Bermuda (English Wikipedia)

Girvan, Norman (2001), "Reinterpreting the Caribbean". Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2010. In New Caribbean Thought, Folke Lindahl and Brian Meeks (eds), UWI Press, pp. 3 ff. Google Books Archived 12 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 976-640-103-9

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Gaieski, Jill B.; Owings, Amanda C.; Vilar, Miguel G.; Dulik, Matthew C.; Gaieski, David F.; Gittelman, Rachel M.; Lindo, John; Gau, Lydia; Schurr, Theodore G.; Genographic Consortium (2011). "Genetic Ancestry and Indigenous Heritage in a Native American Descendant Community in Bermuda". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 146 (3): 392–405. Bibcode:2011AJPA..146..392G. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21588. ISSN 0002-9483. PMID 21994016. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024. the non-white population....we analyzed genetic variation among members of this community....Our results reveal that the majority of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosome haplotypes are of African and West Eurasian origin. However, unlike other English-speaking New World colonies, most African mtDNA haplotypes appear to derive from central and south-east Africa, reflecting the extent of maritime activities in the region........RESULTS: mtDNA diversity...The majority of mtDNA lineages observed in Bermudians (68%) originated in Africa....West Eurasian haplogroups comprised 31% of the Bermudian mtDNA haplotypes..... Y-chromosome diversity...one-third of the Bermudian male participants, had three NRY haplogroups of African ancestry...West Eurasian haplogroups accounted for the majority of the male participants and the vast majority of their Y-chromosomes....More than two-thirds of the mtDNAs (68%) are of African origin, and approximately one-third of them (31%) are of European origin. By contrast, Native American lineages constitute less than 1% of Bermudian mtDNAs, somewhat less was expected based on oral histories and archival data....The NRY haplogroup data likewise reveal clear contributions from the same two major source areas. However, the trend is reversed, with European lineages accounting for 66% of St. David's Islander Y-chromosomes and African lineages accounting for 32% of them. Native American haplogroups comprised only 2% of Bermudian Y-chromosomes, less than anticipated based on oral history and archival data.
Lin, David; Hanscom, Laurel; Murthy, Adeline; Galli, Alessandro; Evans, Mikel; Neill, Evan; et al. (2018). "Ecological footprint accounting for countries: Updates and results of the National Footprint accounts, 2012–2018". Resources. 7 (3): 58. Bibcode:2018Resou...7...58L. doi:10.3390/resources7030058.

ancestry.com (Global: 943^rd place; English: 516^th place)

freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com

"The Portuguese of the West Indies". freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com. 31 July 2001. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2010.

anglicanenl.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Our History". Anglican East NL. Anglican Diocese of Eastern Newfoundland and Labrador. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.

angloboerwar.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Bermuda". Camps for Boers. Angloboerwar.com. Archived from the original on 12 December 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2012.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Carr, Archie (1967). So Excellent A Fishe. The Natural History Press. p. n7. ISBN 0-292-77595-4. Retrieved 25 July 2025.
Britton, Lord Nathaniel (8 January 1918). "Flora of Bermuda". New York City: Scribner's sons. Retrieved 8 January 2021 – via Internet Archive.
Khalid al Wasi (12 April 2002). "The West Indianisation of Bermuda". Mid-Ocean News. City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda. Retrieved 15 August 2024.

atlascom.us (Global: low place; English: low place)

Howes, James (2005). Attack on Baltimore launched from Bermuda in the War of 1812. atlascom.us (Report). Archived from the original on 15 March 2008.

bamz.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo". Bamz.org. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2010.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

"Bermuda set for 2013 Island Games". Archived from the original on 25 January 2025. Retrieved 16 September 2025.

bdalondonoffice.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"History and Culture". bdalondonoffice.co.uk. Government of Bermuda. Retrieved 4 October 2024.

bercol.bm (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Bermuda College". Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 10 February 2008.

bermuda-attractions.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Somers Garden". Bermuda-attractions.com. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2012.

bermuda-online.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Forbes, Keith Archibald. "Bermuda's History from 1500 to 1699". bermuda-online.org. Archived from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2007.
"American military bases in Bermuda 1941 to 1995". Bermuda Online. Archived from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
Forbes, Keith. "Bermuda Climate and Weather". The Royal Gazette. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
Forbes, Keith. "Bermuda's distinguished visitors over the years". The Royal Gazette. Archived from the original on 9 October 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2007.
"Bermuda Government today". Bermuda-Online.org. Archived from the original on 2 July 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2010. In July 2003, Bermuda formally joined the Caribbean Community as an Associate Member (non-voting member)...
Keith Archibald Forbes (2013). "Bermuda's Railway Trail". www.bermuda-online.org. Bermuda Online. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
Forbes, Keith Archibald. "Bermuda Healthcare costs". bermuda-online.org/healthcare. Archived from the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
"Bermuda's Healthcare costs for residents and visitors". bermuda-online.org. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.

bermudahospitals.bm (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Contact Us". bermudahospitals.bm. Bermuda Hospitals Board. Archived from the original on 6 December 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012.

bermudalaws.bm (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Time Zone Act" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2020.
"Bermuda Constitution Order 1968". bermudalaws.bm. 21 February 1968. Retrieved 28 September 2026.

bermudamasterworks.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Masterworks Museum of Bermuda Art – official website". Bermudamasterworks.org. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2013.

bermudamedical.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Nigel (27 March 2019). "Lahey to provide medical services at BMSG". bermudamedical.com (Press release). Bermuda Medical Specialties Group. Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.

bermudarailway.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Horn, Simon (c. 2010). "Building the Bermuda Railway". bermudarailway.net. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2014.

bermudastamps.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Rigby, Neil (26 January 1984). "1984 – 200th anniversary of Bermuda's first newspaper and postal service". bermudastamps.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018.

bermudasun.bm (Global: low place; English: low place)

Jones, Simon (3 February 2013). "Bermuda rep elected chair of UKOTA". Bermuda Sun Ltd. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
Ebbin, Meredith (2 August 2007), "Average family home now $1.8m" Archived 7 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Bermuda Sun.
Gozney, Richard H.T. (6 November 2009). "2009 Throne Speech". BDA Sun Bermuda Sun Online. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.

bermudatourism.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Bermuda Railway Trail". Bermuda Dept. of Tourism. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2008.

bernews.com (Global: low place; English: 8,712^th place)

Baker, Juanae (31 October 2014). "Looking at the tale of the "Isle of Devils"". Bernews. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
Martin, David (11 November 2011). "Bermuda's WWII espionage role". BerNews. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
"Bermuda Elected Chair Of Territories Association". Bernews. 1 February 2017. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
"PLP Candidates: Commissiong & Rabain". BerNews. Bermuda. 20 September 2011. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
"Rolfe Commissiong No Longer In Cabinet". BerNews. Bermuda. 10 October 2020. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
"MPs Pass Bill To Abolish Regiment Conscription". Bernews. 23 June 2018. Archived from the original on 4 August 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
"Minister Caines On Bermuda Coast Guard". Bernews. 14 February 2020. Archived from the original on 16 March 2025. Retrieved 9 May 2025.
"Holiday to mark arrival of Portuguese immigrants". BerNews. 1 June 2018. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
"Portugal Honorary Consul: 'We are very excited'". BerNews. 2 June 2018. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
"Bermuda Arts Council Annual Awards Ceremony". Bernews. 24 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.

bhec.bm (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Licensed and approved health insurers" (PDF). bhec.bm. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2017.

biff.bm (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Bermuda International Film Festival – official website". Biff.bm. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.

bloomberg.com (Global: 118^th place; English: 85^th place)

Drucker, Jesse (15 December 2012). "Google Revenues Sheltered in No-Tax Bermuda Soar to $10 Billion". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2017.

bma.bm (Global: low place; English: low place)

Quarterly Banking Digest, Q1 2014 Archived 7 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. bma.bm. Retrieved 26 April 2017.

bnt.bm (Global: low place; English: low place)

Chudleigh, Diana (2002). Bermuda's Architectural Heritage: Hamilton Parish. Bermuda: The Bermuda National Trust. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Stark, James Henry (1897). Stark's Illustrated Bermuda Guide. Bermuda Island (Bermuda Islands): J.H. Stark. p. 250. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2018. A description of everything on or about these places of which the visitor or resident may desire information, including their history, inhabitants, climate, agriculture, geology, government, and resources
Bendure, Glenda; Friary, Ned (2000). Bermuda. Lonely Planet. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-86450-137-7. Archived from the original on 20 September 2025. Retrieved 4 February 2025.
Girvan, Norman (2001), "Reinterpreting the Caribbean". Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2010. In New Caribbean Thought, Folke Lindahl and Brian Meeks (eds), UWI Press, pp. 3 ff. Google Books Archived 12 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 976-640-103-9
Crooker, Richard A. (2009). Bermuda. Infobase Publishing. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-4381-0487-4. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022 – via Google Books.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Bermuda". Britannica (online ed.). Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
Rushe, George. "Bermuda Islands". Britannica Online. Atlantic Ocean. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
Hiller, James (16 February 2026). "Climate of Newfoundland and Labrador". Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 19 February 2026. January mean temperatures are above 20 °F (−7 °C) in the southern portion of the island, on the coast of Labrador approximately 10 °F (−12 °C) and 0 °F (−18 °C) in the south and north, respectively, and about −15 °F (−26 °C) in interior western Labrador. Extreme low temperatures in southern Newfoundland rarely reach 0 °F, but in western Labrador readings below −40 °F (−40 °C) are not uncommon.

british-history.ac.uk (Global: 544^th place; English: 267^th place)

"An Act for prohibiting Trade with the Barbadoes, Virginia, Bermuda, and Antego". British History Online (british-history.ac.uk). October 1650. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2022.

bsx.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Bermuda Stock Exchange". bsx.com. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
"Bermuda Stock Exchange". bsx.com. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.

but.bm (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Bermuda Education Act 1996" (PDF). Bermuda Union of Teachers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2020.

butterfieldgroup.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

bm.butterfieldgroup.com

Bank of Butterfield Exchange Rate Page. Butterfieldbank.bm. Retrieved 15 August 2012. Archived 9 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine

bzs.bm (Global: low place; English: low place)

Dr. Martin L. H. Thomas (2005). "Bermuda's Wetlands (Fourth Edition) Project Nature Field Study Guide" (PDF) (Pamphlet). Bermuda Zoological Society. 2-13 Characteristics and Features of Wetlands Habitats in Bermuda. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2026. Retrieved 19 February 2026. The lack of water exchange (flushing) in the ponds results in both warmer, in summer, and colder, in winter, temperatures and more variable salinity than in coastal waters.

caribbean360.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Clifford, Ivan. "Bermuda PLP 14-year reign ends with premier also losing seat". Caribbean360. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2012.

cbsnews.com (Global: 136^th place; English: 93^rd place)

O'Kane, Caitlin (27 July 2021). "Bermuda wins its first gold medal, becoming the smallest country to win gold at the Summer Olympics". CBS News (cbsnews.com). Archived from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2022.

cia.gov (Global: 133^rd place; English: 275^th place)

"Bermuda". The World Factbook. North America. July 2018. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2019. This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
Central Intelligence Agency (2009). "Bermuda". The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
"CIA The World Factbook Bermuda". CIA. US Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2013.

cntraveler.com (Global: 6,009^th place; English: 3,390^th place)

la Huta, David (28 May 2019). "10 Best Museums in Bermuda". Condé Nast Traveler. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.

college.bm (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Historical Context of Education in Bermuda: Perspectives of a Participant Observer" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
"Bermuda College Pathways to a Bachelor's Degree". Bermuda College. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.

communityandculture.bm (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Portuguese Rock". communityandculture.bm. Bermuda: Department of Community & Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2015.

conservation.bm (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Diamondback Terrapin". The Department of Conservation Services. Bermuda. Archived from the original on 7 August 2014.

dcoffice.gov.bm (Global: low place; English: low place)

Bermuda Government office in Washington, D.C. Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Dcoffice.gov.bm. Retrieved 15 August 2012.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Gaieski, Jill B.; Owings, Amanda C.; Vilar, Miguel G.; Dulik, Matthew C.; Gaieski, David F.; Gittelman, Rachel M.; Lindo, John; Gau, Lydia; Schurr, Theodore G.; Genographic Consortium (2011). "Genetic Ancestry and Indigenous Heritage in a Native American Descendant Community in Bermuda". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 146 (3): 392–405. Bibcode:2011AJPA..146..392G. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21588. ISSN 0002-9483. PMID 21994016. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024. the non-white population....we analyzed genetic variation among members of this community....Our results reveal that the majority of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosome haplotypes are of African and West Eurasian origin. However, unlike other English-speaking New World colonies, most African mtDNA haplotypes appear to derive from central and south-east Africa, reflecting the extent of maritime activities in the region........RESULTS: mtDNA diversity...The majority of mtDNA lineages observed in Bermudians (68%) originated in Africa....West Eurasian haplogroups comprised 31% of the Bermudian mtDNA haplotypes..... Y-chromosome diversity...one-third of the Bermudian male participants, had three NRY haplogroups of African ancestry...West Eurasian haplogroups accounted for the majority of the male participants and the vast majority of their Y-chromosomes....More than two-thirds of the mtDNAs (68%) are of African origin, and approximately one-third of them (31%) are of European origin. By contrast, Native American lineages constitute less than 1% of Bermudian mtDNAs, somewhat less was expected based on oral histories and archival data....The NRY haplogroup data likewise reveal clear contributions from the same two major source areas. However, the trend is reversed, with European lineages accounting for 66% of St. David's Islander Y-chromosomes and African lineages accounting for 32% of them. Native American haplogroups comprised only 2% of Bermudian Y-chromosomes, less than anticipated based on oral history and archival data.
Bialuschewski, Arne; Fisher, Linford D. (1 January 2017). "Guest Editor's Introduction: New Directions in the History of Native American Slavery Studies". Ethnohistory. 64 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1215/00141801-3688327. ISSN 0014-1801.
Lin, David; Hanscom, Laurel; Murthy, Adeline; Galli, Alessandro; Evans, Mikel; Neill, Evan; et al. (2018). "Ecological footprint accounting for countries: Updates and results of the National Footprint accounts, 2012–2018". Resources. 7 (3): 58. Bibcode:2018Resou...7...58L. doi:10.3390/resources7030058.
Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; et al. (2017). "An ecoregion-based approach to protecting half the terrestrial realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.
Grady, F.V. & Olson, S.L. (2006). "Fossil bats from Quaternary deposits on Bermuda (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)". Journal of Mammalogy. 87 (1): 148–152. doi:10.1644/05-MAMM-A-179R1.1.
"Pterodroma cahow". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T22698088A132624115. BirdLife International. 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698088A132624115.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Kevan, D. Keith McE. (April 1981). "The terrestrial arthropods of the Bermudas: an historical review of our knowledge". Archives of Natural History. 10 (1): 1–29. doi:10.3366/anh.1981.10.1.1. ISSN 0260-9541. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
Rose, Jennifer; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Outerbridge, Mark; Morales, Hernán E. (30 August 2024). "Evolutionary genomics analysis reveals a unique lineage of Megachile pruina found in an isolated population in Bermuda". Insect Conservation and Diversity. 17 (6): 1143–1155. doi:10.1111/icad.12776. ISSN 1752-458X.
Young, John (1996). "The Western Summit at Bermuda, December 1953". In Dunn, David H. (ed.). Diplomacy at the Highest Level: The Evolution of International Summitry. Studies in Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 165–181. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-24915-2_11. ISBN 978-1-349-24915-2.
Paquet, Sandra Pouchet (1992). "The Heartbeat of a West Indian Slave: The History of Mary Prince". African American Review. 26 (1): 131–146. doi:10.2307/3042083. ISSN 1062-4783. JSTOR 3042083.

ducksters.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Brief history of Bermuda". Ducksters. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.

dukeupress.edu (Global: 5,557^th place; English: 3,265^th place)

read.dukeupress.edu

Bialuschewski, Arne; Fisher, Linford D. (1 January 2017). "Guest Editor's Introduction: New Directions in the History of Native American Slavery Studies". Ethnohistory. 64 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1215/00141801-3688327. ISSN 0014-1801.

encyclopediavirginia.org (Global: 5,005^th place; English: 2,741^st place)

Nicholls, Mark (3 May 2011). "Sir George Somers (1554–1610)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.

environment.bm (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Endemic Species". The Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Bermuda. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
"Longtail (White Tailed Tropicbird)". The Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.

euppublishing.com (Global: low place; English: 5,911^th place)

Kevan, D. Keith McE. (April 1981). "The terrestrial arthropods of the Bermudas: an historical review of our knowledge". Archives of Natural History. 10 (1): 1–29. doi:10.3366/anh.1981.10.1.1. ISSN 0260-9541. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2024.

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"Hamilton Princess & Beach Club". Fairmont.com. Fairmont, Hotels & Resorts. Archived from the original on 12 October 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2021. a Fairmont managed hotel – luxury hotel in Hamilton

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"Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Bermuda". Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 19 September 2024. Retrieved 19 September 2024.

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"Bermuda's 400th birthday" (PDF). Bearboa.files.wordpress.com. 11 February 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2012.

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"Our Favorite Caribbean Island Isn't in the Caribbean". Fodor's. 28 August 2025. Archived from the original on 2 September 2025. Retrieved 30 August 2025.

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ghostarchive.org (Global: 64^th place; English: 28^th place)

Leonard, Tom (11 June 2009). "British anger over Bermuda decision to take Guantanamo detainees". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2017.

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"Religions in Bermuda". Globalreligiousfutures.org. PEW-GRF. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2017.

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Barrett, Devlin (11 June 2009). "4 Chinese Muslims released from Guantanamo". Associated Press.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

gotobermuda.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Haunted Bermuda: 5 ghosts you might meet on the island". gotobermuda.com. Bermuda Tourism Authority. 2 June 2016. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
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"Embassies & consulates in Bermuda". Go to Bermuda. Bermuda Tourism Authority. 12 July 2016. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
"2024 Visitor Arrivals Report" (PDF). Retrieved 7 June 2026.

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"Annual Gross Domestic Product 2024" (PDF). Government of Bermuda. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2026. Retrieved 8 June 2026.
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"2016 Census Report" (PDF). Government of Bermuda, Department of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
"Strengthening Bermuda's Links to the Caribbean: Associate Membership of the Caribbean Community" (PDF) (Discussion paper). Government of Bermuda. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2012.
"Launch of Bermuda Coast Guard". Gov.bm. 6 February 2020. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
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gutenberg.org (Global: 629^th place; English: 427^th place)

The Three Charters of the Virginia Company of London: the First Charter April 10, 1606, with an introduction by Samuel M. Bemiss, President, Virginia Historical Society. Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration Corporation, Williamsburg, Virginia 1957 Archived 14 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Gutenberg.org

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"Hiscox Prepares Move to Bermuda Holding Company" Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Insurance Journal, 25 October 2006. Retrieved 15 August 2012.

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"Does it snow in Glasgow?". Intrepid Travel. London: Intrepid UK. Retrieved 19 February 2026. The climate in Glasgow is considered to be a moderate sea climate with cold-freezing winters and relatively mild and sunny summers. Average temperatures in winter are around 3 °C but that can reach as freezing as -8 °C at night during the coldest month of the year (December).

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"Pterodroma cahow". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T22698088A132624115. BirdLife International. 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698088A132624115.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.

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"New Bermuda premier a "miracle baby"". The Gleaner. Jamaica. 23 July 2017. Archived from the original on 27 June 2025. Retrieved 24 July 2024. An older sister of Bermuda's new Premier David Burt says he was a "miracle baby" as their Jamaican mother, Merlin, suffered complications during her pregnancy.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Paquet, Sandra Pouchet (1992). "The Heartbeat of a West Indian Slave: The History of Mary Prince". African American Review. 26 (1): 131–146. doi:10.2307/3042083. ISSN 1062-4783. JSTOR 3042083.

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Wells, Phillip, "BIC releases final report", A Limey in Bermuda, 15 September 2005. Archived 13 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine
Wells, Philip, "Open mike: Bermuda and the Caribbean", A Limey in Bermuda. Archived 13 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine

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Gaieski, Jill B.; Owings, Amanda C.; Vilar, Miguel G.; Dulik, Matthew C.; Gaieski, David F.; Gittelman, Rachel M.; Lindo, John; Gau, Lydia; Schurr, Theodore G.; Genographic Consortium (2011). "Genetic Ancestry and Indigenous Heritage in a Native American Descendant Community in Bermuda". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 146 (3): 392–405. Bibcode:2011AJPA..146..392G. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21588. ISSN 0002-9483. PMID 21994016. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024. the non-white population....we analyzed genetic variation among members of this community....Our results reveal that the majority of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosome haplotypes are of African and West Eurasian origin. However, unlike other English-speaking New World colonies, most African mtDNA haplotypes appear to derive from central and south-east Africa, reflecting the extent of maritime activities in the region........RESULTS: mtDNA diversity...The majority of mtDNA lineages observed in Bermudians (68%) originated in Africa....West Eurasian haplogroups comprised 31% of the Bermudian mtDNA haplotypes..... Y-chromosome diversity...one-third of the Bermudian male participants, had three NRY haplogroups of African ancestry...West Eurasian haplogroups accounted for the majority of the male participants and the vast majority of their Y-chromosomes....More than two-thirds of the mtDNAs (68%) are of African origin, and approximately one-third of them (31%) are of European origin. By contrast, Native American lineages constitute less than 1% of Bermudian mtDNAs, somewhat less was expected based on oral histories and archival data....The NRY haplogroup data likewise reveal clear contributions from the same two major source areas. However, the trend is reversed, with European lineages accounting for 66% of St. David's Islander Y-chromosomes and African lineages accounting for 32% of them. Native American haplogroups comprised only 2% of Bermudian Y-chromosomes, less than anticipated based on oral history and archival data.
Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; et al. (2017). "An ecoregion-based approach to protecting half the terrestrial realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; et al. (2017). "An ecoregion-based approach to protecting half the terrestrial realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.

nmb.bm (Global: low place; English: low place)

indexed by A. C. Hollis Hallett. Updated by: C. F. E. Hollis Hallett (2005). 19th Century Church Registers of Bermuda. Bermuda: Juniperhill Press and Bermuda Maritime Museum Press. Page x, Guide to the Use of this Index: Coloured and White. ISBN 0-921992-23-8. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024. Today, the term 'Coloured' as a racial distinction referring to the Black population is no longer used, but in the period covered by this index it was the usual term and has been retained......We suspect that the clergy generally made a decision whether they would describe a person as 'White', and the 'Coloured' designation was used for everyone not described as 'White'. Users of this index should not confine themselves to 'White' or 'Coloured' registers (where they are separated) but should look at both. They should also not take too seriously the indication 'Col.' or 'Wh.' that appears often under Comments; these were occasionally written into the margins of the register by the clergyman or parish clerk. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)

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"State of the Environment Report" (PDF) (Pamphlet). Government of Bermuda Ministry of the Environment. 2005. 1.1.2 Marine Influences on Bermuda's Climate. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2025. Retrieved 19 February 2026. While inland continental temperatures may be highly variable with scorching summers and frigid winters, changes in marine air temperature are relatively small, with mild winters and cool summers. This is evident in Bermuda, with average daytime high temperatures in the upper 60s °Fahrenheit (°F) during the winter months, and daytime highs rarely exceeding 90 °F in the summer
"State of the Environment Report" (PDF) (Pamphlet). Government of Bermuda Ministry of the Environment. 2005. 4 Winter Weather (January – March). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2025. Retrieved 19 February 2026. The further weakening of the Bermuda High, and the subsequent invasion of well-developed cold fronts and North Atlantic storms into the region indicate the onset of winter weather in Bermuda. Thunderstorm activity and heavy rain are often associated with these storms, with frequent gales (mean winds of 34 knots or more) and occasional storm force winds (48 knots or more). These strong winds normally blow out of the southwest ahead of the cold front, switching to northwesterly on the frontal passage, often bringing very cold air into the area for a day or so. Temperatures occasionally can plummet to below 50 °F. In late winter, the sea surface temperature typically drops to the low 60s °F. Cool air is not warmed as much by the ocean surface, as it is in the summer and autumn months. Air temperatures struggle to reach 70 °F by day and occasionally drop to the 50s °F and low 60s °F. In the occurrence of very cold air (<55 °F at the surface) invading the area behind a cold front, vigorous convection may be triggered by the temperature difference between the cold air and the warmer sea. In this scenario, heavy showers and thunderstorms with hail may affect the local area. The downdrafts created by these convective elements can cause very gusty winds and cold conditions. The lowest temperatures recorded in Bermuda have normally occurred in such circumstances.

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"Map of Bermudas Islands alias the Somers Isles". Archived from the original on 17 September 2025. Retrieved 8 May 2025.

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"Four Uyghur Detainees Released". Radio Free Asia. 11 June 2009. Archived from the original on 14 June 2009.

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"A History Of Our Church". Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton in Bermuda. The Diocese of Hamilton in Bermuda. Archived from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021. The Diocese of Hamilton in Bermuda was established in 12th June 1967. Bermuda was served by the Diocesan clergy of Halifax until 1953, after which pastoral responsibility transferred to the Congregation of the Resurrection.

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"National Anthem". The Royal Family. Archived from the original on 20 May 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.

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Hodgson, Tim (25 April 2016). "Celebrating a wartime spy chief". The Royal Gazette. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
"Chilly temperatures almost smash record". The Royal Gazette. Bermuda: The Royal Gazette. 21 January 1997. Retrieved 20 February 2026. According to weather experts, the thermometer dropped to a measly 49 degrees Fahrenheit on Sunday. The record low is 44 Fahrenheit.But with the wind chill factor taken into account temperatures fell below freezing to the equivalent of minus three degrees centigrade.
Williams Smith, Nicole (25 January 2000). "Feeling cold lately? Try these ways to keep warm". The Royal Gazette. Bermuda: The Royal Gazette. Retrieved 20 February 2026. On January 15, the Island set a record for the month when the mercury dropped to 44.9 degrees, just shy of the all time record of 44 degrees. The cold snap led to a record demand for electricity with Belco reporting demand reaching as high as 95 megawatts. And the high winds which accompanied the frigid temperatures, sent branches crashing into power lines prompting outages around the Island - particularly the Camp Hill Warwick area.
Jonathan Bell and Stefano Ausenda (9 February 2026). "Near-record chill hits island as storm puts thousands in the dark". The Royal Gazette. Bermuda: The Royal Gazette. Retrieved 18 February 2026.
"Coconut palm trees don't suit us". The Royal Gazette. 12 February 2016. Archived from the original on 12 March 2025. Retrieved 18 February 2025.
Kent, Jonathan (18 December 2012). "Cannonier: 'Bermuda has seen a new day'". The Royal Gazette. Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
Strangeways, Sam (19 July 2017). "Burt cries 'Hallelujah' as victory for PLP is declared". The Royal Gazette. Archived from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
Kent, Jonathan (24 June 2008). "Premier meets the President". The Royal Gazette. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
"Breaking News: Premier's statement on Guantanamo Bay". The Royal Gazette. 11 June 2009. Archived from the original on 16 June 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
"Breaking News update: Guantánamo decision taken "without permission" Governor to assess implications". The Royal Gazette. 11 June 2009. Archived from the original on 30 June 2009.
Bell, Jonathan (28 August 2018). "Uighur refugees granted citizenship". The Royal Gazette. Archived from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
"Celebrating Jamaicans put 'jump-ups' tag behind them". The Royal Gazette. City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda. 23 August 2002. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2024. JAMAICANS in Bermuda have come a long way in only a few years. Once laughingly dismissed as "jump-ups", they have since established themselves as pillars of our community, gaining recognition for the many worthy contributions they have made to the island.
Shorto, Lieutenant-Colonel A. Gavin (4 February 2011). "The roots of Creole charm". The Royal Gazette. City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
Wilson, Ceola (24 August 2012). "Tributes for icon of Bermuda's West Indian community". The Royal Gazette. City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
Stovell, E. McNeil (8 December 2018). "Our Caribbean neighbours deserve more respect". The Royal Gazette. City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda. Archived from the original on 27 November 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
Jacobs, Stevenson (3 July 2003). "Premier signs Caricom deal". The Royal Gazette. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
"Dr EF Gordon – fought tirelessly for equal rights for black Bermudians". The Royal Gazette. 16 June 2011. Archived from the original on 26 October 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
Hill, René (15 August 2011). "President aims to make West Indian Association more cohesive, responsive". The Royal Gazette. Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
Wilson, Ceola (24 August 2012). "Tributes for icon of Bermuda's West Indian community". The Royal Gazette. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
Hainey, Raymond (1 November 1999). "Patterson tells Jamaicans they can aid their country". The Royal Gazette. City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2024. Transport Minister Dr. Ewart Brown, who went to school in Jamaica, and had two Jamaican grandparents, said he hoped Mr. Patterson's visit, the first by a Jamaican PM, would put an end to strains in the relationship between Atlantic Bermuda and its Caribbean neighbours. Dr. Brown said: "Tonight perhaps we can put to rest our ambivalent and sometimes schizoid attitude to West Indians." He added that the only school named after a black teacher in Bermuda was Victor Scott – who was a Jamaican.
"Roban: Happy to work in the shadows: He works quietly, believing in the gentle art of persuasion rather than decree. But, as Roger Crombie discovers, there". The Royal Gazette. City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda. 8 December 1998. Archived from the original on 15 August 2024. Retrieved 15 August 2024. Mr. Roban's father, Matthew Roban, came to Bermuda from St. Vincent and the Grenadines. He married Charlotte Pavey and the couple had two children, Walter and his sister Teresa Pavey Roban.
Jonathan Kent (15 August 2003). "Roban denies that PLP ran a racist campaign". The Royal Gazette. City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda. Archived from the original on 15 August 2024. Retrieved 15 August 2024. He denied any PLP involvement with printed material that Mr. Swan said had appeared on sports club noticeboards and in the mail suggesting that UBP candidates were "carrying out the slavemaster's agenda". "Speaking as one of the campaign managers, I can say that no such material was produced by the PLP," said Mr. Roban. "This had nothing to do with the PLP. "Mr. Swan should be very careful about who he is aiming these accusations against. He seems to be accusing the people who operate these clubs. "Race plays a role in many aspects of Bermuda life and we are aware of that and deal with it with sensibility. We do not deal with it lightly, certainly not in a way that could abuse or insult people."
Sékou Hendrickson (15 August 2024). "OBA leader says Walter Roban's criticisms are worn-out". The Royal Gazette. City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda. Archived from the original on 15 August 2024. Retrieved 15 August 2024. The Leader of the Opposition has hit back at an opinion piece by the former Deputy Premier, accusing its criticisms of being a repeat of old claims. Jarion Richardson added that Walter Roban's article, published in yesterday's edition of The Royal Gazette, reminded his party of how not to act. He said: "To Bermuda, we in the OBA double our commitment to not act like this Progressive Labour Party Government, to simplify government and governing, to exist solely to serve the interests of others.
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"Welcome to Caricom". The Royal Gazette. 19 December 2002. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
Smith, Karen; Breen, Stephen (16 December 2002). "The 'ayes' have it in the great Caricom debate". The Royal Gazette. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
Johnson, Ayo (18 June 2003). "UBP takes 'wait-and-see' stance on Caricom". The Royal Gazette. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
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"Support sought for Portuguese language courses". The Royal Gazette. 3 October 2012. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019.
Johnston-Barnes, Owain (18 July 2025). "Registration opens for students interested in Portuguese". The Royal Gazette. Archived from the original on 10 August 2025. Retrieved 19 July 2025.
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"Salute to artistic giants". The Royal Gazette. 24 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
Finighan, Gareth (9 June 2025). "St David's celebrates links with Native American tribes". The Royal Gazette. Bermuda: The Royal Gazette. Retrieved 8 August 2026.
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"Bermuda joins the UWI Family". Campus News. UWI St. Augustine. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
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"Bermuda". The World Factbook. North America. July 2018. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2019. This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2025 ed.). CIA.
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indexed by A. C. Hollis Hallett. Updated by: C. F. E. Hollis Hallett (2005). 19th Century Church Registers of Bermuda. Bermuda: Juniperhill Press and Bermuda Maritime Museum Press. Page x, Guide to the Use of this Index: Coloured and White. ISBN 0-921992-23-8. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024. Today, the term 'Coloured' as a racial distinction referring to the Black population is no longer used, but in the period covered by this index it was the usual term and has been retained......We suspect that the clergy generally made a decision whether they would describe a person as 'White', and the 'Coloured' designation was used for everyone not described as 'White'. Users of this index should not confine themselves to 'White' or 'Coloured' registers (where they are separated) but should look at both. They should also not take too seriously the indication 'Col.' or 'Wh.' that appears often under Comments; these were occasionally written into the margins of the register by the clergyman or parish clerk. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
Gaieski, Jill B.; Owings, Amanda C.; Vilar, Miguel G.; Dulik, Matthew C.; Gaieski, David F.; Gittelman, Rachel M.; Lindo, John; Gau, Lydia; Schurr, Theodore G.; Genographic Consortium (2011). "Genetic Ancestry and Indigenous Heritage in a Native American Descendant Community in Bermuda". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 146 (3): 392–405. Bibcode:2011AJPA..146..392G. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21588. ISSN 0002-9483. PMID 21994016. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024. the non-white population....we analyzed genetic variation among members of this community....Our results reveal that the majority of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosome haplotypes are of African and West Eurasian origin. However, unlike other English-speaking New World colonies, most African mtDNA haplotypes appear to derive from central and south-east Africa, reflecting the extent of maritime activities in the region........RESULTS: mtDNA diversity...The majority of mtDNA lineages observed in Bermudians (68%) originated in Africa....West Eurasian haplogroups comprised 31% of the Bermudian mtDNA haplotypes..... Y-chromosome diversity...one-third of the Bermudian male participants, had three NRY haplogroups of African ancestry...West Eurasian haplogroups accounted for the majority of the male participants and the vast majority of their Y-chromosomes....More than two-thirds of the mtDNAs (68%) are of African origin, and approximately one-third of them (31%) are of European origin. By contrast, Native American lineages constitute less than 1% of Bermudian mtDNAs, somewhat less was expected based on oral histories and archival data....The NRY haplogroup data likewise reveal clear contributions from the same two major source areas. However, the trend is reversed, with European lineages accounting for 66% of St. David's Islander Y-chromosomes and African lineages accounting for 32% of them. Native American haplogroups comprised only 2% of Bermudian Y-chromosomes, less than anticipated based on oral history and archival data.
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Adams, Don (6 July 2013). "In the steps of long-lost kin: Bermudian dancers and the Mashpee Wampanoag connect at Pow Wow". Boston Globe. Boston, Massachusetts: Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2026.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
Dale, Amanda (19 February 2010). "If there is a story that has the potential to bring all of us together, then this is the one". The Royal Gazette. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
"Masterworks Museum of Bermuda Art – official website". Bermudamasterworks.org. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
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wiley.com (Global: 150^th place; English: 174^th place)

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Gaieski, Jill B.; Owings, Amanda C.; Vilar, Miguel G.; Dulik, Matthew C.; Gaieski, David F.; Gittelman, Rachel M.; Lindo, John; Gau, Lydia; Schurr, Theodore G.; Genographic Consortium (2011). "Genetic Ancestry and Indigenous Heritage in a Native American Descendant Community in Bermuda". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 146 (3): 392–405. Bibcode:2011AJPA..146..392G. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21588. ISSN 0002-9483. PMID 21994016. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024. the non-white population....we analyzed genetic variation among members of this community....Our results reveal that the majority of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosome haplotypes are of African and West Eurasian origin. However, unlike other English-speaking New World colonies, most African mtDNA haplotypes appear to derive from central and south-east Africa, reflecting the extent of maritime activities in the region........RESULTS: mtDNA diversity...The majority of mtDNA lineages observed in Bermudians (68%) originated in Africa....West Eurasian haplogroups comprised 31% of the Bermudian mtDNA haplotypes..... Y-chromosome diversity...one-third of the Bermudian male participants, had three NRY haplogroups of African ancestry...West Eurasian haplogroups accounted for the majority of the male participants and the vast majority of their Y-chromosomes....More than two-thirds of the mtDNAs (68%) are of African origin, and approximately one-third of them (31%) are of European origin. By contrast, Native American lineages constitute less than 1% of Bermudian mtDNAs, somewhat less was expected based on oral histories and archival data....The NRY haplogroup data likewise reveal clear contributions from the same two major source areas. However, the trend is reversed, with European lineages accounting for 66% of St. David's Islander Y-chromosomes and African lineages accounting for 32% of them. Native American haplogroups comprised only 2% of Bermudian Y-chromosomes, less than anticipated based on oral history and archival data.

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"Data". Bermuda. World Bank. Archived from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.

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search.worldcat.org

Gaieski, Jill B.; Owings, Amanda C.; Vilar, Miguel G.; Dulik, Matthew C.; Gaieski, David F.; Gittelman, Rachel M.; Lindo, John; Gau, Lydia; Schurr, Theodore G.; Genographic Consortium (2011). "Genetic Ancestry and Indigenous Heritage in a Native American Descendant Community in Bermuda". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 146 (3): 392–405. Bibcode:2011AJPA..146..392G. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21588. ISSN 0002-9483. PMID 21994016. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024. the non-white population....we analyzed genetic variation among members of this community....Our results reveal that the majority of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y-chromosome haplotypes are of African and West Eurasian origin. However, unlike other English-speaking New World colonies, most African mtDNA haplotypes appear to derive from central and south-east Africa, reflecting the extent of maritime activities in the region........RESULTS: mtDNA diversity...The majority of mtDNA lineages observed in Bermudians (68%) originated in Africa....West Eurasian haplogroups comprised 31% of the Bermudian mtDNA haplotypes..... Y-chromosome diversity...one-third of the Bermudian male participants, had three NRY haplogroups of African ancestry...West Eurasian haplogroups accounted for the majority of the male participants and the vast majority of their Y-chromosomes....More than two-thirds of the mtDNAs (68%) are of African origin, and approximately one-third of them (31%) are of European origin. By contrast, Native American lineages constitute less than 1% of Bermudian mtDNAs, somewhat less was expected based on oral histories and archival data....The NRY haplogroup data likewise reveal clear contributions from the same two major source areas. However, the trend is reversed, with European lineages accounting for 66% of St. David's Islander Y-chromosomes and African lineages accounting for 32% of them. Native American haplogroups comprised only 2% of Bermudian Y-chromosomes, less than anticipated based on oral history and archival data.
Bialuschewski, Arne; Fisher, Linford D. (1 January 2017). "Guest Editor's Introduction: New Directions in the History of Native American Slavery Studies". Ethnohistory. 64 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1215/00141801-3688327. ISSN 0014-1801.
Ronnie 1995, p. 37. Ronnie, Art (1995). Counterfeit Hero: Fritz Duquesne, Adventurer and Spy. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-733-3. OCLC 605599179.
Ronnie 1995, pp. 54, 63. Ronnie, Art (1995). Counterfeit Hero: Fritz Duquesne, Adventurer and Spy. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-733-3. OCLC 605599179.
Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; et al. (2017). "An ecoregion-based approach to protecting half the terrestrial realm". BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014. ISSN 0006-3568. PMC 5451287. PMID 28608869.
Kevan, D. Keith McE. (April 1981). "The terrestrial arthropods of the Bermudas: an historical review of our knowledge". Archives of Natural History. 10 (1): 1–29. doi:10.3366/anh.1981.10.1.1. ISSN 0260-9541. Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
Rose, Jennifer; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Outerbridge, Mark; Morales, Hernán E. (30 August 2024). "Evolutionary genomics analysis reveals a unique lineage of Megachile pruina found in an isolated population in Bermuda". Insect Conservation and Diversity. 17 (6): 1143–1155. doi:10.1111/icad.12776. ISSN 1752-458X.
Paquet, Sandra Pouchet (1992). "The Heartbeat of a West Indian Slave: The History of Mary Prince". African American Review. 26 (1): 131–146. doi:10.2307/3042083. ISSN 1062-4783. JSTOR 3042083.

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Kelly, Joseph (24 June 2019). "How the survivor of a 1609 shipwreck brought democracy to America: Stephen Hopkins, colonist at both Jamestown and Plymouth, proposed a government based on consent of the governed". zocalopublicsquare.org (essay). Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.

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