Kopp, Hermann, Geschichte der Chemie [History of Chemistry] (Braunschweig, (Germany): Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1845), Part 3, p. 237. [in German]
Spiritus salis urinæ (spirit of the salt of urine, i.e., ammonium carbonate) had apparently been produced before Valentinus, although he presented a new, simpler method for preparing it in his book: Valentinus, Basilius, Vier Tractätlein Fr. Basilii Valentini ... [Four essays of Brother Basil Valentine ... ] (Frankfurt am Main, (Germany): Luca Jennis, 1625), "Supplementum oder Zugabe" (Supplement or appendix), pp. 80–81: "Der Weg zum Universal, damit die drei Stein zusammen kommen." (The path to the Universal, so that the three stones come together.). From p. 81:"Der Spiritus salis Urinæ nimbt langes wesen zubereiten / dieser proceß aber ist waß leichter unnd näher auß dem Salz von Armenia, ... Nun nimb sauberen schönen Armenischen Salz armoniac ohn alles sublimiren / thue ihn in ein Kolben / giesse ein Oleum Tartari drauff / daß es wie ein Muß oder Brey werde / vermachs baldt / dafür thu auch ein grosen vorlag / so lege sich als baldt der Spiritus Salis Urinæ im Helm an Crystallisch ... " (Spirit of the salt of urine [i.e., ammonium carbonate] requires a long method [i.e., procedure] to prepare; this [i.e., Valentine's] process [starting] from the salt from Armenia [i.e., ammonium chloride], however, is somewhat easier and shorter ... Now take clean nice Armenian salt, without sublimating all [of it]; put it in a [distillation] flask; pour oil of tartar [i.e., potassium carbonate that has dissolved only in the water that it has absorbed from the air] on it, [so] that it [i.e., the mixture] becomes like a mush or paste; assemble it [i.e., the distilling apparatus (alembic)] quickly; for that [purpose] connect a large receiving flask; then soon spirit of the salt of urine deposits as crystals in the "helmet" [i.e., the outlet for the vapours, which is atop the distillation flask] ...)
See also: Kopp, Hermann, Geschichte der Chemie [History of Chemistry] (Braunschweig, (Germany): Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1845), Part 3, p. 243. [in German]
Spiritus salis urinæ (spirit of the salt of urine, i.e., ammonium carbonate) had apparently been produced before Valentinus, although he presented a new, simpler method for preparing it in his book: Valentinus, Basilius, Vier Tractätlein Fr. Basilii Valentini ... [Four essays of Brother Basil Valentine ... ] (Frankfurt am Main, (Germany): Luca Jennis, 1625), "Supplementum oder Zugabe" (Supplement or appendix), pp. 80–81: "Der Weg zum Universal, damit die drei Stein zusammen kommen." (The path to the Universal, so that the three stones come together.). From p. 81:"Der Spiritus salis Urinæ nimbt langes wesen zubereiten / dieser proceß aber ist waß leichter unnd näher auß dem Salz von Armenia, ... Nun nimb sauberen schönen Armenischen Salz armoniac ohn alles sublimiren / thue ihn in ein Kolben / giesse ein Oleum Tartari drauff / daß es wie ein Muß oder Brey werde / vermachs baldt / dafür thu auch ein grosen vorlag / so lege sich als baldt der Spiritus Salis Urinæ im Helm an Crystallisch ... " (Spirit of the salt of urine [i.e., ammonium carbonate] requires a long method [i.e., procedure] to prepare; this [i.e., Valentine's] process [starting] from the salt from Armenia [i.e., ammonium chloride], however, is somewhat easier and shorter ... Now take clean nice Armenian salt, without sublimating all [of it]; put it in a [distillation] flask; pour oil of tartar [i.e., potassium carbonate that has dissolved only in the water that it has absorbed from the air] on it, [so] that it [i.e., the mixture] becomes like a mush or paste; assemble it [i.e., the distilling apparatus (alembic)] quickly; for that [purpose] connect a large receiving flask; then soon spirit of the salt of urine deposits as crystals in the "helmet" [i.e., the outlet for the vapours, which is atop the distillation flask] ...)
See also: Kopp, Hermann, Geschichte der Chemie [History of Chemistry] (Braunschweig, (Germany): Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1845), Part 3, p. 243. [in German]
Hewat, A. W.; Riekel, C. (1979). "The crystal structure of deuteroammonia between 2 and 180 K by neutron powder profile refinement". Acta Crystallographica Section A. 35 (4): 569. Bibcode:1979AcCrA..35..569H. doi:10.1107/S0567739479001340.
Cleeton, C. E.; Williams, N. H. (1934). "Electromagnetic Waves of 1.1 cm (0 in). Wave-Length and the Absorption Spectrum of Ammonia". Physical Review. 45 (4): 234. Bibcode:1934PhRv...45..234C. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.45.234.
Hurtado, J. L. Martinez; Lowe, C. R. (2014). "Ammonia-Sensitive Photonic Structures Fabricated in Nafion Membranes by Laser Ablation". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 6 (11): 8903–8908. doi:10.1021/am5016588. ISSN1944-8244. PMID24803236.
Tajkarimi, Mehrdad; Riemann, H. P.; Hajmeer, M. N.; Gomez, E. L.; Razavilar, V.; Cliver, D. O.; et al. (2008). "Ammonia disinfection of animal feeds – Laboratory study". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 122 (1–2): 23–28. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.040. PMID18155794.
Giddey, S.; Badwal, S. P. S.; Munnings, C.; Dolan, M. (10 October 2017). "Ammonia as a Renewable Energy Transportation Media". ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 5 (11): 10231–10239. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02219.
Włochowicz, A.; Stelmasiak, E. (1983). "Change in thermal properties of wool after treatment with liquid ammonia". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 26 (1): 17. doi:10.1007/BF01914084. S2CID96930751.
Igarashi, Robert Y.; Laryukhin, Mikhail; Dos Santos, Patricia C.; Lee, Hong-In; Dean, Dennis R.; Seefeldt, Lance C.; Hoffman, Brian M. (May 2005). "Trapping H- Bound to the Nitrogenase FeMo-Cofactor Active Site during H2 Evolution: Characterization by ENDOR Spectroscopy". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 127 (17): 6231–6241. Bibcode:2005JAChS.127.6231I. doi:10.1021/ja043596p. PMID15853328.
Cheung, A. C.; Rank, D. M.; Townes, C. H.; Thornton, D. D.; Welch, W. J. (1968). "Detection of NH3 molecules in the interstellar medium by their microwave emission". Phys. Rev. Lett. 21 (25): 1701. Bibcode:1968PhRvL..21.1701C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.21.1701.
Lininger, W.; Albritton, D. L.; Fehsenfeld, F. C.; Schmeltekopf, A. L.; Ferguson, E. E. (1975). "Flow–drift tube measurements of kinetic energy dependences of some exothermic proton transfer rate constants". J. Chem. Phys. 62 (9): 3549. Bibcode:1975JChPh..62.3549L. doi:10.1063/1.430946.
Torrelles, J. M.; Ho, P. T. P.; Rodriguez, L. F.; Canto, J. (1985). "VLA observations of ammonia and continuum in regions with high-velocity gaseous outflows". Astrophysical Journal. 288: 595. Bibcode:1985ApJ...288..595T. doi:10.1086/162825. S2CID123014355.
Orton, G. S.; Aumann, H. H.; Martonchik, J. V.; Appleby, J. F. (1982). "Airborne spectroscopy of Jupiter in the 100- to 300-cm−1 region: Global properties of ammonia gas and ice haze". Icarus. 52 (1): 81. Bibcode:1982Icar...52...81O. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(82)90170-1.
Hewat, A. W.; Riekel, C. (1979). "The crystal structure of deuteroammonia between 2 and 180 K by neutron powder profile refinement". Acta Crystallographica Section A. 35 (4): 569. Bibcode:1979AcCrA..35..569H. doi:10.1107/S0567739479001340.
Cleeton, C. E.; Williams, N. H. (1934). "Electromagnetic Waves of 1.1 cm (0 in). Wave-Length and the Absorption Spectrum of Ammonia". Physical Review. 45 (4): 234. Bibcode:1934PhRv...45..234C. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.45.234.
Igarashi, Robert Y.; Laryukhin, Mikhail; Dos Santos, Patricia C.; Lee, Hong-In; Dean, Dennis R.; Seefeldt, Lance C.; Hoffman, Brian M. (May 2005). "Trapping H- Bound to the Nitrogenase FeMo-Cofactor Active Site during H2 Evolution: Characterization by ENDOR Spectroscopy". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 127 (17): 6231–6241. Bibcode:2005JAChS.127.6231I. doi:10.1021/ja043596p. PMID15853328.
Cheung, A. C.; Rank, D. M.; Townes, C. H.; Thornton, D. D.; Welch, W. J. (1968). "Detection of NH3 molecules in the interstellar medium by their microwave emission". Phys. Rev. Lett. 21 (25): 1701. Bibcode:1968PhRvL..21.1701C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.21.1701.
Lininger, W.; Albritton, D. L.; Fehsenfeld, F. C.; Schmeltekopf, A. L.; Ferguson, E. E. (1975). "Flow–drift tube measurements of kinetic energy dependences of some exothermic proton transfer rate constants". J. Chem. Phys. 62 (9): 3549. Bibcode:1975JChPh..62.3549L. doi:10.1063/1.430946.
Torrelles, J. M.; Ho, P. T. P.; Rodriguez, L. F.; Canto, J. (1985). "VLA observations of ammonia and continuum in regions with high-velocity gaseous outflows". Astrophysical Journal. 288: 595. Bibcode:1985ApJ...288..595T. doi:10.1086/162825. S2CID123014355.
Cesaroni, R.; Churchwell, E.; Hofner, P.; Walmsley, C. M.; Kurtz, S. (1994). "Hot ammonia toward compact HII regions". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 288: 903. Bibcode:1994A&A...288..903C.
Orton, G. S.; Aumann, H. H.; Martonchik, J. V.; Appleby, J. F. (1982). "Airborne spectroscopy of Jupiter in the 100- to 300-cm−1 region: Global properties of ammonia gas and ice haze". Icarus. 52 (1): 81. Bibcode:1982Icar...52...81O. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(82)90170-1.
Mebold, U.; Heithausen, A.; Reif, K. (1987). "Ammonia in the galactic halo and the infrared cirrus". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 180: 213. Bibcode:1987A&A...180..213M.
Martin, R. N.; Ho, P. T. P. (1979). "Detection of extragalactic ammonia". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 74 (1): L7. Bibcode:1979A&A....74L...7M.
Herodotus with George Rawlinson, trans., The History of Herodotus (New York, New York: Tandy-Thomas Co., 1909), vol.2, Book 4, § 181, pp. 304–305.
Herodotus with George Rawlinson, trans., The History of Herodotus (New York, New York: Tandy-Thomas Co., 1909), vol.2, Book 4, § 181, pp. 304–305.
Chisholm 1911 cites Pliny Nat. Hist. xxxi. 39. See: Pliny the Elder with John Bostock and H. T. Riley, ed.s, The Natural History (London, England: H. G. Bohn, 1857), vol. 5, Book 31, § 39, p. 502.
Neufeld, R.; Michel, R.; Herbst-Irmer, R.; Schöne, R.; Stalke, D. (2016). "Introducing a Hydrogen-Bond Donor into a Weakly Nucleophilic Brønsted Base: Alkali Metal Hexamethyldisilazides (MHMDS, M = Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs) with Ammonia". Chem. Eur. J.22 (35): 12340–12346. doi:10.1002/chem.201600833. PMID27457218.
Hurtado, J. L. Martinez; Lowe, C. R. (2014). "Ammonia-Sensitive Photonic Structures Fabricated in Nafion Membranes by Laser Ablation". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 6 (11): 8903–8908. doi:10.1021/am5016588. ISSN1944-8244. PMID24803236.
Tajkarimi, Mehrdad; Riemann, H. P.; Hajmeer, M. N.; Gomez, E. L.; Razavilar, V.; Cliver, D. O.; et al. (2008). "Ammonia disinfection of animal feeds – Laboratory study". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 122 (1–2): 23–28. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.040. PMID18155794.
Igarashi, Robert Y.; Laryukhin, Mikhail; Dos Santos, Patricia C.; Lee, Hong-In; Dean, Dennis R.; Seefeldt, Lance C.; Hoffman, Brian M. (May 2005). "Trapping H- Bound to the Nitrogenase FeMo-Cofactor Active Site during H2 Evolution: Characterization by ENDOR Spectroscopy". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 127 (17): 6231–6241. Bibcode:2005JAChS.127.6231I. doi:10.1021/ja043596p. PMID15853328.
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Berg, J. M.; Tymoczko, J. L.; Stryer, L. (2002). "23.4: Ammonium Ion is Converted into Urea in Most Terrestrial Vertebrates". Biochemistry (5th ed.).
Ammonia in Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.); NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg (MD)
Khan, A.S.; Kelley, R.D.; Chapman, K.S.; Fenton, D.L. (1995). Flammability limits of ammonia–air mixtures. U.S.: U.S. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information. OSTI215703.
Włochowicz, A.; Stelmasiak, E. (1983). "Change in thermal properties of wool after treatment with liquid ammonia". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 26 (1): 17. doi:10.1007/BF01914084. S2CID96930751.
Torrelles, J. M.; Ho, P. T. P.; Rodriguez, L. F.; Canto, J. (1985). "VLA observations of ammonia and continuum in regions with high-velocity gaseous outflows". Astrophysical Journal. 288: 595. Bibcode:1985ApJ...288..595T. doi:10.1086/162825. S2CID123014355.
Hurtado, J. L. Martinez; Lowe, C. R. (2014). "Ammonia-Sensitive Photonic Structures Fabricated in Nafion Membranes by Laser Ablation". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 6 (11): 8903–8908. doi:10.1021/am5016588. ISSN1944-8244. PMID24803236.
