Assembly language (English Wikipedia)

Archer, Benjamin (November 2016). Assembly Language For Students. North Charleston, South Carolina, US: CreateSpace Independent Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5403-7071-6. Assembly language may also be called symbolic machine code.

answers.com

"assembly language: Definition and Much More from Answers.com". answers.com. Archived from the original on 2009-06-08. Retrieved 2008-06-19.

archive.org

Whitesmiths Ltd (1980-07-15). A-Natural Language Reference Manual.

archive.today

Paul, Matthias R. (2002-05-13). "[fd-dev] mkeyb". freedos-dev. Archived from the original on 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2018-09-10.

azillionmonkeys.com

Hsieh, Paul (2020-03-24) [2016, 1996]. "Programming Optimization". Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2020-03-24. ... design changes tend to affect performance more than ... one should not skip straight to assembly language until ...

bitsavers.org

Xerox Data Systems (Oct 1975). Xerox Meta-Symbol Sigma 5-9 Computers Language and Operations Reference Manual (PDF). p. vi. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2020-06-07. Used as a meta-assembler, it enables the user to design his own programming languages and to generate processors for such languages with a minimum of effort.
Sperry Univac Computer Systems (1977). Sperry Univac Computer Systems Meta-Assembler (MASM) Programmer Reference (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2020-06-07.

bixoft.nl

Kornelis, A. F. (2010) [2003]. "High Level Assembler – Opcodes overview, Assembler Directives". Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2020-03-24.

books.google.com

Kauler, Barry (1997-01-09). Windows Assembly Language and Systems Programming: 16- and 32-Bit Low-Level Programming for the PC and Windows. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-48227572-8. Retrieved 2020-03-24. Always the debate rages about the applicability of assembly language in our modern programming world.

columbia.edu

da Cruz, Frank (2019-05-17). "The IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Calculator". Computing History - A Chronology of Computing. Columbia University. Archived from the original on 2020-02-15. Retrieved 2012-01-17.

computer.org

"1985 Computer Pioneer Award 'For assembly language programming' David Wheeler". 2018-03-27.

davidsalomon.name

Salomon, David (February 1993) [1992]. Written at California State University, Northridge, California, US. Chivers, Ian D. (ed.). Assemblers and Loaders (PDF). Ellis Horwood Series In Computers And Their Applications (1 ed.). Chicester, West Sussex, UK: Ellis Horwood Limited / Simon & Schuster International Group. pp. 7, 237–238. ISBN 0-13-052564-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-03-23. Retrieved 2008-10-01. (xiv+294+4 pages)

doi.org

Streib, James T. (2020). "Guide to Assembly Language". Undergraduate Topics in Computer Science. Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35639-2. ISBN 978-3-030-35638-5. ISSN 1863-7310. S2CID 195930813. Programming in assembly language has the same benefits as programming in machine language, except it is easier.
Austerlitz, Howard (2003). "Computer Programming Languages". Data Acquisition Techniques Using PCs. Elsevier. pp. 326–360. doi:10.1016/b978-012068377-2/50013-9. ISBN 9780120683772. Assembly language (or Assembler) is a compiled, low-level computer language. It is processor-dependent since it basically translates the Assembler's mnemonics directly into the commands a particular CPU understands, on a one-to-one basis. These Assembler mnemonics are the instruction set for that processor.
Finlayson, Ian; Davis, Brandon; Gavin, Peter; Uh, Gang-Ryung; Whalley, David; Själander, Magnus; Tyson, Gary (2013). "Improving processor efficiency by statically pipelining instructions". Proceedings of the 14th ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED conference on Languages, compilers and tools for embedded systems. pp. 33–44. doi:10.1145/2465554.2465559. ISBN 9781450320856. S2CID 8015812.
Campbell-Kelly, Martin (April 1982). "The Development of Computer Programming in Britain (1945 to 1955)". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 4 (2): 121–139. doi:10.1109/MAHC.1982.10016. S2CID 14861159.
Campbell-Kelly, Martin (1980). "Programming the EDSAC: Early Programming Activity at the University of Cambridge". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 2 (1): 7–36. doi:10.1109/MAHC.1980.10009.
Wilkes, Maurice Vincent (1949). "The EDSAC – an Electronic Calculating Machine". Journal of Scientific Instruments. 26 (12): 385–391. Bibcode:1949JScI...26..385W. doi:10.1088/0950-7671/26/12/301.
Collen, Morris F. (March–April 1994). "The Origins of Informatics". Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 1 (2): 96–97. doi:10.1136/jamia.1994.95236152. PMC 116189. PMID 7719803.

edwardbosworth.com

Bosworth, Edward (2016). "Chapter 1 – Why Study Assembly Language". www.edwardbosworth.com. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2016-06-01.

eigen.tuxfamily.org

"BLAS Benchmark-August2008". eigen.tuxfamily.org. 2008-08-01. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2010-03-04.

encyclopedia.com

Daintith, John, ed. (2019). "meta-assembler". A Dictionary of Computing. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2020-03-24.

freecodecamp.org

Carnes, Beau (2022-04-27). "Learn Assembly Language Programming with ARM". freeCodeCamp.org. Retrieved 2022-06-21. Assembly language is often specific to a particular computer architecture so there are multiple types of assembly languages. ARM is an increasingly popular assembly language.

ghostarchive.org

Xerox Data Systems (Oct 1975). Xerox Meta-Symbol Sigma 5-9 Computers Language and Operations Reference Manual (PDF). p. vi. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2020-06-07. Used as a meta-assembler, it enables the user to design his own programming languages and to generate processors for such languages with a minimum of effort.
Sperry Univac Computer Systems (1977). Sperry Univac Computer Systems Meta-Assembler (MASM) Programmer Reference (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2020-06-07.

github.com

gist.github.com

Anguiano, Ricardo. "linux kernel mainline 4.9 sloccount.txt". Gist. Retrieved 2022-05-04.

github.com

"rav1e/README.md at v0.6.3". GitHub. Archived from the original on 2023-02-22. Retrieved 2023-02-21.

gnu.org

gcc.gnu.org

"How to Use Inline Assembly Language in C Code". gnu.org. Retrieved 2020-11-05.

hackaday.com

Dufresne, Steven (2018-08-21). "Kathleen Booth: Assembling Early Computers While Inventing Assembly". Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2019-02-10.

hardwarebug.org

"Bit-field-badness". hardwarebug.org. 2010-01-30. Archived from the original on 2010-02-05. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
"GCC makes a mess". hardwarebug.org. 2009-05-13. Archived from the original on 2010-03-16. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
"Code sourcery fails again". hardwarebug.org. 2010-01-30. Archived from the original on 2010-04-02. Retrieved 2010-03-04.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Wilkes, Maurice Vincent (1949). "The EDSAC – an Electronic Calculating Machine". Journal of Scientific Instruments. 26 (12): 385–391. Bibcode:1949JScI...26..385W. doi:10.1088/0950-7671/26/12/301.

hathitrust.org

babel.hathitrust.org

Saxon, James A.; Plette, William S. (1962). Programming the IBM 1401, a self-instructional programmed manual. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, US: Prentice-Hall. LCCN 62-20615. (NB. Use of the term assembly program.)

i-programmer.info

Fairhead, Harry (2017-11-16). "History of Computer Languages - The Classical Decade, 1950s". I Programmer. Archived from the original on 2020-01-02. Retrieved 2020-03-06.

ias.edu

albert.ias.edu

Booth, Andrew D; Britten, Kathleen HV (1947). Coding for A.R.C. (PDF). Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. Retrieved 2022-11-04.

ibiblio.org

Paul, Matthias R. (2001) [1996], "Specification and reference documentation for NECPINW", NECPINW.CPI - DOS code page switching driver for NEC Pinwriters (2.08 ed.), FILESPEC.TXT, NECPINW.ASM, EUROFONT.INC from NECPI208.ZIP, archived from the original on 2017-09-10, retrieved 2013-04-22

ibm.com

"Assembler language". High Level Assembler for z/OS & z/VM & z/VSE Language Reference Version 1 Release 6. IBM. 2014 [1990]. SC26-4940-06.
"Macro instructions". High Level Assembler for z/OS & z/VM & z/VSE Language Reference Version 1 Release 6. IBM. 2014 [1990]. SC26-4940-06.
"High Level Assembler Toolkit Feature Increases Programmer Productivity". Announcement Letters. IBM. 1995-12-12. A95-1432. Archived from the original on 2023-03-07.

www-01.ibm.com

"z/OS Version 2 Release 3 DFSMS Macro Instructions for Data Sets" (PDF). IBM. 2019-02-15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-25. Retrieved 2021-09-14.

infoq.com

Click, Cliff; Goetz, Brian. "A Crash Course in Modern Hardware". Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2014-05-01.

intel.com

download.intel.com

Intel Architecture Software Developer's Manual, Volume 2: Instruction Set Reference (PDF). Vol. 2. Intel Corporation. 1999. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-06-11. Retrieved 2010-11-18.

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

Saxon, James A.; Plette, William S. (1962). Programming the IBM 1401, a self-instructional programmed manual. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, US: Prentice-Hall. LCCN 62-20615. (NB. Use of the term assembly program.)

marc.info

Paul, Matthias R. (2002-05-13). "[fd-dev] mkeyb". freedos-dev. Archived from the original on 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2018-09-10.

microsoft.com

msdn.microsoft.com

"Macros (C/C++), MSDN Library for Visual Studio 2008". Microsoft Corp. 2012-11-16. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2010-06-22.

mt-archive.info

Booth, Andrew Donald; Britten, Kathleen Hylda Valerie (September 1947) [August 1947]. General considerations in the design of an all purpose electronic digital computer (PDF) (2 ed.). The Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, US: Birkbeck College, London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2019-02-10. The non-original ideas, contained in the following text, have been derived from a number of sources, ... It is felt, however, that acknowledgement should be made to Prof. John von Neumann and to Dr. Herman Goldstein for many fruitful discussions ...

mynetgear.com

vandyke.mynetgear.com

1401 Autocoder System, Program #1401-AU-037, Version 3, Modification Level 11 (PDF). 1965-12-07. Retrieved 2024-01-21. The following minor restriction or limitation is in effect with regard to the use of 1401 Autocoder when coding macro instructions ...

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Collen, Morris F. (March–April 1994). "The Origins of Informatics". Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 1 (2): 96–97. doi:10.1136/jamia.1994.95236152. PMC 116189. PMID 7719803.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Collen, Morris F. (March–April 1994). "The Origins of Informatics". Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 1 (2): 96–97. doi:10.1136/jamia.1994.95236152. PMC 116189. PMID 7719803.

nostarch.com

Hyde, Randall (September 2003) [1996-09-30]. "Foreword ("Why would anyone learn this stuff?") / Chapter 12 – Classes and Objects". The Art of Assembly Language (2 ed.). No Starch Press. ISBN 1-886411-97-2. Archived from the original on 2010-05-06. Retrieved 2020-06-22. Errata: [1] (928 pages) [2][3]

nytimes.com

Markoff, John Gregory (2005-11-28). "Writing the Fastest Code, by Hand, for Fun: A Human Computer Keeps Speeding Up Chips". The New York Times. Seattle, Washington, US. Archived from the original on 2020-03-23. Retrieved 2010-03-04.

ohio-state.edu

web.cse.ohio-state.edu

"Assembly: Review" (PDF). Computer Science and Engineering. College of Engineering, Ohio State University. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2020-03-24.

researchgate.net

Finlayson, Ian; Davis, Brandon; Gavin, Peter; Uh, Gang-Ryung; Whalley, David; Själander, Magnus; Tyson, Gary (2013). "Improving processor efficiency by statically pipelining instructions". Proceedings of the 14th ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED conference on Languages, compilers and tools for embedded systems. pp. 33–44. doi:10.1145/2465554.2465559. ISBN 9781450320856. S2CID 8015812.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Streib, James T. (2020). "Guide to Assembly Language". Undergraduate Topics in Computer Science. Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35639-2. ISBN 978-3-030-35638-5. ISSN 1863-7310. S2CID 195930813. Programming in assembly language has the same benefits as programming in machine language, except it is easier.
Finlayson, Ian; Davis, Brandon; Gavin, Peter; Uh, Gang-Ryung; Whalley, David; Själander, Magnus; Tyson, Gary (2013). "Improving processor efficiency by statically pipelining instructions". Proceedings of the 14th ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED conference on Languages, compilers and tools for embedded systems. pp. 33–44. doi:10.1145/2465554.2465559. ISBN 9781450320856. S2CID 8015812.
Campbell-Kelly, Martin (April 1982). "The Development of Computer Programming in Britain (1945 to 1955)". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 4 (2): 121–139. doi:10.1109/MAHC.1982.10016. S2CID 14861159.

skycoast.us

Kessler, Marvin M. (1970-12-18). "*Concept* Report 14 - Implementation of Macros To Permit Structured Programming in OS/360". MVS Software: Concept 14 Macros. Gaithersburg, Maryland, US: International Business Machines Corporation. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2009-05-25.

sourceforge.net

neshla.sourceforge.net

Provinciano, Brian (2005-04-17). "NESHLA: The High Level, Open Source, 6502 Assembler for the Nintendo Entertainment System". Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2020-03-24.

sparc.com

"The SPARC Architecture Manual, Version 8" (PDF). SPARC International. 1992. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-10. Retrieved 2011-12-10.

stackoverflow.com

"How do assembly languages depend on operating systems?". Stack Exchange. Stack Exchange Inc. 2011-07-28. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2020-03-24. (NB. System calls often vary, e.g. for MVS vs. VSE vs. VM/CMS; the binary/executable formats for different operating systems may also vary.)

tifreakware.net

"68K Programming in Fargo II". Archived from the original on 2008-07-02. Retrieved 2008-07-03.

tiobe.com

"TIOBE Index". TIOBE Software. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2020-03-24.

tldp.org

Rusling, David A. (1999) [1996]. "Chapter 2 Software Basics". The Linux Kernel. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2012-03-11.

ucr.edu

webster.cs.ucr.edu

Hyde, Randall. "The Great Debate". Archived from the original on 2008-06-16. Retrieved 2008-07-03.

videolan.org

git.videolan.org

"x264.git/common/x86/dct-32.asm". git.videolan.org. 2010-09-29. Archived from the original on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 2010-09-29.

code.videolan.org

"README.md · 1.1.0 · VideoLAN / dav1d". 2023-02-13. Archived from the original on 2023-02-22. Retrieved 2023-02-21.

virginia.edu

cs.virginia.edu

Ferrari, Adam; Batson, Alan; Lack, Mike; Jones, Anita (2018-11-19) [Spring 2006]. Evans, David (ed.). "x86 Assembly Guide". Computer Science CS216: Program and Data Representation. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2010-11-18.

web.archive.org

"Assembly: Review" (PDF). Computer Science and Engineering. College of Engineering, Ohio State University. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2020-03-24.
Kornelis, A. F. (2010) [2003]. "High Level Assembler – Opcodes overview, Assembler Directives". Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2020-03-24.
Fairhead, Harry (2017-11-16). "History of Computer Languages - The Classical Decade, 1950s". I Programmer. Archived from the original on 2020-01-02. Retrieved 2020-03-06.
"How do assembly languages depend on operating systems?". Stack Exchange. Stack Exchange Inc. 2011-07-28. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2020-03-24. (NB. System calls often vary, e.g. for MVS vs. VSE vs. VM/CMS; the binary/executable formats for different operating systems may also vary.)
Daintith, John, ed. (2019). "meta-assembler". A Dictionary of Computing. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2020-03-24.
Salomon, David (February 1993) [1992]. Written at California State University, Northridge, California, US. Chivers, Ian D. (ed.). Assemblers and Loaders (PDF). Ellis Horwood Series In Computers And Their Applications (1 ed.). Chicester, West Sussex, UK: Ellis Horwood Limited / Simon & Schuster International Group. pp. 7, 237–238. ISBN 0-13-052564-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-03-23. Retrieved 2008-10-01. (xiv+294+4 pages)
Hyde, Randall (September 2003) [1996-09-30]. "Foreword ("Why would anyone learn this stuff?") / Chapter 12 – Classes and Objects". The Art of Assembly Language (2 ed.). No Starch Press. ISBN 1-886411-97-2. Archived from the original on 2010-05-06. Retrieved 2020-06-22. Errata: [1] (928 pages) [2][3]
Intel Architecture Software Developer's Manual, Volume 2: Instruction Set Reference (PDF). Vol. 2. Intel Corporation. 1999. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-06-11. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
Ferrari, Adam; Batson, Alan; Lack, Mike; Jones, Anita (2018-11-19) [Spring 2006]. Evans, David (ed.). "x86 Assembly Guide". Computer Science CS216: Program and Data Representation. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
"The SPARC Architecture Manual, Version 8" (PDF). SPARC International. 1992. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-10. Retrieved 2011-12-10.
Moxham, James (1996). "ZINT Z80 Interpreter". Z80 Op Codes for ZINT. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
Hyde, Randall. "Chapter 8. MASM: Directives & Pseudo-Opcodes" (PDF). The Art of Computer Programming. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2011-03-19.
"Macros (C/C++), MSDN Library for Visual Studio 2008". Microsoft Corp. 2012-11-16. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
Kessler, Marvin M. (1970-12-18). "*Concept* Report 14 - Implementation of Macros To Permit Structured Programming in OS/360". MVS Software: Concept 14 Macros. Gaithersburg, Maryland, US: International Business Machines Corporation. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2009-05-25.
"High Level Assembler Toolkit Feature Increases Programmer Productivity". Announcement Letters. IBM. 1995-12-12. A95-1432. Archived from the original on 2023-03-07.
"assembly language: Definition and Much More from Answers.com". answers.com. Archived from the original on 2009-06-08. Retrieved 2008-06-19.
Provinciano, Brian (2005-04-17). "NESHLA: The High Level, Open Source, 6502 Assembler for the Nintendo Entertainment System". Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2020-03-24.
Dufresne, Steven (2018-08-21). "Kathleen Booth: Assembling Early Computers While Inventing Assembly". Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
Booth, Andrew Donald; Britten, Kathleen Hylda Valerie (September 1947) [August 1947]. General considerations in the design of an all purpose electronic digital computer (PDF) (2 ed.). The Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, US: Birkbeck College, London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2019-02-10. The non-original ideas, contained in the following text, have been derived from a number of sources, ... It is felt, however, that acknowledgement should be made to Prof. John von Neumann and to Dr. Herman Goldstein for many fruitful discussions ...
da Cruz, Frank (2019-05-17). "The IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Calculator". Computing History - A Chronology of Computing. Columbia University. Archived from the original on 2020-02-15. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
Pettus, Sam (2008-01-10). "SegaBase Volume 6 - Saturn". Archived from the original on 2008-07-13. Retrieved 2008-07-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
Hsieh, Paul (2020-03-24) [2016, 1996]. "Programming Optimization". Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2020-03-24. ... design changes tend to affect performance more than ... one should not skip straight to assembly language until ...
"TIOBE Index". TIOBE Software. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2020-03-24.
Rusling, David A. (1999) [1996]. "Chapter 2 Software Basics". The Linux Kernel. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
Markoff, John Gregory (2005-11-28). "Writing the Fastest Code, by Hand, for Fun: A Human Computer Keeps Speeding Up Chips". The New York Times. Seattle, Washington, US. Archived from the original on 2020-03-23. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
"Bit-field-badness". hardwarebug.org. 2010-01-30. Archived from the original on 2010-02-05. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
"GCC makes a mess". hardwarebug.org. 2009-05-13. Archived from the original on 2010-03-16. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
Hyde, Randall. "The Great Debate". Archived from the original on 2008-06-16. Retrieved 2008-07-03.
"Code sourcery fails again". hardwarebug.org. 2010-01-30. Archived from the original on 2010-04-02. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
Click, Cliff; Goetz, Brian. "A Crash Course in Modern Hardware". Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
"68K Programming in Fargo II". Archived from the original on 2008-07-02. Retrieved 2008-07-03.
"BLAS Benchmark-August2008". eigen.tuxfamily.org. 2008-08-01. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
"x264.git/common/x86/dct-32.asm". git.videolan.org. 2010-09-29. Archived from the original on 2012-03-04. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
"rav1e/README.md at v0.6.3". GitHub. Archived from the original on 2023-02-22. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
"README.md · 1.1.0 · VideoLAN / dav1d". 2023-02-13. Archived from the original on 2023-02-22. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
Bosworth, Edward (2016). "Chapter 1 – Why Study Assembly Language". www.edwardbosworth.com. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
"z/OS Version 2 Release 3 DFSMS Macro Instructions for Data Sets" (PDF). IBM. 2019-02-15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-06-25. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
Paul, Matthias R. (2001) [1996], "Specification and reference documentation for NECPINW", NECPINW.CPI - DOS code page switching driver for NEC Pinwriters (2.08 ed.), FILESPEC.TXT, NECPINW.ASM, EUROFONT.INC from NECPI208.ZIP, archived from the original on 2017-09-10, retrieved 2013-04-22

wired.com

Abell, John C. "Oct. 15, 1956: Fortran Forever Changes Computing's Fortunes". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2024-03-02.

worldcat.org

Streib, James T. (2020). "Guide to Assembly Language". Undergraduate Topics in Computer Science. Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35639-2. ISBN 978-3-030-35638-5. ISSN 1863-7310. S2CID 195930813. Programming in assembly language has the same benefits as programming in machine language, except it is easier.
Wilkes, Maurice Vincent; Wheeler, David John; Gill, Stanley J. (1951). The preparation of programs for an electronic digital computer (Reprint 1982 ed.). Tomash Publishers. ISBN 978-0-93822803-5. OCLC 313593586.
Abell, John C. "Oct. 15, 1956: Fortran Forever Changes Computing's Fortunes". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2024-03-02.

yale.edu

flint.cs.yale.edu

Hyde, Randall. "Chapter 8. MASM: Directives & Pseudo-Opcodes" (PDF). The Art of Computer Programming. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2011-03-19.

z80.de

Moxham, James (1996). "ZINT Z80 Interpreter". Z80 Op Codes for ZINT. Archived from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2013-07-21.