010
Wolfram (1998), p. 112. Wolfram, Walter A. (1998), "Language ideology and dialect: understanding the Oakland Ebonics controversy", Journal of English Linguistics, 26 (2): 108–121, doi:10.1177/007542429802600203, S2CID 144554543
Read (1939), p. 247. Read, Allen Walker (1939), "The speech of Negroes in colonial America", The Journal of Negro History, 24 (3): 247–258, doi:10.2307/2714378, JSTOR 2714378, S2CID 150204787
Baranowski (2013). Baranowski, Maciej (2013), "Ethnicity and Sound Change: African American English in Charleston, SC", University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 19 (2): 1–10, S2CID 2034660
Jones, Taylor; Kalbfeld, Jessica Rose; Hancock, Ryan; Clark, Robin (2019). "Testifying while black: An experimental study of court reporter accuracy in transcription of African American English". Language. 95 (2): e216–e252. doi:10.1353/lan.2019.0042. S2CID 198787228. Project MUSE 727848.
Farrington, Charlie (October 2018). "Incomplete neutralization in African American English: The case of final consonant voicing". Language Variation and Change. 30 (3): 361–383. doi:10.1017/S0954394518000145. S2CID 149592143.
Green, Lisa (September 23, 2021), "Aspect and predicate phrases in African-American vernacular English", African-American English, London: Routledge, p. 109, doi:10.4324/9781003165330-3, ISBN 978-1-003-16533-0, S2CID 244227668
Fickett (1972), pp. 17–18. Fickett, Joan G. (1972), "Tense and aspect in Black English", Journal of English Linguistics, 6 (1): 17–19, doi:10.1177/007542427200600102, S2CID 145716303
Fickett (1972), p. 19. Fickett, Joan G. (1972), "Tense and aspect in Black English", Journal of English Linguistics, 6 (1): 17–19, doi:10.1177/007542427200600102, S2CID 145716303
Fickett (1972:17) refers to this as a combination of "punctuative" and "imperfect" aspects. Fickett, Joan G. (1972), "Tense and aspect in Black English", Journal of English Linguistics, 6 (1): 17–19, doi:10.1177/007542427200600102, S2CID 145716303
Winford (1992), p. 350. Winford, Donald (1992), "Back to the past: The BEV/creole connection revisited", Language Variation and Change, 4 (3): 311–357, doi:10.1017/S0954394500000831, S2CID 143664421

ualberta.ca

rehabmed.ualberta.ca

"Phonological Features of African American Vernacular English". www.rehabmed.ualberta.ca. Retrieved August 30, 2020.

ucsc.edu

The Oakland school board's resolution "was about a perfectly ordinary variety of English spoken by a large and diverse population of Americans of African descent. . . . [E]ssentially all linguists agree that what the Oakland board was dealing with is a dialect of English."Pullum (1997) Pullum, Geoffrey K. (March 27, 1997), "Language that dare not speak its name", Nature, 386 (6623): 321–322, Bibcode:1997Natur.386..321P, doi:10.1038/386321a0, S2CID 4255646, archived from the original on May 27, 2010, retrieved August 27, 2010

upenn.edu

repository.upenn.edu

King, Sharese (December 1, 2016). "On Negotiating Racial and Regional Identities: Vocalic Variation Among African Americans in Bakersfield, California". University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics. 22 (2).

wbur.org

Ciku Theuri (February 17, 2023). "The evolution of Black American English". WBUR.

web.archive.org

For the reasons that linguists avoid using the term Ebonics, see for example Green (2002:7–8). Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Wheeler (1999), p. 55. Wheeler, Rebecca S., ed. (1999), The Workings of Language: From Prescriptions to Perspectives, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-275-96245-6, archived from the original on May 18, 2016, retrieved January 7, 2018
Thomas (2006), pp. 16, 19–20. Thomas, Erik R. (2006), "Rural White Southern Accents" (PDF), Atlas of North American English (online), Walter de Gruyter, archived from the original (PDF) on December 22, 2014, retrieved January 7, 2018
The Oakland school board's resolution "was about a perfectly ordinary variety of English spoken by a large and diverse population of Americans of African descent. . . . [E]ssentially all linguists agree that what the Oakland board was dealing with is a dialect of English."Pullum (1997) Pullum, Geoffrey K. (March 27, 1997), "Language that dare not speak its name", Nature, 386 (6623): 321–322, Bibcode:1997Natur.386..321P, doi:10.1038/386321a0, S2CID 4255646, archived from the original on May 27, 2010, retrieved August 27, 2010
Green (2002), pp. 1–11, 'Introduction'. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Ludden, Jennifer (September 6, 2010). "Op-Ed: DEA Call For Ebonics Experts Smart Move" Archived 2018-01-08 at the Wayback Machine. NPR.
Green (2002), p. 131. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Heggarty, Paul; et al., eds. (2013). "Accents of English from Around the World". University of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on April 26, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2018. See pronunciation for "Chicago AAVE" and "N.Carolina AAVE."
Green (2002), p. 123. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), p. 116. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), pp. 117–119. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002:121–122) although her examples are different. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), p. 107. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), pp. 107–116. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), pp. 119–121. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002:121), citing Wolfram & Fasold (1974:140) Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019 Wolfram, Walter A.; Fasold, Ralph W. (1974), Social Dialects in American English, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
Wolfram, Walt; Kohn, Mary E. (forthcoming). "The regional development of African American Language Archived 2018-11-06 at the Wayback Machine". In Sonja Lanehart, Lisa Green, and Jennifer Bloomquist (eds.), The Oxford Handbook on African American Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 147.
Green (2002), p. 121. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), pp. 60–62. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Aspectual be: Green (2002:47–54) Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), pp. 54–55. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), pp. 71–72. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), p. 71. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002:70–71), citing DeBose & Faraclas (1993). Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019 DeBose, Charles; Faraclas, Nicholas (1993), "An Africanist approach to the linguistic study of black English: getting to the roots of tense-aspect-modality and copula systems in Afro-American", in Mufwene, Salikoko S. (ed.), Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties, Athens, GA: University of Georgia press, pp. 364–387
Green (2002), pp. 73–74. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green 2002. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Geoff Pullum (October 17, 1998). "Why Ebonics Is No Joke". Lingua Franca (transcript). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
Green (2002), p. 38. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), pp. 102–103. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), p. 80. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), pp. 84–89. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Green (2002), pp. 89–91. Green, Lisa J. (2002), African American English: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-89138-8, archived from the original on December 4, 2019, retrieved December 17, 2019
Wolfram, Walt; Kohn, Mary E. (forthcoming). "The regional development of African American Language Archived 2018-11-06 at the Wayback Machine". In Sonja Lanehart, Lisa Green, and Jennifer Bloomquist (eds.), The Oxford Handbook on African American Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 149-151.

wiktionary.org

en.wiktionary.org

This is from Wolof dëgg or dëgga, meaning "to understand/appreciate" according to Smitherman 2000 s.v. "Dig"; or, it may instead come from Irish tuig, according to Random House Unabridged, 2001

wiley.com

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Hinton, Linette N.; Pollock, Karen E. (2003). "Regional Variations in the Phonological Characteristics of African American Vernacular English". World Englishes. 19 (1): 59–71. doi:10.1111/1467-971X.00155. ISSN 0883-2919.
Thomas, Erik R. (2007). "Phonological and Phonetic Characteristics of African American Vernacular English: Phonological and Phonetic Characteristics of AAVE". Language and Linguistics Compass. 1 (5): 450–475. doi:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00029.x.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Green, Lisa J. (2012). African American English: a linguistic introduction. Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81449-2. OCLC 900606048.
Cassidy, Frederic G.; Algeo, John (June 1993). "Fifty Years among the New Words: A Dictionary of Neologisms, 1941-1991". Language. 69 (2): 397. doi:10.2307/416548. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 416548.
Widawski, Maciej (2019). African American slang: a linguistic description. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-42440-1. OCLC 1090422253.
Widawski, Maciej (2015). African American slang: a linguistic description. Cambridge, United Kingdom. ISBN 978-1-107-07417-0. OCLC 885547585.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Hinton, Linette N.; Pollock, Karen E. (2003). "Regional Variations in the Phonological Characteristics of African American Vernacular English". World Englishes. 19 (1): 59–71. doi:10.1111/1467-971X.00155. ISSN 0883-2919.

wsj.com

See Baugh (2000:92–94) on "aks" and metathesis, on the frequency with which "aks" is brought up by those who ridicule AAVE (e.g. Cosby (1997)), and on the linguistic or cognitive abilities of a speaker of another variety of English who would take "aks" to mean "axe" in a context that in another variety would probably call for "ask". Baugh, John (2000), Beyond Ebonics: Linguistic Pride and Racial Prejudice, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-515289-1 Cosby, William (January 10, 1997), "Elements of Igno-Ebonics Style", Wall Street Journal, pp. P.A11

yale.edu

ygdp.yale.edu

"Stressed BIN (been) | Yale Grammatical Diversity Project: English in North America". ygdp.yale.edu. Retrieved June 14, 2022.