Benzene (English Wikipedia)

Breslow, R.; Guo, T. (1990). "Surface tension measurements show that chaotropic salting-in denaturants are not just water-structure breakers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (1): 167–9. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87..167B. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.1.167. PMC 53221. PMID 2153285.
Wilcox, David H.; Greenbaum, Frederick R. (1965). "Kekule's benzene ring theory: A subject for lighthearted banter". Journal of Chemical Education. 42 (5): 266–67. Bibcode:1965JChEd..42..266W. doi:10.1021/ed042p266.
Benfey, O. T. (1958). "August Kekulé and the Birth of the Structural Theory of Organic Chemistry in 1858". Journal of Chemical Education. 35 (1): 21–23. Bibcode:1958JChEd..35...21B. doi:10.1021/ed035p21.
Lonsdale, K. (1929). "The Structure of the Benzene Ring in Hexamethylbenzene". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 123A (792): 494–515. Bibcode:1929RSPSA.123..494L. doi:10.1098/rspa.1929.0081.
Lonsdale, Kathleen (1931). "An X-ray analysis of the structure of hexachlorobenzene, using the Fourier method". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character. 133 (822): 536–552. Bibcode:1931RSPSA.133..536L. doi:10.1098/rspa.1931.0166.
Williams, Pamela R.D.; Knutsen, Jeffrey S.; Atkinson, Chris; et al. (2007). "Airborne Concentrations of Benzene Associated with the Historical Use of Some Formulations of Liquid Wrench". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 4 (8): 547–561. Bibcode:2007JOEH....4..547W. doi:10.1080/15459620701446642. PMID 17558801.
Ten Kate, Inge Loes (2018). "Organic molecules on Mars". Science. 360 (6393): 1068–1069. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1068T. doi:10.1126/science.aat2662. PMID 29880670.
Eigenbrode, Jennifer L.; Summons, Roger E.; Steele, Andrew; et al. (2018). "Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater, Mars". Science. 360 (6393): 1096–1101. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1096E. doi:10.1126/science.aas9185. PMID 29880683.
Bacon, G. E.; Curry, N. A.; Wilson, S. A. (1964). "A crystallographic study of solid benzene by neutron diffraction". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 279 (1376): 98–110. Bibcode:1964RSPSA.279...98B. doi:10.1098/rspa.1964.0092.
Cooper, David L.; Gerratt, Joseph; Raimondi, Mario (1986). "The electronic structure of the benzene molecule". Nature. 323 (6090): 699–701. Bibcode:1986Natur.323..699C. doi:10.1038/323699a0.
Pauling, Linus (1987). "Electronic structure of the benzene molecule". Nature. 325 (6103): 396. Bibcode:1987Natur.325..396P. doi:10.1038/325396d0.
Messmer, Richard P.; Schultz, Peter A. (1987). "The electronic structure of the benzene molecule". Nature. 329 (6139): 492. Bibcode:1987Natur.329..492M. doi:10.1038/329492a0.
Harcourt, Richard D. (1987). "The electronic structure of the benzene molecule". Nature. 329 (6139): 491–492. Bibcode:1987Natur.329..491H. doi:10.1038/329491b0.
Bard, D (2014). "Traffic-related air pollution and the onset of myocardial infarction: disclosing benzene as a trigger? A small-area case-crossover study". PLOS ONE. 9 (6): 6. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j0307B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100307. PMC 4059738. PMID 24932584.
Fustinoni S, Buratti M, Campo L, et al. (2005). "Urinary t,t-muconic acid, S-phenylmercapturic acid and benzene as biomarkers of low benzene exposure". Chemico-Biological Interactions. 153–154: 253–6. Bibcode:2005CBI...153..253F. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2005.03.031. PMID 15935823.
Fracasso ME, Doria D, Bartolucci GB, et al. (2010). "Low air levels of benzene: Correlation between biomarkers of exposure and genotoxic effects". Toxicol Lett. 192 (1): 22–28. Bibcode:2010ToxL..192...22F. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.04.028. PMID 19427373.
Garte, Seymour; Taioli, Emanuela; Popov, Todor; et al. (2008). "Genetic Susceptibility to Benzene Toxicity in Humans". Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A. 71 (22): 1482–1489. Bibcode:2008JTEHA..71.1482G. doi:10.1080/15287390802349974. hdl:2381/15977. PMID 18836923.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Read, John (1995). From alchemy to chemistry. New York: Dover Publications. pp. 179–180. ISBN 978-0-486-28690-7.

auschwitz.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Selections and lethal injections". auschwitz.org. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. Archived from the original on May 9, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2020.

biodiversitylibrary.org (Global: 168^th place; English: 136^th place)

Körner, Wilhelm (1867). "Faits pour servir à la détermination du lieu chimique dans la série aromatique" [Facts to be used in determining chemical location in the aromatic series]. Bulletins de l'Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique (in French). 24 (2nd series): 166–185. Archived from the original on 2017-07-07 – via biodiversitylibrary.org. See especially p. 169: "On distingue facilement ces trois séries, dans lesquelles les dérivés bihydroxyliques ont leurs terms correspondants, par les préfixes ortho-, para- et mêta-." [One easily distinguishes these three series — in which the dihydroxy derivatives have their corresponding terms — by the prefixes ortho-, para- and meta-.]

bnf.fr (Global: 61^st place; English: 357^th place)

gallica.bnf.fr

Kekulé, Friedrich August (1865). "Sur la constitution des substances aromatiques". Bulletin de la Société Chimique de Paris. 3: 98–110. Archived from the original on 2015-11-14. Retrieved 2015-06-27. On p. 100, Kekulé suggests that the carbon atoms of benzene could form a "chaîne fermée" (closed chain).

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Coker, A. Kayode; Ludwig, Ernest E. (2007). Ludwig's Applied Process Design for Chemical And Petrochemical Plants. Vol. 1. Elsevier. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7506-7766-0. Archived from the original on 2016-03-12. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
Laurent, Auguste (1836). "Sur la chlorophénise et les acides chlorophénisique et chlorophénèsique" [On chlorophenol and chlorophenolic and chlorophenesic acids]. Annales de Chemie et de Physique (in French): 44. Archived from the original on 2015-03-20. Je donne le nom de phène au radical fondamental des acides précédens (φαινω, j'éclaire), puisque la benzine se trouve dans le gaz de l'éclairage. [I give the name of "phène" (φαινω, I illuminate) to the fundamental radical of the preceding acids, because benzene is found in illuminating gas.]
Albert, Ladenburg (1869). "Bemerkungen zur aromatischen Theorie" [Observations on the aromatic theory]. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 2: 140–142. doi:10.1002/cber.18690020171. Archived from the original on 2015-11-22. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
Thiele, Johannes (1899). "Zur Kenntnis der ungesättigten Verbindungen" [On our knowledge of unsaturated compounds]. Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie (in German). 306: 125–129. Archived from the original on 2020-03-10 – via Google Books.
Loschmidt, J. (1861). Chemische Studien (in German). Vienna, Austria-Hungary: Carl Gerold's Sohn. pp. 30, 65. Archived from the original on 2016-05-07. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
Rocke, A. J. (2010). Image and Reality: Kekule, Kopp, and the Scientific Imagination. University of Chicago Press. pp. 186–227. ISBN 978-0-226-72335-8. Archived from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
Fehling, Hermann von, ed. (1874). "New concise dictionary of chemistry". Neues Handwörterbuch der Chemie. 1. Braunschweig, Germany: Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn: 1142 – via books.google.com.
Archiv für Hygiene (in German). Oldenbourg. 1897.

cbsnews.com (Global: 136^th place; English: 93^rd place)

"FDA: Too Much Benzene In Some Drinks". CBS News. May 19, 2006. Retrieved July 11, 2006.

cdc.gov (Global: 251^st place; English: 248^th place)

atsdr.cdc.gov

"Benzene: Patient information sheet" (PDF). atsdr.cdc.gov. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health and Human Services. 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-12-15. Retrieved 2025-12-24.
"Benzene: Patient information sheet". atsdr.cdc.gov. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health and Human Services. August 2007. Archived from the original on 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
"Benzene Toxicity: Standards and Regulations". Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health and Human Services. June 30, 2000. Archived from the original on June 10, 2010. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
"Public Health Statement for Benzene". atsdr.cdc.gov. US: Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. August 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-01-20. Retrieved 2011-11-23.
"ToxFAQs for Benzene" (PDF). atsdr.cdc.gov. US: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Department of Health and Human Services.
"ToxGuide for Benzene" (PDF). atsdr.cdc.gov. US: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control, Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2025-12-23.
"Public Health Statement. Benzene" (PDF). atsdr.cdc.gov. US: Division of Toxicology and Environmental MedicineCenters for Disease Control, Department of Health and Human Services. August 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2025-12-23.

cdc.gov

"Benzene". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0049". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
"Benzene fact sheet". CDC.gov. US: Centers for Disease Control. 2 September 2021. Retrieved 16 Aug 2023.
"NIOSH respirator selection logic" (PDF). Cincinnati, Ohio: US Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. October 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 29, 2017. publication No. 2005-100.
"Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Introduction". Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Retrieved 2026-06-23.

ceresana.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Market Study: Benzene (2nd edition), Ceresana, August 2014". ceresana.com. Archived from the original on 2017-12-21. Retrieved 2015-02-10.
"Market Study: Toluene, Ceresana, January 2015". ceresana.com. Archived from the original on 2017-04-29. Retrieved 2015-02-10.

chemengonline.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Intratec Solutions (2018-02-01). "Technology Profile: Cyclohexane Production from Benzene and Hydrogen". Chemical Engineering. Retrieved 2025-12-24 – via chemengonline.com.

chemister.ru (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Benzol". chemister.ru. Archived from the original on 2014-05-29. Retrieved 2014-05-29.

dguv.de (Global: 690^th place; English: 6,348^th place)

"Occupational exposure limit values (OELs): Binding occupational exposure limit values (OELs) of the European Commission". dguv.de. IFA, Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung. Retrieved 2025-12-16.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Favre, Henri A.; Powell, Warren H. (2014). Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 10, 22, 204, 494, 577. doi:10.1039/9781849733069. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
Arnold, D.; Plank, C.; Erickson, E.; et al. (1958). "Solubility of Benzene in Water". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Chemical & Engineering Data Series. 3 (2): 253–256. doi:10.1021/i460004a016.
Breslow, R.; Guo, T. (1990). "Surface tension measurements show that chaotropic salting-in denaturants are not just water-structure breakers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (1): 167–9. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87..167B. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.1.167. PMC 53221. PMID 2153285.
Rocke, A. J. (1985). "Hypothesis and Experiment in the Early Development of Kekule's Benzene Theory". Annals of Science. 42 (4): 355–81. doi:10.1080/00033798500200411.
Faraday, M. (1825). "XX. On new compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and on certain other products obtained during the decomposition of oil by heat". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 115: 440–466. doi:10.1098/rstl.1825.0022. JSTOR 107752. On pages 443–450, Faraday discusses "bicarburet of hydrogen" (benzene). On pages 449–450, he shows that benzene's empirical formula is C₆H₆, although he doesn't realize it because he (like most chemists at that time) used the wrong atomic mass for carbon (6 instead of 12).
Kaiser, R. (1968). "Bicarburet of Hydrogen. Reappraisal of the Discovery of Benzene in 1825 with the Analytical Methods of 1968". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 7 (5): 345–350. doi:10.1002/anie.196803451.
Mitscherlich, E. (1834). "Ueber das Benzol und die Säuren der Oel- und Talgarten". Annalen der Pharmacie. 9: 39–48. doi:10.1002/jlac.18340090103. In a footnote on page 43, Liebig, the journal's editor, suggested changing Mitscherlich's original name for benzene (namely, "benzin") to "benzol", because the suffix "-in" suggested that it was an alkaloid (e.g., Chinin (quinine)), which benzene isn't, whereas the suffix "-ol" suggested that it was oily, which benzene is. Thus on page 44, Mitscherlich states: "Da diese Flüssigkeit aus der Benzoësäure gewonnen wird, und wahrscheinlich mit den Benzoylverbindungen im Zusammenhang steht, so gibt man ihr am besten den Namen Benzol, da der Name Benzoïn schon für die mit dem Bittermandelöl isomerische Verbindung von Liebig und Wöhler gewählt worden ist." (Since this liquid [benzene] is obtained from benzoic acid and probably is related to benzoyl compounds, the best name for it is "benzol", since the name "benzoïn" has already been chosen, by Liebig and Wöhler, for the compound that's isomeric with the oil of bitter almonds [benzaldehyde].)
Hofmann, Aug. Wilh. (1845). "Ueber eine sichere Reaction auf Benzol". Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie. 55 (2): 200–205. doi:10.1002/jlac.18450550205.
Mansfield, Charles Blachford (1849). "Untersuchung des Steinkohlentheers". Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie. 69 (2): 162–180. doi:10.1002/jlac.18490690203.
Hofmann, August Wilhelm Von (1857). "I. On insolinic acid". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (8): 1–3. doi:10.1098/rspl.1856.0002.
Cernicharo, José; Heras, Ana M.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; et al. (2001). "Infrared Space Observatory's Discovery of C₄H₂, C₆H₂, and Benzene in CRL 618". The Astrophysical Journal. 546 (2): L123–L126. doi:10.1086/318871.
Dewar, J. (1869). "5. On the Oxidation of Phenyl Alcohol, and a Mechanical Arrangement adapted to illustrate Structure in the Nonsaturated Hydrocarbons". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 6: 82–86. doi:10.1017/S0370164600045387.
Albert, Ladenburg (1869). "Bemerkungen zur aromatischen Theorie" [Observations on the aromatic theory]. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 2: 140–142. doi:10.1002/cber.18690020171. Archived from the original on 2015-11-22. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
Kekulé, Aug. (1872). "Ueber einige Condensationsproducte des Aldehyds". Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie. 162: 77–124. doi:10.1002/jlac.18721620110.
Armstrong, Henry E. (1887). "XXVIII.—An explanation of the laws which govern substitution in the case of benzenoid compounds". J. Chem. Soc., Trans. 51: 258–268. doi:10.1039/ct8875100258.
Armit, James Wilson; Robinson, Robert (1925). "CCXI.—Polynuclear heterocyclic aromatic types. Part II. Some anhydronium bases". J. Chem. Soc., Trans. 127: 1604–1618. doi:10.1039/ct9252701604.
A history of the determination of benzene's structure was recounted in Balaban, Alexandru T.; Schleyer, Paul v. R.; Rzepa, Henry S. (2005). "Crocker, Not Armit and Robinson, Begat the Six Aromatic Electrons". Chemical Reviews. 105 (10): 3436–3447. doi:10.1021/cr0300946. PMID 16218557.
Baeyer, Adolf (1888). "Über die Constitution des Benzols". Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie. 245 (1–2): 103–190. doi:10.1002/jlac.18882450110.
Thiele, Johannes (1901). "Ueber die Constitution der ungesättigten und aromatischen Verbindungen". Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie. 319 (2): 129–143. doi:10.1002/jlac.19013190202.
Kekuié, Aug. (1866). "Untersuchungen über aromatische Verbindungen Ueber die Constitution der aromatischen Verbindungen. I. Ueber die Constitution der aromatischen Verbindungen". Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie. 137 (2): 129–196. doi:10.1002/jlac.18661370202.
Wilcox, David H.; Greenbaum, Frederick R. (1965). "Kekule's benzene ring theory: A subject for lighthearted banter". Journal of Chemical Education. 42 (5): 266–67. Bibcode:1965JChEd..42..266W. doi:10.1021/ed042p266.
Schultz, Gustav (1890). "Feier der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft zu Ehren August Kekulé's". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 23: 1265–1312. doi:10.1002/cber.189002301204.
Benfey, O. T. (1958). "August Kekulé and the Birth of the Structural Theory of Organic Chemistry in 1858". Journal of Chemical Education. 35 (1): 21–23. Bibcode:1958JChEd..35...21B. doi:10.1021/ed035p21.
Lonsdale, K. (1929). "The Structure of the Benzene Ring in Hexamethylbenzene". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 123A (792): 494–515. Bibcode:1929RSPSA.123..494L. doi:10.1098/rspa.1929.0081.
Lonsdale, Kathleen (1931). "An X-ray analysis of the structure of hexachlorobenzene, using the Fourier method". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character. 133 (822): 536–552. Bibcode:1931RSPSA.133..536L. doi:10.1098/rspa.1931.0166.
Meyer, Victor (1870). "Untersuchungen über die Constitution der zweifach-substituirten Benzole". Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie. 156 (3): 265–301. doi:10.1002/jlac.18701560302.
Williams, Pamela R.D.; Knutsen, Jeffrey S.; Atkinson, Chris; et al. (2007). "Airborne Concentrations of Benzene Associated with the Historical Use of Some Formulations of Liquid Wrench". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 4 (8): 547–561. Bibcode:2007JOEH....4..547W. doi:10.1080/15459620701446642. PMID 17558801.
Folkins, Hillis O. (2005). "Benzene". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_475. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.
Ten Kate, Inge Loes (2018). "Organic molecules on Mars". Science. 360 (6393): 1068–1069. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1068T. doi:10.1126/science.aat2662. PMID 29880670.
Eigenbrode, Jennifer L.; Summons, Roger E.; Steele, Andrew; et al. (2018). "Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater, Mars". Science. 360 (6393): 1096–1101. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1096E. doi:10.1126/science.aas9185. PMID 29880683.
Bacon, G. E.; Curry, N. A.; Wilson, S. A. (1964). "A crystallographic study of solid benzene by neutron diffraction". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 279 (1376): 98–110. Bibcode:1964RSPSA.279...98B. doi:10.1098/rspa.1964.0092.
Cooper, David L.; Gerratt, Joseph; Raimondi, Mario (1986). "The electronic structure of the benzene molecule". Nature. 323 (6090): 699–701. Bibcode:1986Natur.323..699C. doi:10.1038/323699a0.
Pauling, Linus (1987). "Electronic structure of the benzene molecule". Nature. 325 (6103): 396. Bibcode:1987Natur.325..396P. doi:10.1038/325396d0.
Messmer, Richard P.; Schultz, Peter A. (1987). "The electronic structure of the benzene molecule". Nature. 329 (6139): 492. Bibcode:1987Natur.329..492M. doi:10.1038/329492a0.
Harcourt, Richard D. (1987). "The electronic structure of the benzene molecule". Nature. 329 (6139): 491–492. Bibcode:1987Natur.329..491H. doi:10.1038/329491b0.
Ali, M.A.; Haji, Shaker; Al-Khayyat, Mohammed; et al. (2022). "Kinetic modeling and thermodynamic analysis of toluene disproportionation reaction over ZSM-5 based catalysts". Catalysis Communications. 172 106541. doi:10.1016/j.catcom.2022.106541.
Welch, Vincent A.; Fallon, Kevin J.; Gelbke, Heinz-Peter (2005). "Ethylbenzene". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_035.pub2. ISBN 3-527-30673-0.
Olah, George A.; Kuhn, Stephen J.; Hardie, Barbara A. (1964). "Aromatic Substitution. XVII.1 Ferric Chloride and Aluminum Chloride Catalyzed Chlorination of Benzene, Alkylbenzenes, and Halobenzenes". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 86 (6): 1055–1060.
Bard, D (2014). "Traffic-related air pollution and the onset of myocardial infarction: disclosing benzene as a trigger? A small-area case-crossover study". PLOS ONE. 9 (6): 6. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j0307B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100307. PMC 4059738. PMID 24932584.
Smith, Martyn T. (2010). "Advances in understanding benzene health effects and susceptibility". Annu Rev Public Health. 31: 133–48. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103646. PMC 4360999. PMID 20070208.
Smith, Martyn T. (2010-01-01). "Advances in Understanding Benzene Health Effects and Susceptibility". Annual Review of Public Health. 31 (1): 133–148. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103646. PMC 4360999. PMID 20070208.
Huff, J (2007). "Benzene-induced cancers: abridged history and occupational health impact". Int J Occup Environ Health. 13 (2): 213–21. doi:10.1179/oeh.2007.13.2.213. PMC 3363002. PMID 17718179.
Yardley-Jones, A.; Anderson, D.; Parke, D. V. (1991). "The toxicity of benzene and its metabolism and molecular pathology in human risk assessment". British Journal of Industrial Medicine. 48 (7): 437–44. doi:10.1136/oem.48.7.437. PMC 1035396. PMID 1854646.
Steckling, Nadine; Mekel, Odile; Tobollik, Myriam; et al. (2013). "The health gains of maintaining a benzene threshold value in air in Germany below the European Union limit". The Lancet. 381: S138. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61392-6.
Wooten, J. V.; McCraw, J. M.; Cardinali, F. L.; et al. (1994). "Blood concentrations of volatile organic compounds in a nonoccupationally exposed US population and in groups with suspected exposure". Clinical Chemistry. 40 (7): 1401–1404. doi:10.1093/clinchem/40.7.1401.
Fustinoni S, Buratti M, Campo L, et al. (2005). "Urinary t,t-muconic acid, S-phenylmercapturic acid and benzene as biomarkers of low benzene exposure". Chemico-Biological Interactions. 153–154: 253–6. Bibcode:2005CBI...153..253F. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2005.03.031. PMID 15935823.
Snyder, R; Hedli, C.C. (1996). "An overview of benzene metabolism". Environ Health Perspect. 104 (Suppl 6): 1165–1171. doi:10.1289/ehp.96104s61165. PMC 1469747. PMID 9118888.
Dougherty, D; Garte, S; Barchowsky, A; et al. (2008). "NQO1, MPO, CYP2E1, GSTT1 and STM1 polymorphisms and biological effects of benzene exposure—a literature review". Toxicology Letters. 182 (1–3): 7–17. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.09.008. PMID 18848868.
Fracasso ME, Doria D, Bartolucci GB, et al. (2010). "Low air levels of benzene: Correlation between biomarkers of exposure and genotoxic effects". Toxicol Lett. 192 (1): 22–28. Bibcode:2010ToxL..192...22F. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.04.028. PMID 19427373.
Eastmond, David A.; Rupa, D.S.; Hasegawa, Leslie S. (1994). "Detection of hyperdiploidy and chromosome breakage in interphase human lymphocytes following exposure to the benzene metabolite hydroquinone using multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization with DNA probes". Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology. 322 (1): 9–20. doi:10.1016/0165-1218(94)90028-0. PMID 7517507.
Garte, Seymour; Taioli, Emanuela; Popov, Todor; et al. (2008). "Genetic Susceptibility to Benzene Toxicity in Humans". Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A. 71 (22): 1482–1489. Bibcode:2008JTEHA..71.1482G. doi:10.1080/15287390802349974. hdl:2381/15977. PMID 18836923.
Isaacson, Kristofer P.; Proctor, Caitlin R.; Wang, Q. Erica; et al. (2021). "Drinking water contamination from the thermal degradation of plastics: Implications for wildfire and structure fire response". Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. 7 (2): 274–284. doi:10.1039/D0EW00836B.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting (link)

epa.gov (Global: 961^st place; English: 595^th place)

"Control of Hazardous Air Pollutants From Mobile Sources". EPA.gov. US: Environmental Protection Agency. 2006-03-29. p. 15853. Archived from the original on 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
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espacenet.com (Global: 950^th place; English: 813^th place)

worldwide.espacenet.com

US patent 5589600A, inventor list; Dostalek, Roman & Marosi Laszlo, "Preparation of cyclohexene by partial hydrogenation of benzene", issued 1996-12-31, assigned to BASF SE

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massivesci.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

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Bard, D (2014). "Traffic-related air pollution and the onset of myocardial infarction: disclosing benzene as a trigger? A small-area case-crossover study". PLOS ONE. 9 (6): 6. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j0307B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100307. PMC 4059738. PMID 24932584.
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Smith, Martyn T. (2010-01-01). "Advances in Understanding Benzene Health Effects and Susceptibility". Annual Review of Public Health. 31 (1): 133–148. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103646. PMC 4360999. PMID 20070208.
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Yardley-Jones, A.; Anderson, D.; Parke, D. V. (1991). "The toxicity of benzene and its metabolism and molecular pathology in human risk assessment". British Journal of Industrial Medicine. 48 (7): 437–44. doi:10.1136/oem.48.7.437. PMC 1035396. PMID 1854646.
Fustinoni S, Buratti M, Campo L, et al. (2005). "Urinary t,t-muconic acid, S-phenylmercapturic acid and benzene as biomarkers of low benzene exposure". Chemico-Biological Interactions. 153–154: 253–6. Bibcode:2005CBI...153..253F. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2005.03.031. PMID 15935823.
Snyder, R; Hedli, C.C. (1996). "An overview of benzene metabolism". Environ Health Perspect. 104 (Suppl 6): 1165–1171. doi:10.1289/ehp.96104s61165. PMC 1469747. PMID 9118888.
Dougherty, D; Garte, S; Barchowsky, A; et al. (2008). "NQO1, MPO, CYP2E1, GSTT1 and STM1 polymorphisms and biological effects of benzene exposure—a literature review". Toxicology Letters. 182 (1–3): 7–17. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.09.008. PMID 18848868.
Fracasso ME, Doria D, Bartolucci GB, et al. (2010). "Low air levels of benzene: Correlation between biomarkers of exposure and genotoxic effects". Toxicol Lett. 192 (1): 22–28. Bibcode:2010ToxL..192...22F. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.04.028. PMID 19427373.
Eastmond, David A.; Rupa, D.S.; Hasegawa, Leslie S. (1994). "Detection of hyperdiploidy and chromosome breakage in interphase human lymphocytes following exposure to the benzene metabolite hydroquinone using multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization with DNA probes". Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology. 322 (1): 9–20. doi:10.1016/0165-1218(94)90028-0. PMID 7517507.
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ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Breslow, R.; Guo, T. (1990). "Surface tension measurements show that chaotropic salting-in denaturants are not just water-structure breakers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (1): 167–9. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87..167B. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.1.167. PMC 53221. PMID 2153285.
Bard, D (2014). "Traffic-related air pollution and the onset of myocardial infarction: disclosing benzene as a trigger? A small-area case-crossover study". PLOS ONE. 9 (6): 6. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j0307B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100307. PMC 4059738. PMID 24932584.
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Smith, Martyn T. (2010-01-01). "Advances in Understanding Benzene Health Effects and Susceptibility". Annual Review of Public Health. 31 (1): 133–148. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103646. PMC 4360999. PMID 20070208.
Huff, J (2007). "Benzene-induced cancers: abridged history and occupational health impact". Int J Occup Environ Health. 13 (2): 213–21. doi:10.1179/oeh.2007.13.2.213. PMC 3363002. PMID 17718179.
Yardley-Jones, A.; Anderson, D.; Parke, D. V. (1991). "The toxicity of benzene and its metabolism and molecular pathology in human risk assessment". British Journal of Industrial Medicine. 48 (7): 437–44. doi:10.1136/oem.48.7.437. PMC 1035396. PMID 1854646.
Snyder, R; Hedli, C.C. (1996). "An overview of benzene metabolism". Environ Health Perspect. 104 (Suppl 6): 1165–1171. doi:10.1289/ehp.96104s61165. PMC 1469747. PMID 9118888.

pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

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Claus, Adolph K. L. (1867). "Theoretische Betrachtungen und deren Anwendungen zur Systematik der organischen Chemie" [Theoretical considerations and their applications to the classification scheme of organic chemistry]. Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Freiburg im Breisgau [Reports of the Proceedings of the Scientific Society of Freiburg in Breisgau] (in German). 4: 116–381. In the section Aromatischen Verbindungen (aromatic compounds), pp. 315–347, Claus presents Kekulé's hypothetical structure for benzene (p. 317), presents objections to it, presents an alternative geometry (p. 320), and concludes that his alternative is correct (p. 326). See also figures on p. 354 or p. 379.

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Laurent, Auguste (1836). "Sur la chlorophénise et les acides chlorophénisique et chlorophénèsique" [On chlorophenol and chlorophenolic and chlorophenesic acids]. Annales de Chemie et de Physique (in French): 44. Archived from the original on 2015-03-20. Je donne le nom de phène au radical fondamental des acides précédens (φαινω, j'éclaire), puisque la benzine se trouve dans le gaz de l'éclairage. [I give the name of "phène" (φαινω, I illuminate) to the fundamental radical of the preceding acids, because benzene is found in illuminating gas.]
Albert, Ladenburg (1869). "Bemerkungen zur aromatischen Theorie" [Observations on the aromatic theory]. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 2: 140–142. doi:10.1002/cber.18690020171. Archived from the original on 2015-11-22. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
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Chang, Kenneth (June 7, 2018). "Life on Mars? Rover's Latest Discovery Puts It 'On the Table'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 28, 2019. Retrieved June 8, 2018. The identification of organic molecules in rocks on the red planet does not necessarily point to life there, past or present, but does indicate that some of the building blocks were present.
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"Chemical Sampling Information Benzene". Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Archived from the original on June 29, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
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Benzene (English Wikipedia)

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