Benzene (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Benzene" in English language version.

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archive.org

Read, John (1995). From alchemy to chemistry. New York: Dover Publications. pp. 179–180. ISBN 9780486286907.

archive.today

Graebe (1869) "Ueber die Constitution des Naphthalins" Archived 2015-11-28 at archive.today (On the structure of naphthalene), Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, 149 : 20–28; see especially p. 26.
Victor Meyer (1870) "Untersuchungen über die Constitution der zweifach-substituirten Benzole" Archived 2015-10-23 at archive.today (Investigations into the structure of di-substituted benzenes), Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, 156 : 265–301; see especially pp. 299–300.
"Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Introduction". Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2011.

auschwitz.org

"Selections and lethal injections". Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. Archived from the original on May 9, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2020.

biodiversitylibrary.org

Wilhelm Körner (1867) "Faits pour servir à la détermination du lieu chimique dans la série aromatique" Archived 2017-07-07 at the Wayback Machine (Facts to be used in determining chemical location in the aromatic series), Bulletins de l'Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique, 2nd series, 24 : 166–185; see especially p. 169. From p. 169: "On distingue facilement ces trois séries, dans lesquelles les dérivés bihydroxyliques ont leurs terms correspondants, par les préfixes ortho-, para- et mêta-." (One easily distinguishes these three series – in which the dihydroxy derivatives have their corresponding terms – by the prefixes ortho-, para- and meta-.)

bnf.fr

gallica.bnf.fr

Faraday, M. (1825). "On new compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and on certain other products obtained during the decomposition of oil by heat". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 115: 440–466. doi:10.1098/rstl.1825.0022. JSTOR 107752. Archived from the original on 2020-11-21. Retrieved 2012-01-15. On pages 443–450, Faraday discusses "bicarburet of hydrogen" (benzene). On pages 449–450, he shows that benzene's empirical formula is C₆H₆, although he doesn't realize it because he (like most chemists at that time) used the wrong atomic mass for carbon (6 instead of 12).
Kekulé, F. A. (1865). "Sur la constitution des substances aromatiques". Bulletin de la Société Chimique de Paris. 3: 98–110. Archived from the original on 2015-11-14. Retrieved 2015-06-27. On p. 100, Kekulé suggests that the carbon atoms of benzene could form a "chaîne fermée" (closed chain).
Kekulé, F. A. (1890). "Benzolfest: Rede". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 23: 1302–11. doi:10.1002/cber.189002301204. Archived from the original on 2007-05-16. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
Lonsdale, K. (1931). "An X-Ray Analysis of the Structure of Hexachlorobenzene, Using the Fourier Method". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 133A (822): 536–553. Bibcode:1931RSPSA.133..536L. doi:10.1098/rspa.1931.0166. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2007-03-12.

books.google.com

Coker, A. Kayode; Ludwig, Ernest E. (2007). Ludwig's Applied Process Design for Chemical And Petrochemical Plants. Vol. 1. Elsevier. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7506-7766-0. Archived from the original on 2016-03-12. Retrieved 2012-05-31.
Mitscherlich, E. (1834). "Über das Benzol und die Säuren der Oel- und Talgarten" [On benzol and oily and fatty types of acids]. Annalen der Pharmacie. 9 (1): 39–48. doi:10.1002/jlac.18340090103. Archived from the original on 2015-11-23. Retrieved 2015-06-27. In a footnote on page 43, Liebig, the journal's editor, suggested changing Mitscherlich's original name for benzene (namely, "benzin") to "benzol", because the suffix "-in" suggested that it was an alkaloid (e.g., Chinin (quinine)), which benzene isn't, whereas the suffix "-ol" suggested that it was oily, which benzene is. Thus on page 44, Mitscherlich states: "Da diese Flüssigkeit aus der Benzoësäure gewonnen wird, und wahrscheinlich mit den Benzoylverbindungen im Zusammenhang steht, so gibt man ihr am besten den Namen Benzol, da der Name Benzoïn schon für die mit dem Bittermandelöl isomerische Verbindung von Liebig und Wöhler gewählt worden ist." (Since this liquid [benzene] is obtained from benzoic acid and probably is related to benzoyl compounds, the best name for it is "benzol", since the name "benzoïn" has already been chosen, by Liebig and Wöhler, for the compound that's isomeric with the oil of bitter almonds [benzaldehyde].)
Laurent, (1836) "Sur la chlorophénise et les acides chlorophénisique et chlorophénèsique," Annales de Chemie et de Physique, vol. 63, pp. 27–45, see p. 44 Archived 2015-03-20 at the Wayback Machine: "Je donne le nom de phène au radical fondamental des acides précédens (φαινω, j'éclaire), puisque la benzine se trouve dans le gaz de l'éclairage." (I give the name of "phène" (φαινω, I illuminate) to the fundamental radical of the preceding acids, because benzene is found in illuminating gas.)
Hofmann, A. W. (1845). "Ueber eine sichere Reaction auf Benzol" [On a reliable test for benzene]. Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie (in German). 55 (2): 200–205, especially 204–205. doi:10.1002/jlac.18450550205. Archived from the original on 2015-11-22.
Mansfield Charles Blachford (1849). "Untersuchung des Steinkohlentheers". Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 69 (2): 162–180. doi:10.1002/jlac.18490690203. Archived from the original on 2015-10-27. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
Dewar James (1869). "On the oxidation of phenyl alcohol, and a mechanical arrangement adapted to illustrate structure in the non-saturated hydrocarbons". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 6: 82–86. doi:10.1017/S0370164600045387. Archived from the original on 2015-11-24. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
Ladenburg Albert (1869). "Bemerkungen zur aromatischen Theorie" [Observations on the aromatic theory]. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 2: 140–142. doi:10.1002/cber.18690020171. Archived from the original on 2015-11-22. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
Armstrong Henry E (1887). "An explanation of the laws which govern substitution in the case of benzenoid compounds". Journal of the Chemical Society. 51: 258–268 [264]. doi:10.1039/ct8875100258. Archived from the original on 2015-10-22. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
Thiele, Johannes (1899) "Zur Kenntnis der ungesättigten Verbindungen" (On our knowledge of unsaturated compounds), Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie306: 87–142; see: "VIII. Die aromatischen Verbindungen. Das Benzol." (VIII. The aromatic compounds. Benzene.), pp. 125–129. Archived 2020-03-10 at the Wayback Machine See further: Thiele (1901) "Zur Kenntnis der ungesättigen Verbindungen," Archived 2021-12-26 at the Wayback Machine Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie, 319: 129–143.
Loschmidt, J. (1861). Chemische Studien (in German). Vienna, Austria-Hungary: Carl Gerold's Sohn. pp. 30, 65. Archived from the original on 2016-05-07. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
Kekulé, F. A. (1866). "Untersuchungen über aromatische Verbindungen (Investigations of aromatic compounds)". Liebigs Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 137 (2): 129–36. doi:10.1002/jlac.18661370202. Archived from the original on 2021-12-26. Retrieved 2021-12-25.
Rocke, A. J. (2010). Image and Reality: Kekule, Kopp, and the Scientific Imagination. University of Chicago Press. pp. 186–227. ISBN 978-0226723358. Archived from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
Hermann von Fehling, ed., Neues Handwörterbuch der Chemie [New concise dictionary of chemistry] (Braunschweig, Germany: Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1874), vol. 1, p. 1142.
Archiv für Hygiene (in German). Oldenbourg. 1897.

caltech.edu

authors.library.caltech.edu

Eigenbrode, Jennifer L.; et al. (June 8, 2018). "Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater, Mars" (PDF). Science. 360 (6393): 1096–1101. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1096E. doi:10.1126/science.aas9185. PMID 29880683. S2CID 46983230. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2021.

cbsnews.com

"FDA: Too Much Benzene In Some Drinks", CBS News, May 19, 2006. Retrieved July 11, 2006.

cdc.gov

atsdr.cdc.gov

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (2007) Benzene: Patient information sheet. Archived 2014-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
Public Health Statement for Benzene, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (August 2007). Benzene: Patient information sheet Archived 2010-05-28 at the Wayback Machine. Atsdr.cdc.gov (2011-03-03). Retrieved on 2011-11-23.
"Benzene Toxicity: Standards and Regulations". Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR); Environmental Medicine & Environmental Health Education – CSEM. June 30, 2000. Archived from the original on June 10, 2010. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
"Public Health Statement for Benzene". Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. August 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-01-20. Retrieved 2011-11-23 – via Atsdr.cdc.gov.
ToxFAQs for Benzene, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Department of Health and Human Services
ToxGuide for Benzene Archived 2010-05-28 at the Wayback Machine, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Department of Health and Human Services
Public Health Statement. Benzene Archived 2010-05-27 at the Wayback Machine, Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, August 2007

cdc.gov

NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0049". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
"Benzene". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
"Benzene fact sheet". CDC. 2 September 2021. Retrieved 16 Aug 2023.
"NIOSH respirator selection logic" (PDF). Cincinnati, Ohio: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). October 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 29, 2017. publication No. 2005-100.
"Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Introduction". Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2011.

ceresana.com

"Market Study: Benzene (2nd edition), Ceresana, August 2014". ceresana.com. Archived from the original on 2017-12-21. Retrieved 2015-02-10.
"Market Study: Toluene, Ceresana, January 2015". ceresana.com. Archived from the original on 2017-04-29. Retrieved 2015-02-10.

chemister.ru

"Benzol". Archived from the original on 2014-05-29. Retrieved 2014-05-29.

clinchem.org

Ashley, DL; Bonin, MA; Cardinali, FL; McCraw, JM; Wooten, JV (1994). "Blood concentrations of volatile organic compounds in a nonoccupationally exposed US population and in groups with suspected exposure" (PDF). Clinical Chemistry. 40 (7 Pt 2): 1401–4. doi:10.1093/clinchem/40.7.1401. PMID 8013127. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-11-22. Retrieved 2010-08-25.

doi.org

Favre, Henri A.; Powell, Warren H. (2014). Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 10, 22, 204, 494, 577. doi:10.1039/9781849733069. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
Arnold, D.; Plank, C.; Erickson, E.; Pike, F. (1958). "Solubility of Benzene in Water". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Chemical & Engineering Data Series. 3 (2): 253–256. doi:10.1021/i460004a016.
Breslow, R.; Guo, T. (1990). "Surface tension measurements show that chaotropic salting-in denaturants are not just water-structure breakers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (1): 167–9. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87..167B. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.1.167. PMC 53221. PMID 2153285.
Rocke, A. J. (1985). "Hypothesis and Experiment in the Early Development of Kekule's Benzene Theory". Annals of Science. 42 (4): 355–81. doi:10.1080/00033798500200411.
Faraday, M. (1825). "On new compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and on certain other products obtained during the decomposition of oil by heat". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 115: 440–466. doi:10.1098/rstl.1825.0022. JSTOR 107752. Archived from the original on 2020-11-21. Retrieved 2012-01-15. On pages 443–450, Faraday discusses "bicarburet of hydrogen" (benzene). On pages 449–450, he shows that benzene's empirical formula is C₆H₆, although he doesn't realize it because he (like most chemists at that time) used the wrong atomic mass for carbon (6 instead of 12).
Kaiser, R. (1968). "Bicarburet of Hydrogen. Reappraisal of the Discovery of Benzene in 1825 with the Analytical Methods of 1968". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 7 (5): 345–350. doi:10.1002/anie.196803451.
Mitscherlich, E. (1834). "Über das Benzol und die Säuren der Oel- und Talgarten" [On benzol and oily and fatty types of acids]. Annalen der Pharmacie. 9 (1): 39–48. doi:10.1002/jlac.18340090103. Archived from the original on 2015-11-23. Retrieved 2015-06-27. In a footnote on page 43, Liebig, the journal's editor, suggested changing Mitscherlich's original name for benzene (namely, "benzin") to "benzol", because the suffix "-in" suggested that it was an alkaloid (e.g., Chinin (quinine)), which benzene isn't, whereas the suffix "-ol" suggested that it was oily, which benzene is. Thus on page 44, Mitscherlich states: "Da diese Flüssigkeit aus der Benzoësäure gewonnen wird, und wahrscheinlich mit den Benzoylverbindungen im Zusammenhang steht, so gibt man ihr am besten den Namen Benzol, da der Name Benzoïn schon für die mit dem Bittermandelöl isomerische Verbindung von Liebig und Wöhler gewählt worden ist." (Since this liquid [benzene] is obtained from benzoic acid and probably is related to benzoyl compounds, the best name for it is "benzol", since the name "benzoïn" has already been chosen, by Liebig and Wöhler, for the compound that's isomeric with the oil of bitter almonds [benzaldehyde].)
Hofmann, A. W. (1845). "Ueber eine sichere Reaction auf Benzol" [On a reliable test for benzene]. Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie (in German). 55 (2): 200–205, especially 204–205. doi:10.1002/jlac.18450550205. Archived from the original on 2015-11-22.
Mansfield Charles Blachford (1849). "Untersuchung des Steinkohlentheers". Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 69 (2): 162–180. doi:10.1002/jlac.18490690203. Archived from the original on 2015-10-27. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
Hoffman, Augustus W. (1856). "On insolinic acid". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 8: 1–3. doi:10.1098/rspl.1856.0002. S2CID 97105342. The existence and mode of formation of insolinic acid prove that to the series of monobasic aromatic acids, C_n2H_n2-8O₄, the lowest known term of which is benzoic acid, ... . [Note: The empirical formulas of organic compounds that appear in Hofmann's article (p. 3) are based upon an atomic mass of carbon of 6 (instead of 12) and an atomic mass of oxygen of 8 (instead of 16).]
Cernicharo, José; et al. (2001), "Infrared Space Observatory's Discovery of C₄H₂, C₆H₂, and Benzene in CRL 618", Astrophysical Journal Letters, 546 (2): L123 – L126, Bibcode:2001ApJ...546L.123C, doi:10.1086/318871
Dewar James (1869). "On the oxidation of phenyl alcohol, and a mechanical arrangement adapted to illustrate structure in the non-saturated hydrocarbons". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 6: 82–86. doi:10.1017/S0370164600045387. Archived from the original on 2015-11-24. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
Ladenburg Albert (1869). "Bemerkungen zur aromatischen Theorie" [Observations on the aromatic theory]. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 2: 140–142. doi:10.1002/cber.18690020171. Archived from the original on 2015-11-22. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
Aug. Kekulé (1872), "Ueber einige Condensationsproducte des Aldehyds" (PDF), Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie (in German), vol. 162, no. 1, pp. 77–124, doi:10.1002/jlac.18721620110
Armstrong Henry E (1887). "An explanation of the laws which govern substitution in the case of benzenoid compounds". Journal of the Chemical Society. 51: 258–268 [264]. doi:10.1039/ct8875100258. Archived from the original on 2015-10-22. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
Adolf Baeyer (1888), "Über die Constitution des Benzols", Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie (in German), vol. 245, no. 1–2, pp. 103–190, doi:10.1002/jlac.18882450110
Kekulé, F. A. (1866). "Untersuchungen über aromatische Verbindungen (Investigations of aromatic compounds)". Liebigs Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 137 (2): 129–36. doi:10.1002/jlac.18661370202. Archived from the original on 2021-12-26. Retrieved 2021-12-25.
English translation Wilcox, David H.; Greenbaum, Frederick R. (1965). "Kekule's benzene ring theory: A subject for lighthearted banter". Journal of Chemical Education. 42 (5): 266–67. Bibcode:1965JChEd..42..266W. doi:10.1021/ed042p266.
Kekulé, F. A. (1890). "Benzolfest: Rede". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 23: 1302–11. doi:10.1002/cber.189002301204. Archived from the original on 2007-05-16. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
Benfey O. T. (1958). "August Kekulé and the Birth of the Structural Theory of Organic Chemistry in 1858". Journal of Chemical Education. 35 (1): 21–23. Bibcode:1958JChEd..35...21B. doi:10.1021/ed035p21.
Lonsdale, K. (1929). "The Structure of the Benzene Ring in Hexamethylbenzene". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 123A (792): 494–515. Bibcode:1929RSPSA.123..494L. doi:10.1098/rspa.1929.0081.
Lonsdale, K. (1931). "An X-Ray Analysis of the Structure of Hexachlorobenzene, Using the Fourier Method". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 133A (822): 536–553. Bibcode:1931RSPSA.133..536L. doi:10.1098/rspa.1931.0166. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
Williams, P.R.D.; Knutsen, J.S.; Atkinson, C.; Madl, A.K.; Paustenbach, D.J. (2007). "Airborne Concentrations of Benzene Associated with the Historical Use of Some Formulations of Liquid Wrench". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 4 (8): 547–561. Bibcode:2007JOEH....4..547W. doi:10.1080/15459620701446642. PMID 17558801. S2CID 32311057.
Hillis O. Folkins (2005). "Benzene". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_475. ISBN 978-3527306732.
ten Kate, Inge Loes (June 8, 2018). "Organic molecules on Mars". Science. 360 (6393): 1068–1069. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1068T. doi:10.1126/science.aat2662. hdl:1874/366378. PMID 29880670. S2CID 46952468.
Eigenbrode, Jennifer L.; et al. (June 8, 2018). "Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater, Mars" (PDF). Science. 360 (6393): 1096–1101. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1096E. doi:10.1126/science.aas9185. PMID 29880683. S2CID 46983230. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
Bacon, G. E.; Curry, N.; Wilson, S. (May 12, 1964). "A Crystallographic Study of Solid Benzene by Neutron Diffraction". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A. 279 (1376): 98–110. Bibcode:1964RSPSA.279...98B. doi:10.1098/rspa.1964.0092. ISSN 2053-9169. JSTOR 2414835. S2CID 94432897.
Moran D, Simmonett AC, Leach FE, Allen WD, Schleyer PV, Schaefer HF (2006). "Popular Theoretical Methods Predict Benzene and Arenes To Be Nonplanar". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 128 (29): 9342–3. Bibcode:2006JAChS.128.9342M. doi:10.1021/ja0630285. PMID 16848464.
Cooper, David L.; Gerratt, Joseph; Raimondi, Mario (1986). "The electronic structure of the benzene molecule". Nature. 323 (6090): 699–701. Bibcode:1986Natur.323..699C. doi:10.1038/323699a0. S2CID 24349360.
Pauling, Linus (1987). "Electronic structure of the benzene molecule". Nature. 325 (6103): 396. Bibcode:1987Natur.325..396P. doi:10.1038/325396d0. S2CID 4261220.
Messmer, Richard P.; Schultz, Peter A. (1987). "The electronic structure of the benzene molecule". Nature. 329 (6139): 492. Bibcode:1987Natur.329..492M. doi:10.1038/329492a0. S2CID 45218186.
Harcourt, Richard D. (1987). "The electronic structure of the benzene molecule". Nature. 329 (6139): 491–492. Bibcode:1987Natur.329..491H. doi:10.1038/329491b0. S2CID 4268597.
Ali, M. A.; Haji, Shaker; Al-Khayyat, Mohammed; Abutaleb, Ahmed; Ahmed, Shakeel (2022-12-01). "Kinetic modeling and thermodynamic analysis of toluene disproportionation reaction over ZSM-5 based catalysts". Catalysis Communications. 172: 106541. doi:10.1016/j.catcom.2022.106541. ISSN 1566-7367.
Welch, Vincent A.; Fallon, Kevin J.; Gelbke, Heinz-Peter (2005). "Ethylbenzene". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_035.pub2. ISBN 3527306730.
Bard, D (2014). "Traffic-related air pollution and the onset of myocardial infarction: disclosing benzene as a trigger? A small-area case-crossover study". PLOS ONE. 9 (6): 6. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j0307B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100307. PMC 4059738. PMID 24932584.
Smith, Martyn T. (2010). "Advances in understanding benzene health effects and susceptibility". Annu Rev Public Health. 31: 133–48. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103646. PMC 4360999. PMID 20070208.
Smith, Martyn T. (2010-01-01). "Advances in Understanding Benzene Health Effects and Susceptibility". Annual Review of Public Health. 31 (1): 133–148. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103646. PMC 4360999. PMID 20070208.
Huff J (2007). "Benzene-induced cancers: abridged history and occupational health impact". Int J Occup Environ Health. 13 (2): 213–21. doi:10.1179/oeh.2007.13.2.213. PMC 3363002. PMID 17718179.
Yardley-Jones, A.; Anderson, D.; Parke, D. V. (1991). "The toxicity of benzene and its metabolism and molecular pathology in human risk assessment". British Journal of Industrial Medicine. 48 (7): 437–44. doi:10.1136/oem.48.7.437. PMC 1035396. PMID 1854646.
Ashley, DL; Bonin, MA; Cardinali, FL; McCraw, JM; Wooten, JV (1994). "Blood concentrations of volatile organic compounds in a nonoccupationally exposed US population and in groups with suspected exposure" (PDF). Clinical Chemistry. 40 (7 Pt 2): 1401–4. doi:10.1093/clinchem/40.7.1401. PMID 8013127. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-11-22. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
Fustinoni S, Buratti M, Campo L, Colombi A, Consonni D, Pesatori AC, Bonzini M, Farmer P, Garte S, Valerio F, Merlo DF, Bertazzi PA (2005). "Urinary t,t-muconic acid, S-phenylmercapturic acid and benzene as biomarkers of low benzene exposure". Chemico-Biological Interactions. 153–154: 253–6. Bibcode:2005CBI...153..253F. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2005.03.031. PMID 15935823.
Snyder, R; Hedli, C.C. (1996). "An overview of benzene metabolism". Environ Health Perspect. 104 (Suppl 6): 1165–1171. doi:10.1289/ehp.96104s61165. PMC 1469747. PMID 9118888.
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Lonsdale, K. (1931). "An X-Ray Analysis of the Structure of Hexachlorobenzene, Using the Fourier Method". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 133A (822): 536–553. Bibcode:1931RSPSA.133..536L. doi:10.1098/rspa.1931.0166. Archived from the original on 2021-03-19. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
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Eigenbrode, Jennifer L.; et al. (June 8, 2018). "Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater, Mars" (PDF). Science. 360 (6393): 1096–1101. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1096E. doi:10.1126/science.aas9185. PMID 29880683. S2CID 46983230. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
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hathitrust.org

babel.hathitrust.org

In his 1890 paper, Armstrong represented benzene nuclei within polycyclic benzenoids by placing inside the benzene nuclei a letter "C", an abbreviation of the word "centric". Centric affinities (i.e., bonds) acted within a designated cycle of carbon atoms. From p. 102: " ... benzene, according to this view, may be represented by a double ring, in fact." See:
- Armstrong, H.E. (1890). "The structure of cycloid hydrocarbons". Proceedings of the Chemical Society. 6: 101–105. Archived from the original on 2021-11-16. Retrieved 2018-02-17.
- Thiele, Johannes (1899) "Zur Kenntnis der ungesättigten Verbindungen" (On our knowledge of unsaturated compounds), Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie306: 87–142; see: "VIII. Die aromatischen Verbindungen. Das Benzol." (VIII. The aromatic compounds. Benzene.), pp. 125–129. Archived 2020-03-10 at the Wayback Machine See further: Thiele (1901) "Zur Kenntnis der ungesättigen Verbindungen," Archived 2021-12-26 at the Wayback Machine Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie, 319: 129–143.
- Graebe (1869) "Ueber die Constitution des Naphthalins" Archived 2015-11-28 at archive.today (On the structure of naphthalene), Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, 149 : 20–28; see especially p. 26.
- Victor Meyer (1870) "Untersuchungen über die Constitution der zweifach-substituirten Benzole" Archived 2015-10-23 at archive.today (Investigations into the structure of di-substituted benzenes), Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, 156 : 265–301; see especially pp. 299–300.

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WHO. International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Archived 2008-03-06 at the Wayback Machine, Volumes 1 to 42, Supplement 7

jstor.org

Faraday, M. (1825). "On new compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and on certain other products obtained during the decomposition of oil by heat". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 115: 440–466. doi:10.1098/rstl.1825.0022. JSTOR 107752. Archived from the original on 2020-11-21. Retrieved 2012-01-15. On pages 443–450, Faraday discusses "bicarburet of hydrogen" (benzene). On pages 449–450, he shows that benzene's empirical formula is C₆H₆, although he doesn't realize it because he (like most chemists at that time) used the wrong atomic mass for carbon (6 instead of 12).
Bacon, G. E.; Curry, N.; Wilson, S. (May 12, 1964). "A Crystallographic Study of Solid Benzene by Neutron Diffraction". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A. 279 (1376): 98–110. Bibcode:1964RSPSA.279...98B. doi:10.1098/rspa.1964.0092. ISSN 2053-9169. JSTOR 2414835. S2CID 94432897.

massivesci.com

Ramos-Figueroa, Josseline (2021-05-21). "Meet Kathleen Lonsdale, the physicist and prison reformer who cracked benzene's code". Massive Science. Retrieved 2022-03-01.

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Schwarcz, Joe (30 March 2024). "The Right Chemistry: A tale of benzene poisoning and a snake snaring its own tail". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 10 June 2025.

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"Heterocyclic Chemistry: Heterocyclic Compounds". Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 2016-04-06. Retrieved 2016-07-08.

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Breslow, R.; Guo, T. (1990). "Surface tension measurements show that chaotropic salting-in denaturants are not just water-structure breakers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (1): 167–9. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87..167B. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.1.167. PMC 53221. PMID 2153285.
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ten Kate, Inge Loes (June 8, 2018). "Organic molecules on Mars". Science. 360 (6393): 1068–1069. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1068T. doi:10.1126/science.aat2662. hdl:1874/366378. PMID 29880670. S2CID 46952468.
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Moran D, Simmonett AC, Leach FE, Allen WD, Schleyer PV, Schaefer HF (2006). "Popular Theoretical Methods Predict Benzene and Arenes To Be Nonplanar". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 128 (29): 9342–3. Bibcode:2006JAChS.128.9342M. doi:10.1021/ja0630285. PMID 16848464.
Bard, D (2014). "Traffic-related air pollution and the onset of myocardial infarction: disclosing benzene as a trigger? A small-area case-crossover study". PLOS ONE. 9 (6): 6. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j0307B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100307. PMC 4059738. PMID 24932584.
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ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

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osha.gov

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Bacon, G. E.; Curry, N.; Wilson, S. (May 12, 1964). "A Crystallographic Study of Solid Benzene by Neutron Diffraction". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A. 279 (1376): 98–110. Bibcode:1964RSPSA.279...98B. doi:10.1098/rspa.1964.0092. ISSN 2053-9169. JSTOR 2414835. S2CID 94432897.

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Hoffman, Augustus W. (1856). "On insolinic acid". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 8: 1–3. doi:10.1098/rspl.1856.0002. S2CID 97105342. The existence and mode of formation of insolinic acid prove that to the series of monobasic aromatic acids, C_n2H_n2-8O₄, the lowest known term of which is benzoic acid, ... . [Note: The empirical formulas of organic compounds that appear in Hofmann's article (p. 3) are based upon an atomic mass of carbon of 6 (instead of 12) and an atomic mass of oxygen of 8 (instead of 16).]
Williams, P.R.D.; Knutsen, J.S.; Atkinson, C.; Madl, A.K.; Paustenbach, D.J. (2007). "Airborne Concentrations of Benzene Associated with the Historical Use of Some Formulations of Liquid Wrench". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 4 (8): 547–561. Bibcode:2007JOEH....4..547W. doi:10.1080/15459620701446642. PMID 17558801. S2CID 32311057.
ten Kate, Inge Loes (June 8, 2018). "Organic molecules on Mars". Science. 360 (6393): 1068–1069. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1068T. doi:10.1126/science.aat2662. hdl:1874/366378. PMID 29880670. S2CID 46952468.
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Claus, Adolph K.L. (1867) "Theoretische Betrachtungen und deren Anwendungen zur Systematik der organischen Chemie" (Theoretical considerations and their applications to the classification scheme of organic chemistry), Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Freiburg im Breisgau (Reports of the Proceedings of the Scientific Society of Freiburg in Breisgau), 4 : 116–381. In the section Aromatischen Verbindungen (aromatic compounds), pp. 315–347, Claus presents Kekulé's hypothetical structure for benzene (p. 317), presents objections to it, presents an alternative geometry (p. 320), and concludes that his alternative is correct (p. 326). See also figures on p. 354 or p. 379.

web.archive.org

Critics pointed out a problem with Kekulé's original (1865) structure for benzene: Whenever benzene underwent substitution at the ortho position, two distinguishable isomers should have resulted, depending on whether a double bond or a single bond existed between the carbon atoms to which the substituents were attached; however, no such isomers were observed. In 1872, Kekulé suggested that benzene had two complementary structures and that these forms rapidly interconverted, so that if there were a double bond between any pair of carbon atoms at one instant, that double bond would become a single bond at the next instant (and vice versa). To provide a mechanism for the conversion process, Kekulé proposed that the valency of an atom is determined by the frequency with which it collided with its neighbors in a molecule. As the carbon atoms in the benzene ring collided with each other, each carbon atom would collide twice with one neighbor during a given interval and then twice with its other neighbor during the next interval. Thus, a double bond would exist with one neighbor during the first interval and with the other neighbor during the next interval. Therefore, between the carbon atoms of benzene there were no fixed (i.e., constant) and distinct single or double bonds; instead, the bonds between the carbon atoms were identical. See pages 86–89 Archived 2020-03-20 at the Wayback Machine of Auguste Kekulé (1872) "Ueber einige Condensationsprodukte des Aldehyds" (On some condensation products of aldehydes), Liebig's Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, 162(1): 77–124, 309–320. From p. 89: "Das einfachste Mittel aller Stöße eines Kohlenstoffatoms ergiebt sich aus der Summe der Stöße der beiden ersten Zeiteinheiten, die sich dann periodisch wiederholen. ... man sieht daher, daß jedes Kohlenstoffatom mit den beiden anderen, ... daß diese Verschiedenheit nur eine scheinbare, aber keine wirkliche ist." (The simplest average of all the collisions of a carbon atom [in benzene] comes from the sum of the collisions during the first two units of time, which then periodically repeat. ... thus one sees that each carbon atom collides equally often with the two others against which it bumps, [and] thus stands in exactly the same relation with its two neighbors. The usual structural formula for benzene expresses, of course, only the collisions that occur during one unit of time, thus during one phase, and so one is led to the view [that] doubly substituted derivatives [of benzene] must be different at positions 1,2 and 1,6 [of the benzene ring]. If the idea [that was] just presented—or a similar one—can be regarded as correct, then [it] follows therefrom that this difference [between the bonds at positions 1,2 and 1,6] is only an apparent [one], not a real [one].)
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Mitscherlich, E. (1834). "Über das Benzol und die Säuren der Oel- und Talgarten" [On benzol and oily and fatty types of acids]. Annalen der Pharmacie. 9 (1): 39–48. doi:10.1002/jlac.18340090103. Archived from the original on 2015-11-23. Retrieved 2015-06-27. In a footnote on page 43, Liebig, the journal's editor, suggested changing Mitscherlich's original name for benzene (namely, "benzin") to "benzol", because the suffix "-in" suggested that it was an alkaloid (e.g., Chinin (quinine)), which benzene isn't, whereas the suffix "-ol" suggested that it was oily, which benzene is. Thus on page 44, Mitscherlich states: "Da diese Flüssigkeit aus der Benzoësäure gewonnen wird, und wahrscheinlich mit den Benzoylverbindungen im Zusammenhang steht, so gibt man ihr am besten den Namen Benzol, da der Name Benzoïn schon für die mit dem Bittermandelöl isomerische Verbindung von Liebig und Wöhler gewählt worden ist." (Since this liquid [benzene] is obtained from benzoic acid and probably is related to benzoyl compounds, the best name for it is "benzol", since the name "benzoïn" has already been chosen, by Liebig and Wöhler, for the compound that's isomeric with the oil of bitter almonds [benzaldehyde].)
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Hofmann, A. W. (1845). "Ueber eine sichere Reaction auf Benzol" [On a reliable test for benzene]. Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie (in German). 55 (2): 200–205, especially 204–205. doi:10.1002/jlac.18450550205. Archived from the original on 2015-11-22.
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Armstrong Henry E (1887). "An explanation of the laws which govern substitution in the case of benzenoid compounds". Journal of the Chemical Society. 51: 258–268 [264]. doi:10.1039/ct8875100258. Archived from the original on 2015-10-22. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
In his 1890 paper, Armstrong represented benzene nuclei within polycyclic benzenoids by placing inside the benzene nuclei a letter "C", an abbreviation of the word "centric". Centric affinities (i.e., bonds) acted within a designated cycle of carbon atoms. From p. 102: " ... benzene, according to this view, may be represented by a double ring, in fact." See:
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wikimedia.org

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Aug. Kekulé (1872), "Ueber einige Condensationsproducte des Aldehyds" (PDF), Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie (in German), vol. 162, no. 1, pp. 77–124, doi:10.1002/jlac.18721620110

wikipedia.org

de.wikipedia.org

Critics pointed out a problem with Kekulé's original (1865) structure for benzene: Whenever benzene underwent substitution at the ortho position, two distinguishable isomers should have resulted, depending on whether a double bond or a single bond existed between the carbon atoms to which the substituents were attached; however, no such isomers were observed. In 1872, Kekulé suggested that benzene had two complementary structures and that these forms rapidly interconverted, so that if there were a double bond between any pair of carbon atoms at one instant, that double bond would become a single bond at the next instant (and vice versa). To provide a mechanism for the conversion process, Kekulé proposed that the valency of an atom is determined by the frequency with which it collided with its neighbors in a molecule. As the carbon atoms in the benzene ring collided with each other, each carbon atom would collide twice with one neighbor during a given interval and then twice with its other neighbor during the next interval. Thus, a double bond would exist with one neighbor during the first interval and with the other neighbor during the next interval. Therefore, between the carbon atoms of benzene there were no fixed (i.e., constant) and distinct single or double bonds; instead, the bonds between the carbon atoms were identical. See pages 86–89 Archived 2020-03-20 at the Wayback Machine of Auguste Kekulé (1872) "Ueber einige Condensationsprodukte des Aldehyds" (On some condensation products of aldehydes), Liebig's Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, 162(1): 77–124, 309–320. From p. 89: "Das einfachste Mittel aller Stöße eines Kohlenstoffatoms ergiebt sich aus der Summe der Stöße der beiden ersten Zeiteinheiten, die sich dann periodisch wiederholen. ... man sieht daher, daß jedes Kohlenstoffatom mit den beiden anderen, ... daß diese Verschiedenheit nur eine scheinbare, aber keine wirkliche ist." (The simplest average of all the collisions of a carbon atom [in benzene] comes from the sum of the collisions during the first two units of time, which then periodically repeat. ... thus one sees that each carbon atom collides equally often with the two others against which it bumps, [and] thus stands in exactly the same relation with its two neighbors. The usual structural formula for benzene expresses, of course, only the collisions that occur during one unit of time, thus during one phase, and so one is led to the view [that] doubly substituted derivatives [of benzene] must be different at positions 1,2 and 1,6 [of the benzene ring]. If the idea [that was] just presented—or a similar one—can be regarded as correct, then [it] follows therefrom that this difference [between the bonds at positions 1,2 and 1,6] is only an apparent [one], not a real [one].)

worldcat.org

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Bacon, G. E.; Curry, N.; Wilson, S. (May 12, 1964). "A Crystallographic Study of Solid Benzene by Neutron Diffraction". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A. 279 (1376): 98–110. Bibcode:1964RSPSA.279...98B. doi:10.1098/rspa.1964.0092. ISSN 2053-9169. JSTOR 2414835. S2CID 94432897.
Ali, M. A.; Haji, Shaker; Al-Khayyat, Mohammed; Abutaleb, Ahmed; Ahmed, Shakeel (2022-12-01). "Kinetic modeling and thermodynamic analysis of toluene disproportionation reaction over ZSM-5 based catalysts". Catalysis Communications. 172: 106541. doi:10.1016/j.catcom.2022.106541. ISSN 1566-7367.

zenodo.org

Adolf Baeyer (1888), "Über die Constitution des Benzols", Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie (in German), vol. 245, no. 1–2, pp. 103–190, doi:10.1002/jlac.18882450110