Atom (English Wikipedia)

Millington (1906). John Dalton, p. 113. J.P. Millington (1906). John Dalton. J. M. Dent & Co. (London); E. P. Dutton & Co. (New York).
J. J. Thomson (1898). "On the Charge of Electricity carried by the Ions produced by Röntgen Rays". The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 5. 46 (283): 528–545. doi:10.1080/14786449808621229.
Orme Masson (1921). "The Constitution of Atoms". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 41 (242): 281–285. doi:10.1080/14786442108636219.
Footnote by Ernest Rutherford: 'At the time of writing this paper in Australia, Professor Orme Masson was not aware that the name "proton" had already been suggested as a suitable name for the unit of mass nearly 1, in terms of oxygen 16, that appears to enter into the nuclear structure of atoms. The question of a suitable name for this unit was discussed at an informal meeting of a number of members of Section A of the British Association at Cardiff this year. The name "baron" suggested by Professor Masson was mentioned, but was considered unsuitable on account of the existing variety of meanings. Finally the name "proton" met with general approval, particularly as it suggests the original term "protyle " given by Prout in his well-known hypothesis that all atoms are built up of hydrogen. The need of a special name for the nuclear unit of mass 1 was drawn attention to by Sir Oliver Lodge at the Sectional meeting, and the writer then suggested the name "proton."'
Pais, Abraham (1986). Inward Bound: Of Matter and Forces in the Physical World. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 228–230. ISBN 978-0-19-851971-3.
Demtröder, Wolfgang (2002). Atoms, Molecules and Photons: An Introduction to Atomic- Molecular- and Quantum Physics (1st ed.). Springer. pp. 39–42. ISBN 978-3-540-20631-6. OCLC 181435713.
Woan, Graham (2000). The Cambridge Handbook of Physics. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-521-57507-2. OCLC 224032426.
MacGregor, Malcolm H. (1992). The Enigmatic Electron. Oxford University Press. pp. 33–37. ISBN 978-0-19-521833-6. OCLC 223372888.
Smirnov, Boris M. (2003). Physics of Atoms and Ions. Springer. pp. 249–272. ISBN 978-0-387-95550-6.
Sills, Alan D. (2003). Earth Science the Easy Way. Barron's Educational Series. pp. 131–134. ISBN 978-0-7641-2146-3. OCLC 51543743.
Krane, K. (1988). Introductory Nuclear Physics. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 68. ISBN 978-0-471-85914-7.
Mills, Ian; Cvitaš, Tomislav; Homann, Klaus; Kallay, Nikola; Kuchitsu, Kozo (1993). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry (2nd ed.). Oxford: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Commission on Physiochemical Symbols Terminology and Units, Blackwell Scientific Publications. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-632-03583-0. OCLC 27011505.
L'Annunziata, Michael F. (2003). Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis. Academic Press. pp. 3–56. ISBN 978-0-12-436603-9. OCLC 16212955.
Fowles, Grant R. (1989). Introduction to Modern Optics. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 227–233. ISBN 978-0-486-65957-2. OCLC 18834711.
Goodstein, David L. (2002). States of Matter. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 436–438. ISBN 978-0-13-843557-8.
Myers, Richard (2003). The Basics of Chemistry. Greenwood Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-313-31664-7. OCLC 50164580.
Lequeux, James (2005). The Interstellar Medium. Springer. p. 4. ISBN 978-3-540-21326-0. OCLC 133157789.
Zaider, Marco; Rossi, Harald H. (2001). Radiation Science for Physicians and Public Health Workers. Springer. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-306-46403-4. OCLC 44110319.

archives-ouvertes.fr (Global: 1,143^rd place; English: 973^rd place)

hal.archives-ouvertes.fr

Indelicato, Paul (2004). "Exotic Atoms". Physica Scripta. T112 (1): 20–26. arXiv:physics/0409058. Bibcode:2004PhST..112...20I. doi:10.1238/Physica.Topical.112a00020. S2CID 11134265. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018.

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

Copi, Craig J.; Schramm, DN; Turner, MS (1995). "Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis and the Baryon Density of the Universe". Science (Submitted manuscript). 267 (5195): 192–199. arXiv:astro-ph/9407006. Bibcode:1995Sci...267..192C. doi:10.1126/science.7809624. PMID 7809624. S2CID 15613185. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019.
Mashnik, Stepan G. (2000). "On Solar System and Cosmic Rays Nucleosynthesis and Spallation Processes". arXiv:astro-ph/0008382.
Indelicato, Paul (2004). "Exotic Atoms". Physica Scripta. T112 (1): 20–26. arXiv:physics/0409058. Bibcode:2004PhST..112...20I. doi:10.1238/Physica.Topical.112a00020. S2CID 11134265. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018.

avogadro.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Atomic Emission Spectra – Origin of Spectral Lines". Avogadro Web Site. Archived from the original on 28 February 2006. Retrieved 10 August 2006.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

Staff (30 October 2002). "Researchers 'look inside' antimatter". BBC News. Archived from the original on 22 February 2007.

bnl.gov (Global: 6,608^th place; English: 7,961^st place)

nndc.bnl.gov

For more recent updates see Brookhaven National Laboratory's Interactive Chart of Nuclides Archived 25 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Pullman, Bernard (1998). The Atom in the History of Human Thought. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 31–33. ISBN 978-0-19-515040-7. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
Thomson, J.J. (August 1901). "On bodies smaller than atoms". The Popular Science Monthly: 323–335. Archived from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2009.

caltech.edu (Global: 240^th place; English: 473^rd place)

feynmanlectures.caltech.edu

"The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. I Ch. 1: Atoms in Motion". Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.

carleton.edu (Global: low place; English: 7,913^th place)

serc.carleton.edu

Wenner, Jennifer M. (10 October 2007). "How Does Radioactive Decay Work?". Carleton College. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008.

cern.ch (Global: 2,552^nd place; English: 2,008^th place)

cds.cern.ch

Copi, Craig J.; Schramm, DN; Turner, MS (1995). "Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis and the Baryon Density of the Universe". Science (Submitted manuscript). 267 (5195): 192–199. arXiv:astro-ph/9407006. Bibcode:1995Sci...267..192C. doi:10.1126/science.7809624. PMID 7809624. S2CID 15613185. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019.

cerncourier.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Anonymous (2 October 2001). "Second postcard from the island of stability". CERN Courier. Archived from the original on 3 February 2008.

chemguide.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Covalent bonding – Single bonds". chemguide. 2000. Archived from the original on 1 November 2008.

cornell.edu (Global: 308^th place; English: 253^rd place)

astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu

Herter, Terry (2006). "Lecture 8: The Hydrogen Atom". Cornell University. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012.

curtin.edu.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

oklo.curtin.edu.au

"Oklo Fossil Reactors". Curtin University of Technology. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2008.

cwru.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

burro.cwru.edu

Mihos, Chris (23 July 2002). "Overcoming the Coulomb Barrier". Case Western Reserve University. Archived from the original on 12 September 2006.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Giora Hon; Bernard R. Goldstein (6 September 2013). "J. J. Thomson's plum-pudding atomic model: The making of a scientific myth". Annalen der Physik. 525 (8–9): A129–A133. Bibcode:2013AnP...525A.129H. doi:10.1002/andp.201300732. ISSN 0003-3804. Archived from the original on 16 July 2025. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
J. J. Thomson (1898). "On the Charge of Electricity carried by the Ions produced by Röntgen Rays". The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 5. 46 (283): 528–545. doi:10.1080/14786449808621229.
Rutherford, Ernest (1919). "Collisions of alpha Particles with Light Atoms. IV. An Anomalous Effect in Nitrogen". Philosophical Magazine. 37 (222): 581. doi:10.1080/14786440608635919. Archived from the original on 7 June 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
Orme Masson (1921). "The Constitution of Atoms". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 41 (242): 281–285. doi:10.1080/14786442108636219.
Footnote by Ernest Rutherford: 'At the time of writing this paper in Australia, Professor Orme Masson was not aware that the name "proton" had already been suggested as a suitable name for the unit of mass nearly 1, in terms of oxygen 16, that appears to enter into the nuclear structure of atoms. The question of a suitable name for this unit was discussed at an informal meeting of a number of members of Section A of the British Association at Cardiff this year. The name "baron" suggested by Professor Masson was mentioned, but was considered unsuitable on account of the existing variety of meanings. Finally the name "proton" met with general approval, particularly as it suggests the original term "protyle " given by Prout in his well-known hypothesis that all atoms are built up of hydrogen. The need of a special name for the nuclear unit of mass 1 was drawn attention to by Sir Oliver Lodge at the Sectional meeting, and the writer then suggested the name "proton."'
James Chadwick (1932). "Possible Existence of a Neutron" (PDF). Nature. 129 (3252): 312. Bibcode:1932Natur.129Q.312C. doi:10.1038/129312a0. S2CID 4076465. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Fewell, M.P. (1995). "The atomic nuclide with the highest mean binding energy". American Journal of Physics. 63 (7): 653–658. Bibcode:1995AmJPh..63..653F. doi:10.1119/1.17828.
Mulliken, Robert S. (1967). "Spectroscopy, Molecular Orbitals, and Chemical Bonding". Science. 157 (3784): 13–24. Bibcode:1967Sci...157...13M. doi:10.1126/science.157.3784.13. PMID 5338306.
Bell, R.E.; Elliott, L.G. (1950). "Gamma-Rays from the Reaction H¹(n,γ)D² and the Binding Energy of the Deuteron". Physical Review. 79 (2): 282–285. Bibcode:1950PhRv...79..282B. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.79.282.
Audi, G.; Wapstra, A.H.; Thibault, C. (2003). "The Ame2003 atomic mass evaluation (II)" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729 (1): 337–676. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729..337A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2005.
Ghosh, D.C.; Biswas, R. (2002). "Theoretical calculation of Absolute Radii of Atoms and Ions. Part 1. The Atomic Radii". Int. J. Mol. Sci. 3 (11): 87–113. Bibcode:2002IJMSc...3...87G. doi:10.3390/i3020087.
Shannon, R.D. (1976). "Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides" (PDF). Acta Crystallographica A. 32 (5): 751–767. Bibcode:1976AcCrA..32..751S. doi:10.1107/S0567739476001551. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
Bethe, Hans (1929). "Termaufspaltung in Kristallen". Annalen der Physik. 3 (2): 133–208. Bibcode:1929AnP...395..133B. doi:10.1002/andp.19293950202.
Birkholz, Mario (1995). "Crystal-field induced dipoles in heteropolar crystals – I. concept". Z. Phys. B. 96 (3): 325–332. Bibcode:1995ZPhyB..96..325B. doi:10.1007/BF01313054. S2CID 122527743.
Birkholz, M.; Rudert, R. (2008). "Interatomic distances in pyrite-structure disulfides – a case for ellipsoidal modeling of sulfur ions" (PDF). Physica Status Solidi B. 245 (9): 1858–1864. Bibcode:2008PSSBR.245.1858B. doi:10.1002/pssb.200879532. S2CID 97824066. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
Birkholz, M. (2014). "Modeling the Shape of Ions in Pyrite-Type Crystals". Crystals. 4 (3): 390–403. Bibcode:2014Cryst...4..390B. doi:10.3390/cryst4030390.
IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 5th ed. (the "Gold Book") (2025). Online version: (2006–) "valence". doi:10.1351/goldbook.V06588.
Brazhkin, Vadim V. (2006). "Metastable phases, phase transformations, and phase diagrams in physics and chemistry". Physics-Uspekhi. 49 (7): 719–724. Bibcode:2006PhyU...49..719B. doi:10.1070/PU2006v049n07ABEH006013. S2CID 93168446.
Jakubowski, N.; Moens, Luc; Vanhaecke, Frank (1998). "Sector field mass spectrometers in ICP-MS". Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy. 53 (13): 1739–1763. Bibcode:1998AcSpB..53.1739J. doi:10.1016/S0584-8547(98)00222-5.
Müller, Erwin W.; Panitz, John A.; McLane, S. Brooks (1968). "The Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscope". Review of Scientific Instruments. 39 (1): 83–86. Bibcode:1968RScI...39...83M. doi:10.1063/1.1683116.
Davidsen, Arthur F. (1993). "Far-Ultraviolet Astronomy on the Astro-1 Space Shuttle Mission". Science. 259 (5093): 327–334. Bibcode:1993Sci...259..327D. doi:10.1126/science.259.5093.327. PMID 17832344. S2CID 28201406.
Copi, Craig J.; Schramm, DN; Turner, MS (1995). "Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis and the Baryon Density of the Universe". Science (Submitted manuscript). 267 (5195): 192–199. arXiv:astro-ph/9407006. Bibcode:1995Sci...267..192C. doi:10.1126/science.7809624. PMID 7809624. S2CID 15613185. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019.
Hoyle, F. (1946). "The synthesis of the elements from hydrogen". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 106 (5): 343–383. Bibcode:1946MNRAS.106..343H. doi:10.1093/mnras/106.5.343.
Knauth, D.C.; Knauth, D.C.; Lambert, David L.; Crane, P. (2000). "Newly synthesized lithium in the interstellar medium". Nature. 405 (6787): 656–658. Bibcode:2000Natur.405..656K. doi:10.1038/35015028. PMID 10864316. S2CID 4397202.
Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). "The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 190 (1): 205–221. Bibcode:2001GSLSP.190..205D. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14. S2CID 130092094. Archived from the original on 11 November 2007.
Diamond, H; et al. (1960). "Heavy Isotope Abundances in Mike Thermonuclear Device". Physical Review. 119 (6): 2000–2004. Bibcode:1960PhRv..119.2000D. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.119.2000.
Anderson, Don L. (2002). "The inner inner core of Earth". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (22): 13966–13968. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9913966A. doi:10.1073/pnas.232565899. PMC 137819. PMID 12391308.
Karpov, A. V.; Zagrebaev, V. I.; Palenzuela, Y. M.; et al. (2012). "Decay properties and stability of the heaviest elements" (PDF). International Journal of Modern Physics E. 21 (2): 1250013-1 – 1250013-20. Bibcode:2012IJMPE..2150013K. doi:10.1142/S0218301312500139. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
Möller, P. (2016). "The limits of the nuclear chart set by fission and alpha decay" (PDF). EPJ Web of Conferences. 131: 03002-1 – 03002-8. Bibcode:2016EPJWC.13103002M. doi:10.1051/epjconf/201613103002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
Hijmans, Tom W. (2002). "Particle physics: Cold antihydrogen". Nature. 419 (6906): 439–440. Bibcode:2002Natur.419..439H. doi:10.1038/419439a. PMID 12368837.
Indelicato, Paul (2004). "Exotic Atoms". Physica Scripta. T112 (1): 20–26. arXiv:physics/0409058. Bibcode:2004PhST..112...20I. doi:10.1238/Physica.Topical.112a00020. S2CID 11134265. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018.

don-lindsay-archive.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Lindsay, Don (30 July 2000). "Radioactives Missing From The Earth". Don Lindsay Archive. Archived from the original on 28 April 2007.

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64^th place; English: 28^th place)

James Chadwick (1932). "Possible Existence of a Neutron" (PDF). Nature. 129 (3252): 312. Bibcode:1932Natur.129Q.312C. doi:10.1038/129312a0. S2CID 4076465. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

haydenplanetarium.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Abbott, Brian (30 May 2007). "Microwave (WMAP) All-Sky Survey". Hayden Planetarium. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013.

hmco.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

college.hmco.com

Zumdahl, Steven S. (2002). Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation (5th ed.). Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-34342-3. OCLC 173081482. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008.

hypertextbook.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Dong, Judy (1998). "Diameter of an Atom". The Physics Factbook. Archived from the original on 4 November 2007.

iaea.org (Global: 1,135^th place; English: 1,124^th place)

nucleus.iaea.org

Tuli, Jagdish K. (April 2005). "Nuclear Wallet Cards". National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011.

ieer.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Makhijani, Arjun; Saleska, Scott (2 March 2001). "Basics of Nuclear Physics and Fission". Institute for Energy and Environmental Research. Archived from the original on 16 January 2007.

in2p3.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

amdc.in2p3.fr

Audi, G.; Wapstra, A.H.; Thibault, C. (2003). "The Ame2003 atomic mass evaluation (II)" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729 (1): 337–676. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729..337A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2005.

inspirehep.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Möller, P. (2016). "The limits of the nuclear chart set by fission and alpha decay" (PDF). EPJ Web of Conferences. 131: 03002-1 – 03002-8. Bibcode:2016EPJWC.13103002M. doi:10.1051/epjconf/201613103002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.

iucr.org (Global: low place; English: 8,849^th place)

journals.iucr.org

Shannon, R.D. (1976). "Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides" (PDF). Acta Crystallographica A. 32 (5): 751–767. Bibcode:1976AcCrA..32..751S. doi:10.1107/S0567739476001551. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2019.

iupac.org (Global: 1,291^st place; English: 1,832^nd place)

goldbook.iupac.org

IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 5th ed. (the "Gold Book") (2025). Online version: (2006–) "valence". doi:10.1351/goldbook.V06588.

jinr.ru (Global: low place; English: low place)

nrv.jinr.ru

Karpov, A. V.; Zagrebaev, V. I.; Palenzuela, Y. M.; et al. (2012). "Decay properties and stability of the heaviest elements" (PDF). International Journal of Modern Physics E. 21 (2): 1250013-1 – 1250013-20. Bibcode:2012IJMPE..2150013K. doi:10.1142/S0218301312500139. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2020.

jlab.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

education.jlab.org

Weisenberger, Drew. "How many atoms are there in the world?". Jefferson Lab. Archived from the original on 22 October 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2008.

ku.edu (Global: 3,127^th place; English: 1,940^th place)

kgs.ku.edu

Kansas Geological Survey (4 May 2005). "Age of the Earth". University of Kansas. Archived from the original on 5 July 2008.

lanl.gov (Global: 5,474^th place; English: 5,230^th place)

periodic.lanl.gov

Husted, Robert; et al. (11 December 2003). "Periodic Table of the Elements". Los Alamos National Laboratory. Archived from the original on 10 January 2008.

lbl.gov (Global: 3,154^th place; English: 3,216^th place)

lbl.gov

Staff (30 March 2007). "ABC's of Nuclear Science". Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Archived from the original on 5 December 2006.
Matis, Howard S. (9 August 2000). "The Isotopes of Hydrogen". Guide to the Nuclear Wall Chart. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007.
Yarris, Lynn (Spring 1997). "Talking Pictures". Berkeley Lab Research Review. Archived from the original on 13 January 2008.

isotopes.lbl.gov

Firestone, Richard B. (22 May 2000). "Radioactive Decay Modes". Berkeley Laboratory. Archived from the original on 29 September 2006.

enews.lbl.gov

Yarris, Lynn (27 July 2001). "New Superheavy Elements 118 and 116 Discovered at Berkeley Lab". Berkeley Lab. Archived from the original on 9 January 2008.

newscenter.lbl.gov

"Superheavy Element 114 Confirmed: A Stepping Stone to the Island of Stability". Berkeley Lab. 2009. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2020.

lemoyne.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

web.lemoyne.edu

J. J. Thomson (1897). "Cathode rays". Philosophical Magazine. 44 (269): 293–316. Archived from the original on 12 August 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
Rutherford, Ernest (1919). "Collisions of alpha Particles with Light Atoms. IV. An Anomalous Effect in Nitrogen". Philosophical Magazine. 37 (222): 581. doi:10.1080/14786440608635919. Archived from the original on 7 June 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2024.

lyellcollection.org (Global: 6,889^th place; English: 4,667^th place)

sp.lyellcollection.org

Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). "The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 190 (1): 205–221. Bibcode:2001GSLSP.190..205D. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14. S2CID 130092094. Archived from the original on 11 November 2007.

mantleplumes.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Anderson, Don L.; Foulger, G.R.; Meibom, Anders (2 September 2006). "Helium: Fundamental models". MantlePlumes.org. Archived from the original on 8 February 2007.

mariobirkholz.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

Birkholz, M.; Rudert, R. (2008). "Interatomic distances in pyrite-structure disulfides – a case for ellipsoidal modeling of sulfur ions" (PDF). Physica Status Solidi B. 245 (9): 1858–1864. Bibcode:2008PSSBR.245.1858B. doi:10.1002/pssb.200879532. S2CID 97824066. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.

mathpages.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Brown, Kevin (2007). "The Hydrogen Atom". MathPages.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

mit.edu (Global: 476^th place; English: 340^th place)

web.mit.edu

James Chadwick (1932). "Possible Existence of a Neutron" (PDF). Nature. 129 (3252): 312. Bibcode:1932Natur.129Q.312C. doi:10.1038/129312a0. S2CID 4076465. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

msu.edu (Global: 1,979^th place; English: 1,265^th place)

cem.msu.edu

Reusch, William (16 July 2007). "Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry". Michigan State University. Archived from the original on 29 October 2007.

nasa.gov (Global: 12^th place; English: 73^rd place)

map.gsfc.nasa.gov

Hinshaw, Gary (10 February 2006). "What is the Universe Made Of?". NASA/WMAP. Archived from the original on 31 December 2007.
Hinshaw, Gary (15 December 2005). "Tests of the Big Bang: The Light Elements". NASA/WMAP. Archived from the original on 17 January 2008.

www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov

Stern, David P. (16 May 2005). "The Atomic Nucleus and Bohr's Early Model of the Atom". NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from the original on 20 August 2007.

imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov

Lochner, Jim; Gibb, Meredith; Newman, Phil (30 April 2007). "What Do Spectra Tell Us?". NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from the original on 16 January 2008.

news.harvard.edu (Global: 3,696^th place; English: 2,398^th place)

Cromie, William J. (16 August 2001). "A lifetime of trillionths of a second: Scientists explore antimatter". Harvard University Gazette. Archived from the original on 3 September 2006.

newscientist.com (Global: 1,041^st place; English: 901^st place)

newscientist.com

Croswell, Ken (1991). "Boron, bumps and the Big Bang: Was matter spread evenly when the Universe began? Perhaps not; the clues lie in the creation of the lighter elements such as boron and beryllium". New Scientist (1794): 42. Archived from the original on 7 February 2008.

media.newscientist.com

Barrett, Roger (1990). "The Strange World of the Exotic Atom". New Scientist (1728): 77–115. Archived from the original on 21 December 2007.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Mulliken, Robert S. (1967). "Spectroscopy, Molecular Orbitals, and Chemical Bonding". Science. 157 (3784): 13–24. Bibcode:1967Sci...157...13M. doi:10.1126/science.157.3784.13. PMID 5338306.
Davidsen, Arthur F. (1993). "Far-Ultraviolet Astronomy on the Astro-1 Space Shuttle Mission". Science. 259 (5093): 327–334. Bibcode:1993Sci...259..327D. doi:10.1126/science.259.5093.327. PMID 17832344. S2CID 28201406.
Copi, Craig J.; Schramm, DN; Turner, MS (1995). "Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis and the Baryon Density of the Universe". Science (Submitted manuscript). 267 (5195): 192–199. arXiv:astro-ph/9407006. Bibcode:1995Sci...267..192C. doi:10.1126/science.7809624. PMID 7809624. S2CID 15613185. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019.
Knauth, D.C.; Knauth, D.C.; Lambert, David L.; Crane, P. (2000). "Newly synthesized lithium in the interstellar medium". Nature. 405 (6787): 656–658. Bibcode:2000Natur.405..656K. doi:10.1038/35015028. PMID 10864316. S2CID 4397202.
Anderson, Don L. (2002). "The inner inner core of Earth". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (22): 13966–13968. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9913966A. doi:10.1073/pnas.232565899. PMC 137819. PMID 12391308.
Hijmans, Tom W. (2002). "Particle physics: Cold antihydrogen". Nature. 419 (6906): 439–440. Bibcode:2002Natur.419..439H. doi:10.1038/419439a. PMID 12368837.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Anderson, Don L. (2002). "The inner inner core of Earth". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (22): 13966–13968. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9913966A. doi:10.1073/pnas.232565899. PMC 137819. PMID 12391308.

nist.gov (Global: 708^th place; English: 742^nd place)

physics.nist.gov

Mohr, P.J.; Taylor, B.N. and Newell, D.B. (2014), "The 2014 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants" Archived 11 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine (Web Version 7.0). The database was developed by J. Baker, M. Douma, and S. Kotochigova. (2014). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899.
"Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Archived from the original on 31 December 2006. Retrieved 4 January 2007.
Martin, W.C.; Wiese, W.L. (May 2007). "Atomic Spectroscopy: A Compendium of Basic Ideas, Notation, Data, and Formulas". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Archived from the original on 8 February 2007.
Jacox, Marilyn; Gadzuk, J. William (November 1997). "Scanning Tunneling Microscope". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Archived from the original on 7 January 2008.

nist.gov

Staff (9 October 2001). "Bose–Einstein Condensate: A New Form of Matter". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Archived from the original on 3 January 2008.

nmt.edu (Global: low place; English: 6,405^th place)

physics.nmt.edu

Raymond, David (7 April 2006). "Nuclear Binding Energies". New Mexico Tech. Archived from the original on 1 December 2002.

nobelprize.org (Global: 265^th place; English: 450^th place)

Bohr, Niels (11 December 1922). "Niels Bohr, The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922, Nobel Lecture". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 April 2008.
"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986". The Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2008. In particular, see the Nobel lecture by G. Binnig and H. Rohrer.

orbitals.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Manthey, David (2001). "Atomic Orbitals". Orbital Central. Archived from the original on 10 January 2008.

oregonstate.edu (Global: 2,217^th place; English: 1,359^th place)

Staff (2007). "Small Miracles: Harnessing nanotechnology". Oregon State University. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. – describes the width of a human hair as 10⁵ nm and 10 carbon atoms as spanning 1 nm.

osti.gov (Global: 2,098^th place; English: 1,146^th place)

Keller, C. (1973). "Natural occurrence of lanthanides, actinides, and superheavy elements". Chemiker Zeitung. 97 (10): 522–530. OSTI 4353086.

particleadventure.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Particle Data Group (2002). "The Particle Adventure". Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Archived from the original on 4 January 2007.

physicalgeography.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Pidwirny, Michael. "Fundamentals of Physical Geography". University of British Columbia Okanagan. Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2008.

physicsworld.com (Global: 6,771^st place; English: 5,238^th place)

Dumé, Belle (23 April 2003). "Bismuth breaks half-life record for alpha decay". Physics World. Archived from the original on 14 December 2007.
Smith, Nigel (6 January 2000). "The search for dark matter". Physics World. Archived from the original on 16 February 2008.
Pennicott, Katie (10 May 2001). "Carbon clock could show the wrong time". PhysicsWeb. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007.

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

Kozłowski, Miroslaw (2019). "The Schrödinger equation A History".
Birkholz, Mario (1995). "Crystal-field induced dipoles in heteropolar crystals – I. concept". Z. Phys. B. 96 (3): 325–332. Bibcode:1995ZPhyB..96..325B. doi:10.1007/BF01313054. S2CID 122527743.

rit.edu (Global: 8,952^nd place; English: 5,919^th place)

cis.rit.edu

Hornak, J.P. (2006). "Chapter 3: Spin Physics". The Basics of NMR. Rochester Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 3 February 2007.

scientificamerican.com (Global: 1,110^th place; English: 817^th place)

Poston, John W. Sr. (23 March 1998). "Do transuranic elements such as plutonium ever occur naturally?". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 27 March 2015.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

James Chadwick (1932). "Possible Existence of a Neutron" (PDF). Nature. 129 (3252): 312. Bibcode:1932Natur.129Q.312C. doi:10.1038/129312a0. S2CID 4076465. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Birkholz, Mario (1995). "Crystal-field induced dipoles in heteropolar crystals – I. concept". Z. Phys. B. 96 (3): 325–332. Bibcode:1995ZPhyB..96..325B. doi:10.1007/BF01313054. S2CID 122527743.
Birkholz, M.; Rudert, R. (2008). "Interatomic distances in pyrite-structure disulfides – a case for ellipsoidal modeling of sulfur ions" (PDF). Physica Status Solidi B. 245 (9): 1858–1864. Bibcode:2008PSSBR.245.1858B. doi:10.1002/pssb.200879532. S2CID 97824066. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
Brazhkin, Vadim V. (2006). "Metastable phases, phase transformations, and phase diagrams in physics and chemistry". Physics-Uspekhi. 49 (7): 719–724. Bibcode:2006PhyU...49..719B. doi:10.1070/PU2006v049n07ABEH006013. S2CID 93168446.
Davidsen, Arthur F. (1993). "Far-Ultraviolet Astronomy on the Astro-1 Space Shuttle Mission". Science. 259 (5093): 327–334. Bibcode:1993Sci...259..327D. doi:10.1126/science.259.5093.327. PMID 17832344. S2CID 28201406.
Copi, Craig J.; Schramm, DN; Turner, MS (1995). "Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis and the Baryon Density of the Universe". Science (Submitted manuscript). 267 (5195): 192–199. arXiv:astro-ph/9407006. Bibcode:1995Sci...267..192C. doi:10.1126/science.7809624. PMID 7809624. S2CID 15613185. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019.
Knauth, D.C.; Knauth, D.C.; Lambert, David L.; Crane, P. (2000). "Newly synthesized lithium in the interstellar medium". Nature. 405 (6787): 656–658. Bibcode:2000Natur.405..656K. doi:10.1038/35015028. PMID 10864316. S2CID 4397202.
Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). "The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 190 (1): 205–221. Bibcode:2001GSLSP.190..205D. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14. S2CID 130092094. Archived from the original on 11 November 2007.
Indelicato, Paul (2004). "Exotic Atoms". Physica Scripta. T112 (1): 20–26. arXiv:physics/0409058. Bibcode:2004PhST..112...20I. doi:10.1238/Physica.Topical.112a00020. S2CID 11134265. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018.

ship.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

physics.ship.edu

Zeghbroeck, Bart J. Van (1998). "Energy levels". Shippensburg University. Archived from the original on 15 January 2005.

si.edu (Global: 256^th place; English: 197^th place)

library.si.edu

Dalton (1817). A New System of Chemical Philosophy vol. 2, p. 36. John Dalton (1817). A New System of Chemical Philosophy vol. 2.
Dalton (1817). A New System of Chemical Philosophy vol. 2, p. 28. John Dalton (1817). A New System of Chemical Philosophy vol. 2.
Dalton (1808). A New System of Chemical Philosophy vol. 1, pp. 316–319. John Dalton (1808). A New System of Chemical Philosophy vol. 1.

sjsu.edu (Global: 7,460^th place; English: 4,844^th place)

Watkins, Thayer. "Coherence in Stimulated Emission". San José State University. Archived from the original on 12 January 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2007.

splung.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Radioactivity". Splung.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2007.

thinkquest.org (Global: 8,176^th place; English: 8,805^th place)

library.thinkquest.org

"The Mechanism Of Conduction In Metals" Archived 25 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Think Quest.

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)

www-news.uchicago.edu

Koppes, Steve (1 March 1999). "Fermilab Physicists Find New Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry". University of Chicago. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008.

ucr.edu (Global: 1,400^th place; English: 754^th place)

math.ucr.edu

Weiss, Michael (2001). "The Zeeman Effect". University of California-Riverside. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008.

ufl.edu (Global: 880^th place; English: 578^th place)

chem.ufl.edu

Brucat, Philip J. (2008). "The Quantum Atom". University of Florida. Archived from the original on 7 December 2006.

uga.edu (Global: 3,057^th place; English: 1,881^st place)

gly.uga.edu

Schroeder, Paul A. (25 February 2000). "Magnetic Properties". University of Georgia. Archived from the original on 29 April 2007.

unimelb.edu.au (Global: 3,366^th place; English: 2,021^st place)

ph.unimelb.edu.au

Colton, Imogen; Fyffe, Jeanette (3 February 1999). "Super Atoms from Bose–Einstein Condensation". The University of Melbourne. Archived from the original on 29 August 2007.

uoregon.edu (Global: 3,189^th place; English: 1,887^th place)

abyss.uoregon.edu

Schombert, James (18 April 2006). "Elementary Particles". University of Oregon. Archived from the original on 30 August 2011.

utexas.edu (Global: 868^th place; English: 634^th place)

farside.ph.utexas.edu

Fitzpatrick, Richard (16 February 2007). "Fine structure". University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011.

utoronto.ca (Global: 1,483^rd place; English: 930^th place)

upscale.utoronto.ca

Harrison, David M. (2000). "The Development of Quantum Mechanics". University of Toronto. Archived from the original on 25 December 2007.

uwaterloo.ca (Global: 3,649^th place; English: 2,434^th place)

science.uwaterloo.ca

Chieh, Chung (22 January 2001). "Nuclide Stability". University of Waterloo. Archived from the original on 30 August 2007.

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

Weiss, Rick (17 October 2006). "Scientists Announce Creation of Atomic Element, the Heaviest Yet". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

For more recent updates see Brookhaven National Laboratory's Interactive Chart of Nuclides Archived 25 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
Pullman, Bernard (1998). The Atom in the History of Human Thought. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 31–33. ISBN 978-0-19-515040-7. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
J. J. Thomson (1897). "Cathode rays". Philosophical Magazine. 44 (269): 293–316. Archived from the original on 12 August 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
"The Mechanism Of Conduction In Metals" Archived 25 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Think Quest.
Thomson, J.J. (August 1901). "On bodies smaller than atoms". The Popular Science Monthly: 323–335. Archived from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
Giora Hon; Bernard R. Goldstein (6 September 2013). "J. J. Thomson's plum-pudding atomic model: The making of a scientific myth". Annalen der Physik. 525 (8–9): A129–A133. Bibcode:2013AnP...525A.129H. doi:10.1002/andp.201300732. ISSN 0003-3804. Archived from the original on 16 July 2025. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
Stern, David P. (16 May 2005). "The Atomic Nucleus and Bohr's Early Model of the Atom". NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from the original on 20 August 2007.
Bohr, Niels (11 December 1922). "Niels Bohr, The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922, Nobel Lecture". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 15 April 2008.
Rutherford, Ernest (1919). "Collisions of alpha Particles with Light Atoms. IV. An Anomalous Effect in Nitrogen". Philosophical Magazine. 37 (222): 581. doi:10.1080/14786440608635919. Archived from the original on 7 June 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
Chad Orzel (16 September 2014). "What is the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle?". TED-Ed. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015 – via YouTube.
Harrison, David M. (2000). "The Development of Quantum Mechanics". University of Toronto. Archived from the original on 25 December 2007.
Mohr, P.J.; Taylor, B.N. and Newell, D.B. (2014), "The 2014 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants" Archived 11 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine (Web Version 7.0). The database was developed by J. Baker, M. Douma, and S. Kotochigova. (2014). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899.
Particle Data Group (2002). "The Particle Adventure". Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Archived from the original on 4 January 2007.
Schombert, James (18 April 2006). "Elementary Particles". University of Oregon. Archived from the original on 30 August 2011.
Wenner, Jennifer M. (10 October 2007). "How Does Radioactive Decay Work?". Carleton College. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008.
Raymond, David (7 April 2006). "Nuclear Binding Energies". New Mexico Tech. Archived from the original on 1 December 2002.
Mihos, Chris (23 July 2002). "Overcoming the Coulomb Barrier". Case Western Reserve University. Archived from the original on 12 September 2006.
Staff (30 March 2007). "ABC's of Nuclear Science". Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Archived from the original on 5 December 2006.
Makhijani, Arjun; Saleska, Scott (2 March 2001). "Basics of Nuclear Physics and Fission". Institute for Energy and Environmental Research. Archived from the original on 16 January 2007.
Brucat, Philip J. (2008). "The Quantum Atom". University of Florida. Archived from the original on 7 December 2006.
Manthey, David (2001). "Atomic Orbitals". Orbital Central. Archived from the original on 10 January 2008.
Herter, Terry (2006). "Lecture 8: The Hydrogen Atom". Cornell University. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012.
Matis, Howard S. (9 August 2000). "The Isotopes of Hydrogen". Guide to the Nuclear Wall Chart. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007.
Weiss, Rick (17 October 2006). "Scientists Announce Creation of Atomic Element, the Heaviest Yet". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011.
Dumé, Belle (23 April 2003). "Bismuth breaks half-life record for alpha decay". Physics World. Archived from the original on 14 December 2007.
Lindsay, Don (30 July 2000). "Radioactives Missing From The Earth". Don Lindsay Archive. Archived from the original on 28 April 2007.
Tuli, Jagdish K. (April 2005). "Nuclear Wallet Cards". National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011.
Chieh, Chung (22 January 2001). "Nuclide Stability". University of Waterloo. Archived from the original on 30 August 2007.
"Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Archived from the original on 31 December 2006. Retrieved 4 January 2007.
Audi, G.; Wapstra, A.H.; Thibault, C. (2003). "The Ame2003 atomic mass evaluation (II)" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729 (1): 337–676. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729..337A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2005.
Shannon, R.D. (1976). "Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides" (PDF). Acta Crystallographica A. 32 (5): 751–767. Bibcode:1976AcCrA..32..751S. doi:10.1107/S0567739476001551. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
Dong, Judy (1998). "Diameter of an Atom". The Physics Factbook. Archived from the original on 4 November 2007.
Zumdahl, Steven S. (2002). Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation (5th ed.). Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-34342-3. OCLC 173081482. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008.
Birkholz, M.; Rudert, R. (2008). "Interatomic distances in pyrite-structure disulfides – a case for ellipsoidal modeling of sulfur ions" (PDF). Physica Status Solidi B. 245 (9): 1858–1864. Bibcode:2008PSSBR.245.1858B. doi:10.1002/pssb.200879532. S2CID 97824066. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
Staff (2007). "Small Miracles: Harnessing nanotechnology". Oregon State University. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. – describes the width of a human hair as 10⁵ nm and 10 carbon atoms as spanning 1 nm.
"The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. I Ch. 1: Atoms in Motion". Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
"Radioactivity". Splung.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2007.
Firestone, Richard B. (22 May 2000). "Radioactive Decay Modes". Berkeley Laboratory. Archived from the original on 29 September 2006.
Hornak, J.P. (2006). "Chapter 3: Spin Physics". The Basics of NMR. Rochester Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 3 February 2007.
Schroeder, Paul A. (25 February 2000). "Magnetic Properties". University of Georgia. Archived from the original on 29 April 2007.
Goebel, Greg (1 September 2007). "[4.3] Magnetic Properties of the Atom". Elementary Quantum Physics. In The Public Domain website. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011.
Yarris, Lynn (Spring 1997). "Talking Pictures". Berkeley Lab Research Review. Archived from the original on 13 January 2008.
Zeghbroeck, Bart J. Van (1998). "Energy levels". Shippensburg University. Archived from the original on 15 January 2005.
Martin, W.C.; Wiese, W.L. (May 2007). "Atomic Spectroscopy: A Compendium of Basic Ideas, Notation, Data, and Formulas". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Archived from the original on 8 February 2007.
"Atomic Emission Spectra – Origin of Spectral Lines". Avogadro Web Site. Archived from the original on 28 February 2006. Retrieved 10 August 2006.
Fitzpatrick, Richard (16 February 2007). "Fine structure". University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011.
Weiss, Michael (2001). "The Zeeman Effect". University of California-Riverside. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008.
Watkins, Thayer. "Coherence in Stimulated Emission". San José State University. Archived from the original on 12 January 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2007.
Reusch, William (16 July 2007). "Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry". Michigan State University. Archived from the original on 29 October 2007.
"Covalent bonding – Single bonds". chemguide. 2000. Archived from the original on 1 November 2008.
Husted, Robert; et al. (11 December 2003). "Periodic Table of the Elements". Los Alamos National Laboratory. Archived from the original on 10 January 2008.
Baum, Rudy (2003). "It's Elemental: The Periodic Table". Chemical & Engineering News. Archived from the original on 6 April 2011.
Staff (9 October 2001). "Bose–Einstein Condensate: A New Form of Matter". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Archived from the original on 3 January 2008.
Colton, Imogen; Fyffe, Jeanette (3 February 1999). "Super Atoms from Bose–Einstein Condensation". The University of Melbourne. Archived from the original on 29 August 2007.
Jacox, Marilyn; Gadzuk, J. William (November 1997). "Scanning Tunneling Microscope". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Archived from the original on 7 January 2008.
"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986". The Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2008. In particular, see the Nobel lecture by G. Binnig and H. Rohrer.
Lochner, Jim; Gibb, Meredith; Newman, Phil (30 April 2007). "What Do Spectra Tell Us?". NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from the original on 16 January 2008.
Winter, Mark (2007). "Helium". WebElements. Archived from the original on 30 December 2007.
Hinshaw, Gary (10 February 2006). "What is the Universe Made Of?". NASA/WMAP. Archived from the original on 31 December 2007.
Smith, Nigel (6 January 2000). "The search for dark matter". Physics World. Archived from the original on 16 February 2008.
Croswell, Ken (1991). "Boron, bumps and the Big Bang: Was matter spread evenly when the Universe began? Perhaps not; the clues lie in the creation of the lighter elements such as boron and beryllium". New Scientist (1794): 42. Archived from the original on 7 February 2008.
Copi, Craig J.; Schramm, DN; Turner, MS (1995). "Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis and the Baryon Density of the Universe". Science (Submitted manuscript). 267 (5195): 192–199. arXiv:astro-ph/9407006. Bibcode:1995Sci...267..192C. doi:10.1126/science.7809624. PMID 7809624. S2CID 15613185. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019.
Hinshaw, Gary (15 December 2005). "Tests of the Big Bang: The Light Elements". NASA/WMAP. Archived from the original on 17 January 2008.
Abbott, Brian (30 May 2007). "Microwave (WMAP) All-Sky Survey". Hayden Planetarium. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013.
Kansas Geological Survey (4 May 2005). "Age of the Earth". University of Kansas. Archived from the original on 5 July 2008.
Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). "The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 190 (1): 205–221. Bibcode:2001GSLSP.190..205D. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14. S2CID 130092094. Archived from the original on 11 November 2007.
Anderson, Don L.; Foulger, G.R.; Meibom, Anders (2 September 2006). "Helium: Fundamental models". MantlePlumes.org. Archived from the original on 8 February 2007.
Pennicott, Katie (10 May 2001). "Carbon clock could show the wrong time". PhysicsWeb. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007.
Yarris, Lynn (27 July 2001). "New Superheavy Elements 118 and 116 Discovered at Berkeley Lab". Berkeley Lab. Archived from the original on 9 January 2008.
Poston, John W. Sr. (23 March 1998). "Do transuranic elements such as plutonium ever occur naturally?". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 27 March 2015.
"Oklo Fossil Reactors". Curtin University of Technology. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
Weisenberger, Drew. "How many atoms are there in the world?". Jefferson Lab. Archived from the original on 22 October 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
Pidwirny, Michael. "Fundamentals of Physical Geography". University of British Columbia Okanagan. Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
Anonymous (2 October 2001). "Second postcard from the island of stability". CERN Courier. Archived from the original on 3 February 2008.
Karpov, A. V.; Zagrebaev, V. I.; Palenzuela, Y. M.; et al. (2012). "Decay properties and stability of the heaviest elements" (PDF). International Journal of Modern Physics E. 21 (2): 1250013-1 – 1250013-20. Bibcode:2012IJMPE..2150013K. doi:10.1142/S0218301312500139. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
"Superheavy Element 114 Confirmed: A Stepping Stone to the Island of Stability". Berkeley Lab. 2009. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
Möller, P. (2016). "The limits of the nuclear chart set by fission and alpha decay" (PDF). EPJ Web of Conferences. 131: 03002-1 – 03002-8. Bibcode:2016EPJWC.13103002M. doi:10.1051/epjconf/201613103002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
Koppes, Steve (1 March 1999). "Fermilab Physicists Find New Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry". University of Chicago. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008.
Cromie, William J. (16 August 2001). "A lifetime of trillionths of a second: Scientists explore antimatter". Harvard University Gazette. Archived from the original on 3 September 2006.
Staff (30 October 2002). "Researchers 'look inside' antimatter". BBC News. Archived from the original on 22 February 2007.
Barrett, Roger (1990). "The Strange World of the Exotic Atom". New Scientist (1728): 77–115. Archived from the original on 21 December 2007.
Indelicato, Paul (2004). "Exotic Atoms". Physica Scripta. T112 (1): 20–26. arXiv:physics/0409058. Bibcode:2004PhST..112...20I. doi:10.1238/Physica.Topical.112a00020. S2CID 11134265. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018.
Ripin, Barrett H. (July 1998). "Recent Experiments on Exotic Atoms". American Physical Society. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015.

webelements.com (Global: 4,345^th place; English: low place)

Winter, Mark (2007). "Helium". WebElements. Archived from the original on 30 December 2007.

wiley.com (Global: 150^th place; English: 174^th place)

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Giora Hon; Bernard R. Goldstein (6 September 2013). "J. J. Thomson's plum-pudding atomic model: The making of a scientific myth". Annalen der Physik. 525 (8–9): A129–A133. Bibcode:2013AnP...525A.129H. doi:10.1002/andp.201300732. ISSN 0003-3804. Archived from the original on 16 July 2025. Retrieved 28 April 2024.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Giora Hon; Bernard R. Goldstein (6 September 2013). "J. J. Thomson's plum-pudding atomic model: The making of a scientific myth". Annalen der Physik. 525 (8–9): A129–A133. Bibcode:2013AnP...525A.129H. doi:10.1002/andp.201300732. ISSN 0003-3804. Archived from the original on 16 July 2025. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
Demtröder, Wolfgang (2002). Atoms, Molecules and Photons: An Introduction to Atomic- Molecular- and Quantum Physics (1st ed.). Springer. pp. 39–42. ISBN 978-3-540-20631-6. OCLC 181435713.
Woan, Graham (2000). The Cambridge Handbook of Physics. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-521-57507-2. OCLC 224032426.
MacGregor, Malcolm H. (1992). The Enigmatic Electron. Oxford University Press. pp. 33–37. ISBN 978-0-19-521833-6. OCLC 223372888.
Jevremovic, Tatjana (2005). Nuclear Principles in Engineering. Springer. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-387-23284-3. OCLC 228384008.
Pfeffer, Jeremy I.; Nir, Shlomo (2000). Modern Physics: An Introductory Text. Imperial College Press. pp. 330–336. ISBN 978-1-86094-250-1. OCLC 45900880.
Shultis, J. Kenneth; Faw, Richard E. (2002). Fundamentals of Nuclear Science and Engineering. CRC Press. pp. 10–17. ISBN 978-0-8247-0834-4. OCLC 123346507.
Sills, Alan D. (2003). Earth Science the Easy Way. Barron's Educational Series. pp. 131–134. ISBN 978-0-7641-2146-3. OCLC 51543743.
Mills, Ian; Cvitaš, Tomislav; Homann, Klaus; Kallay, Nikola; Kuchitsu, Kozo (1993). Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry (2nd ed.). Oxford: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Commission on Physiochemical Symbols Terminology and Units, Blackwell Scientific Publications. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-632-03583-0. OCLC 27011505.
Zumdahl, Steven S. (2002). Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation (5th ed.). Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-34342-3. OCLC 173081482. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008.
Padilla, Michael J.; Miaoulis, Ioannis; Cyr, Martha (2002). Prentice Hall Science Explorer: Chemical Building Blocks. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-13-054091-1. OCLC 47925884. There are 2,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (that's 2 sextillion) atoms of oxygen in one drop of water—and twice as many atoms of hydrogen.
L'Annunziata, Michael F. (2003). Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis. Academic Press. pp. 3–56. ISBN 978-0-12-436603-9. OCLC 16212955.
Fowles, Grant R. (1989). Introduction to Modern Optics. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 227–233. ISBN 978-0-486-65957-2. OCLC 18834711.
Beyer, H.F.; Shevelko, V.P. (2003). Introduction to the Physics of Highly Charged Ions. CRC Press. pp. 232–236. ISBN 978-0-7503-0481-8. OCLC 47150433.
Myers, Richard (2003). The Basics of Chemistry. Greenwood Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-313-31664-7. OCLC 50164580.
Choppin, Gregory R.; Liljenzin, Jan-Olov; Rydberg, Jan (2001). Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry. Elsevier. p. 441. ISBN 978-0-7506-7463-8. OCLC 162592180.
Lequeux, James (2005). The Interstellar Medium. Springer. p. 4. ISBN 978-3-540-21326-0. OCLC 133157789.
Manuel (2001). Origin of Elements in the Solar System, pp. 40–430, 511–519. Oliver Manuel (2001). Origin of Elements in the Solar System: Implications of Post-1957 Observations. Springer. ISBN 978-0-306-46562-8. OCLC 228374906.
Zaider, Marco; Rossi, Harald H. (2001). Radiation Science for Physicians and Public Health Workers. Springer. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-306-46403-4. OCLC 44110319.
Pauling, Linus (1960). The Nature of the Chemical Bond. Cornell University Press. pp. 5–10. ISBN 978-0-8014-0333-0. OCLC 17518275. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

youtube.com (Global: 13^th place; English: 14^th place)

Chad Orzel (16 September 2014). "What is the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle?". TED-Ed. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015 – via YouTube.

Atom (English Wikipedia)

acs.org (Global: 865th place; English: 887th place)

pubs.acs.org

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

aps.org (Global: 1,264th place; English: 951st place)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

archives-ouvertes.fr (Global: 1,143rd place; English: 973rd place)

hal.archives-ouvertes.fr

arxiv.org (Global: 49th place; English: 31st place)

avogadro.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11th place; English: 10th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

bnl.gov (Global: 6,608th place; English: 7,961st place)

nndc.bnl.gov

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

caltech.edu (Global: 240th place; English: 473rd place)

feynmanlectures.caltech.edu

carleton.edu (Global: low place; English: 7,913th place)

serc.carleton.edu

cern.ch (Global: 2,552nd place; English: 2,008th place)

cds.cern.ch

cerncourier.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

chemguide.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

cornell.edu (Global: 308th place; English: 253rd place)

astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu

curtin.edu.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

oklo.curtin.edu.au

cwru.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

burro.cwru.edu

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

don-lindsay-archive.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64th place; English: 28th place)

haydenplanetarium.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

hmco.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

college.hmco.com

hypertextbook.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

iaea.org (Global: 1,135th place; English: 1,124th place)

nucleus.iaea.org

ieer.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

in2p3.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

amdc.in2p3.fr

inspirehep.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

iucr.org (Global: low place; English: 8,849th place)

journals.iucr.org

iupac.org (Global: 1,291st place; English: 1,832nd place)

goldbook.iupac.org

jinr.ru (Global: low place; English: low place)

nrv.jinr.ru

jlab.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

education.jlab.org

ku.edu (Global: 3,127th place; English: 1,940th place)

kgs.ku.edu

lanl.gov (Global: 5,474th place; English: 5,230th place)

periodic.lanl.gov

lbl.gov (Global: 3,154th place; English: 3,216th place)

lbl.gov

isotopes.lbl.gov

enews.lbl.gov

newscenter.lbl.gov

lemoyne.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

web.lemoyne.edu

lyellcollection.org (Global: 6,889th place; English: 4,667th place)

sp.lyellcollection.org

mantleplumes.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

mariobirkholz.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

mathpages.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

mit.edu (Global: 476th place; English: 340th place)

web.mit.edu

msu.edu (Global: 1,979th place; English: 1,265th place)

cem.msu.edu

nasa.gov (Global: 12th place; English: 73rd place)

map.gsfc.nasa.gov

www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov

imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov

news.harvard.edu (Global: 3,696th place; English: 2,398th place)

newscientist.com (Global: 1,041st place; English: 901st place)

newscientist.com

media.newscientist.com

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

acs.org (Global: 865^th place; English: 887^th place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

aps.org (Global: 1,264^th place; English: 951^st place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

archives-ouvertes.fr (Global: 1,143^rd place; English: 973^rd place)

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

bnl.gov (Global: 6,608^th place; English: 7,961^st place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

caltech.edu (Global: 240^th place; English: 473^rd place)

carleton.edu (Global: low place; English: 7,913^th place)

cern.ch (Global: 2,552^nd place; English: 2,008^th place)

cornell.edu (Global: 308^th place; English: 253^rd place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64^th place; English: 28^th place)

iaea.org (Global: 1,135^th place; English: 1,124^th place)

iucr.org (Global: low place; English: 8,849^th place)

iupac.org (Global: 1,291^st place; English: 1,832^nd place)

ku.edu (Global: 3,127^th place; English: 1,940^th place)

lanl.gov (Global: 5,474^th place; English: 5,230^th place)

lbl.gov (Global: 3,154^th place; English: 3,216^th place)

lyellcollection.org (Global: 6,889^th place; English: 4,667^th place)

mit.edu (Global: 476^th place; English: 340^th place)

msu.edu (Global: 1,979^th place; English: 1,265^th place)

nasa.gov (Global: 12^th place; English: 73^rd place)

news.harvard.edu (Global: 3,696^th place; English: 2,398^th place)

newscientist.com (Global: 1,041^st place; English: 901^st place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

nist.gov (Global: 708^th place; English: 742^nd place)

nmt.edu (Global: low place; English: 6,405^th place)

nobelprize.org (Global: 265^th place; English: 450^th place)

oregonstate.edu (Global: 2,217^th place; English: 1,359^th place)

osti.gov (Global: 2,098^th place; English: 1,146^th place)

physicsworld.com (Global: 6,771^st place; English: 5,238^th place)

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

rit.edu (Global: 8,952^nd place; English: 5,919^th place)

scientificamerican.com (Global: 1,110^th place; English: 817^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

si.edu (Global: 256^th place; English: 197^th place)

sjsu.edu (Global: 7,460^th place; English: 4,844^th place)

thinkquest.org (Global: 8,176^th place; English: 8,805^th place)

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)

ucr.edu (Global: 1,400^th place; English: 754^th place)

ufl.edu (Global: 880^th place; English: 578^th place)

uga.edu (Global: 3,057^th place; English: 1,881^st place)

unimelb.edu.au (Global: 3,366^th place; English: 2,021^st place)

uoregon.edu (Global: 3,189^th place; English: 1,887^th place)

utexas.edu (Global: 868^th place; English: 634^th place)

utoronto.ca (Global: 1,483^rd place; English: 930^th place)

uwaterloo.ca (Global: 3,649^th place; English: 2,434^th place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

webelements.com (Global: 4,345^th place; English: low place)

wiley.com (Global: 150^th place; English: 174^th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

youtube.com (Global: 13^th place; English: 14^th place)