Kopp, Hermann, Geschichte der Chemie [History of Chemistry] (Braunschweig, (Germany): Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1845), Part 3, p. 237. [in German]
Spiritus salis urinæ (spirit of the salt of urine, i.e., ammonium carbonate) had apparently been produced before Valentinus, although he presented a new, simpler method for preparing it in his book: Valentinus, Basilius, Vier Tractätlein Fr. Basilii Valentini ... [Four essays of Brother Basil Valentine ... ] (Frankfurt am Main, (Germany): Luca Jennis, 1625), "Supplementum oder Zugabe" (Supplement or appendix), pp. 80–81: "Der Weg zum Universal, damit die drei Stein zusammen kommen." (The path to the Universal, so that the three stones come together.). From p. 81:"Der Spiritus salis Urinæ nimbt langes wesen zubereiten / dieser proceß aber ist waß leichter unnd näher auß dem Salz von Armenia, ... Nun nimb sauberen schönen Armenischen Salz armoniac ohn alles sublimiren / thue ihn in ein Kolben / giesse ein Oleum Tartari drauff / daß es wie ein Muß oder Brey werde / vermachs baldt / dafür thu auch ein grosen vorlag / so lege sich als baldt der Spiritus Salis Urinæ im Helm an Crystallisch ... " (Spirit of the salt of urine [i.e., ammonium carbonate] requires a long method [i.e., procedure] to prepare; this [i.e., Valentine's] process [starting] from the salt from Armenia [i.e., ammonium chloride], however, is somewhat easier and shorter ... Now take clean nice Armenian salt, without sublimating all [of it]; put it in a [distillation] flask; pour oil of tartar [i.e., potassium carbonate that has dissolved only in the water that it has absorbed from the air] on it, [so] that it [i.e., the mixture] becomes like a mush or paste; assemble it [i.e., the distilling apparatus (alembic)] quickly; for that [purpose] connect a large receiving flask; then soon spirit of the salt of urine deposits as crystals in the "helmet" [i.e., the outlet for the vapours, which is atop the distillation flask] ...)
See also: Kopp, Hermann, Geschichte der Chemie [History of Chemistry] (Braunschweig, (Germany): Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1845), Part 3, p. 243. [in German]
Spiritus salis urinæ (spirit of the salt of urine, i.e., ammonium carbonate) had apparently been produced before Valentinus, although he presented a new, simpler method for preparing it in his book: Valentinus, Basilius, Vier Tractätlein Fr. Basilii Valentini ... [Four essays of Brother Basil Valentine ... ] (Frankfurt am Main, (Germany): Luca Jennis, 1625), "Supplementum oder Zugabe" (Supplement or appendix), pp. 80–81: "Der Weg zum Universal, damit die drei Stein zusammen kommen." (The path to the Universal, so that the three stones come together.). From p. 81:"Der Spiritus salis Urinæ nimbt langes wesen zubereiten / dieser proceß aber ist waß leichter unnd näher auß dem Salz von Armenia, ... Nun nimb sauberen schönen Armenischen Salz armoniac ohn alles sublimiren / thue ihn in ein Kolben / giesse ein Oleum Tartari drauff / daß es wie ein Muß oder Brey werde / vermachs baldt / dafür thu auch ein grosen vorlag / so lege sich als baldt der Spiritus Salis Urinæ im Helm an Crystallisch ... " (Spirit of the salt of urine [i.e., ammonium carbonate] requires a long method [i.e., procedure] to prepare; this [i.e., Valentine's] process [starting] from the salt from Armenia [i.e., ammonium chloride], however, is somewhat easier and shorter ... Now take clean nice Armenian salt, without sublimating all [of it]; put it in a [distillation] flask; pour oil of tartar [i.e., potassium carbonate that has dissolved only in the water that it has absorbed from the air] on it, [so] that it [i.e., the mixture] becomes like a mush or paste; assemble it [i.e., the distilling apparatus (alembic)] quickly; for that [purpose] connect a large receiving flask; then soon spirit of the salt of urine deposits as crystals in the "helmet" [i.e., the outlet for the vapours, which is atop the distillation flask] ...)
See also: Kopp, Hermann, Geschichte der Chemie [History of Chemistry] (Braunschweig, (Germany): Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1845), Part 3, p. 243. [in German]
Clark 2013, "The forward reaction (the production of ammonia) is exothermic. According to Le Chatelier's Principle, this will be favoured at a lower temperature. The system will respond by moving the position of equilibrium to counteract this – in other words by producing more heat. To obtain as much ammonia as possible in the equilibrium mixture, as low a temperature as possible is needed". Clark, Jim (April 2013) [2002]. "The Haber Process". Retrieved 15 December 2018.
Clark 2013, "Notice that there are 4 molecules on the left-hand side of the equation, but only 2 on the right. According to Le Chatelier's Principle, by increasing the pressure the system will respond by favouring the reaction which produces fewer molecules. That will cause the pressure to fall again. To get as much ammonia as possible in the equilibrium mixture, as high a pressure as possible is needed. 200 atmospheres is a high pressure, but not amazingly high". Clark, Jim (April 2013) [2002]. "The Haber Process". Retrieved 15 December 2018.
Hewat, A. W.; Riekel, C. (1979). "The crystal structure of deuteroammonia between 2 and 180 K by neutron powder profile refinement". Acta Crystallographica Section A. 35 (4): 569. Bibcode:1979AcCrA..35..569H. doi:10.1107/S0567739479001340.
Neufeld, R.; Michel, R.; Herbst-Irmer, R.; Schöne, R.; Stalke, D. (2016). "Introducing a Hydrogen-Bond Donor into a Weakly Nucleophilic Brønsted Base: Alkali Metal Hexamethyldisilazides (MHMDS, M = Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs) with Ammonia". Chem. Eur. J.22 (35): 12340–12346. doi:10.1002/chem.201600833. PMID27457218.
Combellas, C; Kanoufi, F; Thiébault, A (2001). "Solutions of solvated electrons in liquid ammonia". Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 499: 144–151. doi:10.1016/S0022-0728(00)00504-0.
Cleeton, C. E.; Williams, N. H. (1934). "Electromagnetic Waves of 1.1 cm (0 in). Wave-Length and the Absorption Spectrum of Ammonia". Physical Review. 45 (4): 234. Bibcode:1934PhRv...45..234C. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.45.234.
Hurtado, J. L. Martinez; Lowe, C. R. (2014). "Ammonia-Sensitive Photonic Structures Fabricated in Nafion Membranes by Laser Ablation". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 6 (11): 8903–8908. doi:10.1021/am5016588. ISSN1944-8244. PMID24803236.
Tajkarimi, Mehrdad; Riemann, H. P.; Hajmeer, M. N.; Gomez, E. L.; Razavilar, V.; Cliver, D. O.; et al. (2008). "Ammonia disinfection of animal feeds – Laboratory study". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 122 (1–2): 23–28. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.040. PMID18155794.
Kim, J. S.; Lee, Y. Y.; Kim, T. H. (January 2016). "A review on alkaline pretreatment technology for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass". Bioresource Technology. 199: 42–48. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.085. PMID26341010.
Giddey, S.; Badwal, S. P. S.; Munnings, C.; Dolan, M. (10 October 2017). "Ammonia as a Renewable Energy Transportation Media". ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 5 (11): 10231–10239. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02219.
Rizk-Ouaini, Rosette; Ferriol, Michel; Gazet, Josette; Saugier-Cohen Adad; Marie Therese (2006). "Oxidation reaction of ammonia with sodium hypochlorite. Production and degradation reactions of chloramines". Bulletin de la Société Chimique de France. 4: 512. doi:10.1002/14356007.a02_143.pub2. ISBN978-3527306732.
Włochowicz, A.; Stelmasiak, E. (1983). "Change in thermal properties of wool after treatment with liquid ammonia". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 26 (1): 17. doi:10.1007/BF01914084. S2CID96930751.
Igarashi, Robert Y.; Laryukhin, Mikhail; Dos Santos, Patricia C.; Lee, Hong-In; Dean, Dennis R.; Seefeldt, Lance C.; Hoffman, Brian M. (May 2005). "Trapping H- Bound to the Nitrogenase FeMo-Cofactor Active Site during H2 Evolution: Characterization by ENDOR Spectroscopy". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 127 (17): 6231–6241. doi:10.1021/ja043596p. PMID15853328.
Cheung, A. C.; Rank, D. M.; Townes, C. H.; Thornton, D. D.; Welch, W. J. (1968). "Detection of NH3 molecules in the interstellar medium by their microwave emission". Phys. Rev. Lett. 21 (25): 1701. Bibcode:1968PhRvL..21.1701C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.21.1701.
Lininger, W.; Albritton, D. L.; Fehsenfeld, F. C.; Schmeltekopf, A. L.; Ferguson, E. E. (1975). "Flow–drift tube measurements of kinetic energy dependences of some exothermic proton transfer rate constants". J. Chem. Phys. 62 (9): 3549. Bibcode:1975JChPh..62.3549L. doi:10.1063/1.430946.
MacDonald, G. H.; Little, L. T.; Brown, A. T.; Riley, P. W.; Matheson, D. N.; Felli, M. (1981). "Detection of new ammonia sources". MNRAS. 195 (2): 387. Bibcode:1981MNRAS.195..387M. doi:10.1093/mnras/195.2.387.
Torrelles, J. M.; Ho, P. T. P.; Rodriguez, L. F.; Canto, J. (1985). "VLA observations of ammonia and continuum in regions with high-velocity gaseous outflows". Astrophysical Journal. 288: 595. Bibcode:1985ApJ...288..595T. doi:10.1086/162825. S2CID123014355.
Orton, G. S.; Aumann, H. H.; Martonchik, J. V.; Appleby, J. F. (1982). "Airborne spectroscopy of Jupiter in the 100- to 300-cm−1 region: Global properties of ammonia gas and ice haze". Icarus. 52 (1): 81. Bibcode:1982Icar...52...81O. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(82)90170-1.
Hewat, A. W.; Riekel, C. (1979). "The crystal structure of deuteroammonia between 2 and 180 K by neutron powder profile refinement". Acta Crystallographica Section A. 35 (4): 569. Bibcode:1979AcCrA..35..569H. doi:10.1107/S0567739479001340.
Cleeton, C. E.; Williams, N. H. (1934). "Electromagnetic Waves of 1.1 cm (0 in). Wave-Length and the Absorption Spectrum of Ammonia". Physical Review. 45 (4): 234. Bibcode:1934PhRv...45..234C. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.45.234.
Cheung, A. C.; Rank, D. M.; Townes, C. H.; Thornton, D. D.; Welch, W. J. (1968). "Detection of NH3 molecules in the interstellar medium by their microwave emission". Phys. Rev. Lett. 21 (25): 1701. Bibcode:1968PhRvL..21.1701C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.21.1701.
Lininger, W.; Albritton, D. L.; Fehsenfeld, F. C.; Schmeltekopf, A. L.; Ferguson, E. E. (1975). "Flow–drift tube measurements of kinetic energy dependences of some exothermic proton transfer rate constants". J. Chem. Phys. 62 (9): 3549. Bibcode:1975JChPh..62.3549L. doi:10.1063/1.430946.
Wilson, T. L.; Downes, D.; Bieging, J. (1979). "Ammonia in Orion". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 71 (3): 275. Bibcode:1979A&A....71..275W.
MacDonald, G. H.; Little, L. T.; Brown, A. T.; Riley, P. W.; Matheson, D. N.; Felli, M. (1981). "Detection of new ammonia sources". MNRAS. 195 (2): 387. Bibcode:1981MNRAS.195..387M. doi:10.1093/mnras/195.2.387.
Torrelles, J. M.; Ho, P. T. P.; Rodriguez, L. F.; Canto, J. (1985). "VLA observations of ammonia and continuum in regions with high-velocity gaseous outflows". Astrophysical Journal. 288: 595. Bibcode:1985ApJ...288..595T. doi:10.1086/162825. S2CID123014355.
Cesaroni, R.; Churchwell, E.; Hofner, P.; Walmsley, C. M.; Kurtz, S. (1994). "Hot ammonia toward compact HII regions". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 288: 903. Bibcode:1994A&A...288..903C.
Orton, G. S.; Aumann, H. H.; Martonchik, J. V.; Appleby, J. F. (1982). "Airborne spectroscopy of Jupiter in the 100- to 300-cm−1 region: Global properties of ammonia gas and ice haze". Icarus. 52 (1): 81. Bibcode:1982Icar...52...81O. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(82)90170-1.
Mebold, U.; Heithausen, A.; Reif, K. (1987). "Ammonia in the galactic halo and the infrared cirrus". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 180: 213. Bibcode:1987A&A...180..213M.
Martin, R. N.; Ho, P. T. P. (1979). "Detection of extragalactic ammonia". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 74 (1): L7. Bibcode:1979A&A....74L...7M.
Herodotus with George Rawlinson, trans., The History of Herodotus (New York, New York: Tandy-Thomas Co., 1909), vol.2, Book 4, § 181, pp. 304–305.
Chisholm 1911 cites Pliny Nat. Hist. xxxi. 39. See: Pliny the Elder with John Bostock and H. T. Riley, ed.s, The Natural History (London, England: H. G. Bohn, 1857), vol. 5, Book 31, § 39, p. 502.
Neufeld, R.; Michel, R.; Herbst-Irmer, R.; Schöne, R.; Stalke, D. (2016). "Introducing a Hydrogen-Bond Donor into a Weakly Nucleophilic Brønsted Base: Alkali Metal Hexamethyldisilazides (MHMDS, M = Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs) with Ammonia". Chem. Eur. J.22 (35): 12340–12346. doi:10.1002/chem.201600833. PMID27457218.
Hurtado, J. L. Martinez; Lowe, C. R. (2014). "Ammonia-Sensitive Photonic Structures Fabricated in Nafion Membranes by Laser Ablation". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 6 (11): 8903–8908. doi:10.1021/am5016588. ISSN1944-8244. PMID24803236.
Tajkarimi, Mehrdad; Riemann, H. P.; Hajmeer, M. N.; Gomez, E. L.; Razavilar, V.; Cliver, D. O.; et al. (2008). "Ammonia disinfection of animal feeds – Laboratory study". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 122 (1–2): 23–28. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.11.040. PMID18155794.
Kim, J. S.; Lee, Y. Y.; Kim, T. H. (January 2016). "A review on alkaline pretreatment technology for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass". Bioresource Technology. 199: 42–48. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.085. PMID26341010.
Igarashi, Robert Y.; Laryukhin, Mikhail; Dos Santos, Patricia C.; Lee, Hong-In; Dean, Dennis R.; Seefeldt, Lance C.; Hoffman, Brian M. (May 2005). "Trapping H- Bound to the Nitrogenase FeMo-Cofactor Active Site during H2 Evolution: Characterization by ENDOR Spectroscopy". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 127 (17): 6231–6241. doi:10.1021/ja043596p. PMID15853328.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Berg, J. M.; Tymoczko, J. L.; Stryer, L. (2002). "23.4: Ammonium Ion is Converted into Urea in Most Terrestrial Vertebrates". Biochemistry (5th ed.).
Khan, A.S.; Kelley, R.D.; Chapman, K.S.; Fenton, D.L. (1995). Flammability limits of ammonia–air mixtures. U.S.: U.S. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information. OSTI215703.
Włochowicz, A.; Stelmasiak, E. (1983). "Change in thermal properties of wool after treatment with liquid ammonia". Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 26 (1): 17. doi:10.1007/BF01914084. S2CID96930751.
Torrelles, J. M.; Ho, P. T. P.; Rodriguez, L. F.; Canto, J. (1985). "VLA observations of ammonia and continuum in regions with high-velocity gaseous outflows". Astrophysical Journal. 288: 595. Bibcode:1985ApJ...288..595T. doi:10.1086/162825. S2CID123014355.
Hurtado, J. L. Martinez; Lowe, C. R. (2014). "Ammonia-Sensitive Photonic Structures Fabricated in Nafion Membranes by Laser Ablation". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 6 (11): 8903–8908. doi:10.1021/am5016588. ISSN1944-8244. PMID24803236.