Antikythera mechanism (English Wikipedia)

Freeth, Tony; Bitsakis, Yanis; Moussas, Xenophon; Seiradakis, John. H.; Tselikas, A.; Mangou, H.; Zafeiropoulou, M.; Hadland, R.; et al. (30 November 2006). "Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism" (PDF). Nature. 444 (7119): 587–91. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..587F. doi:10.1038/nature05357. PMID 17136087. S2CID 4424998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Freeth, Tony; Jones, Alexander; Steele, John M.; Bitsakis, Yanis (31 July 2008). "Calendars with Olympiad display and eclipse prediction on the Antikythera Mechanism" (PDF). Nature. 454 (7204): 614–17. Bibcode:2008Natur.454..614F. doi:10.1038/nature07130. PMID 18668103. S2CID 4400693. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Freeth, Tony (2006). "Decoding the Antikythera Mechanism: Supplementary Notes 2" (PDF). Nature. 444 (7119): 587–91. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..587F. doi:10.1038/nature05357. PMID 17136087. S2CID 4424998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
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arstechnica.com

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arxiv.org

Voularis, Aristeidis; Mouratidis, Chruistophoros; Vossinakis, Andreas (28 March 2022). "The Initial Calibration Date of the Antikythera Mechanism after the Saros spiral mechanical Apokatastasis". arXiv:2203.15045 [physics.hist-ph].
Woan, Graham; Bayley, Joseph (February 2024). "An improved calendar ring hole-count for the Antikythera mechanism". arXiv:2403.00040 [physics.hist-ph].
Woan, Graham; Bayley, Joseph (July 2024). "An improved calendar ring hole-count for the Antikythera mechanism" (PDF). The Horological Journal. arXiv:2403.00040. Retrieved 4 July 2024.

bbc.co.uk

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Budiselic; et al. (December 2020). Antikythera mechanism: Evidence of a lunar calendar (PDF). BHI.Co.UK (Report). Newark, UK: British Horological Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
Malin and Dickens (April 2024). How Many Days in an Egyptian Year? Evidence from the Antikythera Mechanism (PDF). BHI.Co.UK (Report). Newark, UK: British Horological Institute. p. 144. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
Woan, Graham; Bayley, Joseph (July 2024). "An improved calendar ring hole-count for the Antikythera mechanism" (PDF). The Horological Journal. arXiv:2403.00040. Retrieved 4 July 2024.

bibliotecapleyades.net

Freeth, T.; Bitsakis, Y.; Moussas, X.; Seiradakis, J.H.; Tselikas, A.; Mangou, E.; Zafeiropoulou, M.; Hadland, R.; Bate, D.; Ramsey, A.; Allen, M.; Crawley, A.; Hockley, P.; Malzbender, T.; Gelb, D.; Ambrisco, W.; Edmunds, M.G. "Decoding The Antikythera Mechanism – Investigation of An Ancient Astronomical Calculator". Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2020.

books.google.com

Ken Steiglitz (2019). The Discrete Charm of the Machine: Why the World Became Digital. Princeton University Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-691-18417-3. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2021. The Antkythera Mechanism [The first computer worthy of the name...]
Haughton, Brian (26 December 2006). Hidden History: Lost Civilizations, Secret Knowledge, and Ancient Mysteries. Career Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-1-56414-897-1. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
Angelakis, Dimitris G. (2 May 2005). Quantum Information Processing: From Theory to Experiment. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Quantum Computation and Quantum Information. Chania, Crete, Greece: IOS Press (published 2006). p. 5. ISBN 978-1-58603-611-9. Retrieved 28 May 2013. The Antikythera mechanism, as it is now known, was probably the world's first 'analog computer'—a sophisticated device for calculating the motions of stars and planets. This remarkable assembly of more than 30 gears with a differential...
Needham, Joseph (2000). Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 4, Part 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 285. ISBN 0-521-05803-1. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2020.

brepols.net

Anastasiou; Bitsakis; Jones; Moussas; Tselikas; Zafeiropoulou (2016). "The Inscriptions of the Antikythera Mechanism". Almagest, International Journal for the History of Scientific Ideas (6. The Front Cover Inscription): 250–297. Archived from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2023.

cf.ac.uk

orca.cf.ac.uk

Edmunds, Michael (1 August 2011). "An Initial Assessment of the Accuracy of the Gear Trains in the Antikythera Mechanism". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 42 (3): 307–20. Bibcode:2011JHA....42..307E. doi:10.1177/002182861104200302. S2CID 120883936. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.

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dictionary.com

"Antikythera". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.

doi.org

"Antikythera mechanism". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OED/1572890579. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
Efstathiou, Kyriakos; Efstathiou, Marianna (1 September 2018). "Celestial Gearbox: Oldest Known Computer is a Mechanism Designed to Calculate the Location of the Sun, Moon, and Planets". Mechanical Engineering. 140 (9): 31–35. doi:10.1115/1.2018-SEP1. ISSN 0025-6501.
Freeth, Tony; Bitsakis, Yanis; Moussas, Xenophon; Seiradakis, John. H.; Tselikas, A.; Mangou, H.; Zafeiropoulou, M.; Hadland, R.; et al. (30 November 2006). "Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism" (PDF). Nature. 444 (7119): 587–91. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..587F. doi:10.1038/nature05357. PMID 17136087. S2CID 4424998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Pinotsis, A. D. (30 August 2007). "The Antikythera mechanism: who was its creator and what was its use and purpose?". Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions. 26 (4–5): 211–26. Bibcode:2007A&AT...26..211P. doi:10.1080/10556790601136925. S2CID 56126896.
Freeth, Tony; Jones, Alexander; Steele, John M.; Bitsakis, Yanis (31 July 2008). "Calendars with Olympiad display and eclipse prediction on the Antikythera Mechanism" (PDF). Nature. 454 (7204): 614–17. Bibcode:2008Natur.454..614F. doi:10.1038/nature07130. PMID 18668103. S2CID 4400693. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Iversen, Paul A. (2017). "The Calendar on the Antikythera Mechanism and the Corinthian Family of Calendars". Hesperia. 86 (1): 130 and note 4. doi:10.2972/hesperia.86.1.0129. S2CID 132411755.
Price, Derek de Solla (1974). "Gears from the Greeks. The Antikythera Mechanism: A Calendar Computer from ca. 80 B. C.". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. New Series. 64 (7): 1–70. doi:10.2307/1006146. JSTOR 1006146.
Freeth, Tony (2006). "Decoding the Antikythera Mechanism: Supplementary Notes 2" (PDF). Nature. 444 (7119): 587–91. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..587F. doi:10.1038/nature05357. PMID 17136087. S2CID 4424998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Efstathiou, M.; Basiakoulis, A.; Efstathiou, K.; Anastasiou, M.; Boutbaras, P.; Seiradakis, J.H. (September 2013). "The Reconstruction of the Antikythera Mechanism" (PDF). International Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era. 2 (3): 307–334. doi:10.1260/2047-4970.2.3.307. S2CID 111280754. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Efstathiou, K.; Basiakoulis, A.; Efstathiou, M.; Anastasiou, M.; Seiradakis, J.H. (June 2012). "Determination of the gears geometrical parameters necessary for the construction of an operational model of the Antikythera Mechanism". Mechanism and Machine Theory. 52: 219–231. doi:10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2012.01.020.
Freeth, Tony; Higgon, David; Dacanalis, Aris; MacDonald, Lindsay; Georgakopoulou, Myrto; Wojcik, Adam (12 March 2021). "A Model of the Cosmos in the ancient Greek Antikythera Mechanism". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 5821. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.5821F. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-84310-w. PMC 7955085. PMID 33712674.
Carman, Christián C.; Evans, James (15 November 2014). "On the epoch of the Antikythera mechanism and its eclipse predictor". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 68 (6): 693–774. doi:10.1007/s00407-014-0145-5. hdl:11336/98820. S2CID 120548493.
Marchant, Jo (30 November 2006). "In search of lost time". Nature. 444 (7119): 534–38. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..534M. doi:10.1038/444534a. PMID 17136067.
Freeth, Tony (29 March 2013). "Building the Cosmos in the Antikythera Mechanism". Proceedings of Science: 018. doi:10.22323/1.170.0018. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
Freeth, Tony (December 2009). "Decoding an Ancient Computer" (PDF). Scientific American. 301 (6): 78. Bibcode:2009SciAm.301f..76F. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1209-76. PMID 20058643. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
Wright, Michael T. (2007). "The Antikythera Mechanism reconsidered". Interdisciplinary Science Reviews. 32 (1): 21–43. Bibcode:2007ISRv...32...27W. doi:10.1179/030801807X163670. S2CID 54663891.
Freeth, T. (2009). "Decoding an Ancient Computer". Scientific American. 301 (6): 76–83. Bibcode:2009SciAm.301f..76F. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1209-76. PMID 20058643.
Freeth, T (2009). "Decoding an Ancient Computer". Scientific American. 301 (6): 76–83. Bibcode:2009SciAm.301f..76F. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1209-76. PMID 20058643.
Evans, James; Carman, Christián C.; Thorndyke, Alan (February 2010). "Solar anomaly and planetary displays in the Antikythera Mechanism" (PDF). Journal for the History of Astronomy. xli (1): 1–39. Bibcode:2010JHA....41....1E. doi:10.1177/002182861004100101. S2CID 14000634. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Edmunds, Mike G.; Freeth, Tony (July 2011). "Using Computation to Decode the First Known Computer". Computer. 2011–7 (7): 32–39. doi:10.1109/MC.2011.134. S2CID 8574856.
Carman, Christián C.; Thorndyke, Alan; Evans, James (2012). "On the Pin-and-Slot Device of the Antikythera Mechanism, with a New Application to the Superior Planets" (PDF). Journal for the History of Astronomy. 43 (1): 93–116. Bibcode:2012JHA....43...93C. doi:10.1177/002182861204300106. hdl:11336/194736. S2CID 41930968. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
Edmunds, Michael (1 August 2011). "An Initial Assessment of the Accuracy of the Gear Trains in the Antikythera Mechanism". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 42 (3): 307–20. Bibcode:2011JHA....42..307E. doi:10.1177/002182861104200302. S2CID 120883936. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
Charette, F (November 2006). "Archaeology: high tech from Ancient Greece". Nature. 444 (7119): 551–52. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..551C. doi:10.1038/444551a. PMID 17136077. S2CID 33513516..
Maddison, Francis (28 March 1985). "Early mathematical wheelwork: Byzantine calendrical gearing". Nature. 314 (6009): 316–17. Bibcode:1985Natur.314..316M. doi:10.1038/314316b0. S2CID 4229697..

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Staff (17 May 2017). "115 Anniversary of the Antikythera Mechanism Discovery". Google. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2017.

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Smith, Reiss (17 May 2017). "What is the Antikythera mechanism? Google Doodle marks discovery of ancient Greek computer". BBC. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2017.

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Palazzo, Chiara (17 May 2017). "What is the Antikythera Mechanism? How was this ancient 'computer' discovered?". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
Efstathiou, M.; Basiakoulis, A.; Efstathiou, K.; Anastasiou, M.; Boutbaras, P.; Seiradakis, J.H. (September 2013). "The Reconstruction of the Antikythera Mechanism" (PDF). International Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era. 2 (3): 307–334. doi:10.1260/2047-4970.2.3.307. S2CID 111280754. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Freeth, Tony (December 2009). "Decoding an Ancient Computer" (PDF). Scientific American. 301 (6): 78. Bibcode:2009SciAm.301f..76F. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1209-76. PMID 20058643. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
Wright, Michael T. (March 2006). "The Antikythera Mechanism and the early history of the moon phase display" (PDF). Antiquarian Horology. 29 (3): 319–29. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
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Evans, James; Carman, Christián C.; Thorndyke, Alan (February 2010). "Solar anomaly and planetary displays in the Antikythera Mechanism" (PDF). Journal for the History of Astronomy. xli (1): 1–39. Bibcode:2010JHA....41....1E. doi:10.1177/002182861004100101. S2CID 14000634. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Wright, Michael T. (June 2005). "The Antikythera Mechanism: a new gearing scheme" (PDF). Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society. 85: 2–7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
Carman, Christián C.; Thorndyke, Alan; Evans, James (2012). "On the Pin-and-Slot Device of the Antikythera Mechanism, with a New Application to the Superior Planets" (PDF). Journal for the History of Astronomy. 43 (1): 93–116. Bibcode:2012JHA....43...93C. doi:10.1177/002182861204300106. hdl:11336/194736. S2CID 41930968. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
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haaretz.com

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handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Carman, Christián C.; Evans, James (15 November 2014). "On the epoch of the Antikythera mechanism and its eclipse predictor". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 68 (6): 693–774. doi:10.1007/s00407-014-0145-5. hdl:11336/98820. S2CID 120548493.
Carman, Christián C.; Thorndyke, Alan; Evans, James (2012). "On the Pin-and-Slot Device of the Antikythera Mechanism, with a New Application to the Superior Planets" (PDF). Journal for the History of Astronomy. 43 (1): 93–116. Bibcode:2012JHA....43...93C. doi:10.1177/002182861204300106. hdl:11336/194736. S2CID 41930968. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2014.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Freeth, Tony; Bitsakis, Yanis; Moussas, Xenophon; Seiradakis, John. H.; Tselikas, A.; Mangou, H.; Zafeiropoulou, M.; Hadland, R.; et al. (30 November 2006). "Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism" (PDF). Nature. 444 (7119): 587–91. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..587F. doi:10.1038/nature05357. PMID 17136087. S2CID 4424998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Pinotsis, A. D. (30 August 2007). "The Antikythera mechanism: who was its creator and what was its use and purpose?". Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions. 26 (4–5): 211–26. Bibcode:2007A&AT...26..211P. doi:10.1080/10556790601136925. S2CID 56126896.
Freeth, Tony; Jones, Alexander; Steele, John M.; Bitsakis, Yanis (31 July 2008). "Calendars with Olympiad display and eclipse prediction on the Antikythera Mechanism" (PDF). Nature. 454 (7204): 614–17. Bibcode:2008Natur.454..614F. doi:10.1038/nature07130. PMID 18668103. S2CID 4400693. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Freeth, Tony (2006). "Decoding the Antikythera Mechanism: Supplementary Notes 2" (PDF). Nature. 444 (7119): 587–91. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..587F. doi:10.1038/nature05357. PMID 17136087. S2CID 4424998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Freeth, Tony; Higgon, David; Dacanalis, Aris; MacDonald, Lindsay; Georgakopoulou, Myrto; Wojcik, Adam (12 March 2021). "A Model of the Cosmos in the ancient Greek Antikythera Mechanism". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 5821. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.5821F. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-84310-w. PMC 7955085. PMID 33712674.
Marchant, Jo (30 November 2006). "In search of lost time". Nature. 444 (7119): 534–38. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..534M. doi:10.1038/444534a. PMID 17136067.
Freeth, Tony (December 2009). "Decoding an Ancient Computer" (PDF). Scientific American. 301 (6): 78. Bibcode:2009SciAm.301f..76F. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1209-76. PMID 20058643. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
Wright, Michael T. (2007). "The Antikythera Mechanism reconsidered". Interdisciplinary Science Reviews. 32 (1): 21–43. Bibcode:2007ISRv...32...27W. doi:10.1179/030801807X163670. S2CID 54663891.
Freeth, T. (2009). "Decoding an Ancient Computer". Scientific American. 301 (6): 76–83. Bibcode:2009SciAm.301f..76F. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1209-76. PMID 20058643.
Freeth, T (2009). "Decoding an Ancient Computer". Scientific American. 301 (6): 76–83. Bibcode:2009SciAm.301f..76F. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1209-76. PMID 20058643.
Evans, James; Carman, Christián C.; Thorndyke, Alan (February 2010). "Solar anomaly and planetary displays in the Antikythera Mechanism" (PDF). Journal for the History of Astronomy. xli (1): 1–39. Bibcode:2010JHA....41....1E. doi:10.1177/002182861004100101. S2CID 14000634. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Carman, Christián C.; Thorndyke, Alan; Evans, James (2012). "On the Pin-and-Slot Device of the Antikythera Mechanism, with a New Application to the Superior Planets" (PDF). Journal for the History of Astronomy. 43 (1): 93–116. Bibcode:2012JHA....43...93C. doi:10.1177/002182861204300106. hdl:11336/194736. S2CID 41930968. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
Edmunds, Michael (1 August 2011). "An Initial Assessment of the Accuracy of the Gear Trains in the Antikythera Mechanism". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 42 (3): 307–20. Bibcode:2011JHA....42..307E. doi:10.1177/002182861104200302. S2CID 120883936. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
Charette, F (November 2006). "Archaeology: high tech from Ancient Greece". Nature. 444 (7119): 551–52. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..551C. doi:10.1038/444551a. PMID 17136077. S2CID 33513516..
Maddison, Francis (28 March 1985). "Early mathematical wheelwork: Byzantine calendrical gearing". Nature. 314 (6009): 316–17. Bibcode:1985Natur.314..316M. doi:10.1038/314316b0. S2CID 4229697..

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independent.co.uk

Connor, S. (31 July 2008). "Ancient Device Was Used To Predict Olympic Games". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2010.

jstor.org

Price, Derek de Solla (1974). "Gears from the Greeks. The Antikythera Mechanism: A Calendar Computer from ca. 80 B. C.". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. New Series. 64 (7): 1–70. doi:10.2307/1006146. JSTOR 1006146.
Jones, Alexander (2018). "Like Opening a Pyramid and Finding an Atomic Bomb': Derek de Solla Price and the Antikythera Mechanism". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 162 (3): 259–294. JSTOR 45211597. Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.

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mfa.gr

"Εγκαίνια του μοναδικού στον κόσμο αντιγράφου εν λειτουργία του Μηχανισμού των Αντικυθύρων στο Πανεπιστήμιο της πολιτείας Sonora του Μεξικού με συμμετοχή του Πρέσβη της Ελλάδος στο Μεξικό κ.Ν. Κοτροκόη" ["Inauguration of the world's only working replica of the Antikythera Mechanism at the University of the State of Sonora, Mexico, with the participation of the Ambassador of Greece to Mexico, Mr. N. Kotrokoi"]. Hellenic Republic - Ministry of Foreign Affairs (in Greek). 14 February 2024.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Freeth, Tony; Bitsakis, Yanis; Moussas, Xenophon; Seiradakis, John. H.; Tselikas, A.; Mangou, H.; Zafeiropoulou, M.; Hadland, R.; et al. (30 November 2006). "Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism" (PDF). Nature. 444 (7119): 587–91. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..587F. doi:10.1038/nature05357. PMID 17136087. S2CID 4424998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Freeth, Tony; Jones, Alexander; Steele, John M.; Bitsakis, Yanis (31 July 2008). "Calendars with Olympiad display and eclipse prediction on the Antikythera Mechanism" (PDF). Nature. 454 (7204): 614–17. Bibcode:2008Natur.454..614F. doi:10.1038/nature07130. PMID 18668103. S2CID 4400693. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Freeth, Tony (2006). "Decoding the Antikythera Mechanism: Supplementary Notes 2" (PDF). Nature. 444 (7119): 587–91. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..587F. doi:10.1038/nature05357. PMID 17136087. S2CID 4424998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
Freeth, Tony; Higgon, David; Dacanalis, Aris; MacDonald, Lindsay; Georgakopoulou, Myrto; Wojcik, Adam (12 March 2021). "A Model of the Cosmos in the ancient Greek Antikythera Mechanism". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 5821. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.5821F. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-84310-w. PMC 7955085. PMID 33712674.
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