Beta decay (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Beta decay" in English language version.

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30doi.org

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26harvard.edu

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aps.org

link.aps.org

Bai, M.; Blaum, K.; Boev, B.; Bosch, F.; Brandau, C.; Cvetković, V.; Dickel, T.; Dillmann, I.; Dmytriiev, D.; Faestermann, T.; Forstner, O.; Franczak, B.; Geissel, H.; Gernhäuser, R.; Glorius, J.; Griffin, C. J.; Gumberidze, A.; Haettner, E.; Hillenbrand, P.-M.; Kienle, P.; Korten, W.; Kozhuharov, Ch.; Kuzminchuk, N.; Langanke, K.; Litvinov, S.; Menz, E.; Morgenroth, T.; Nociforo, C.; Nolden, F.; Pavićević, M. K.; Petridis, N.; Popp, U.; Purushothaman, S.; Reifarth, R.; Sanjari, M. S.; Scheidenberger, C.; Spillmann, U.; Steck, M.; Stöhlker, Th.; Tanaka, Y. K.; Trassinelli, M.; Trotsenko, S.; Varga, L.; Wang, M.; Weick, H.; Woods, P. J.; Yamaguchi, T.; Zhang, Y. H.; Zhao, J.; Zuber, K.; et al. (E121 Collaboration and LOREX Collaboration) (2 December 2024). "Bound-State Beta Decay of ²⁰⁵Tl⁸¹⁺ Ions and the LOREX Project". Physical Review Letters. 133 (23). American Physical Society: 232701. arXiv:2501.06029. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.232701.

archive.org

Cottingham, W. N.; Greenwood, D. A. (1986). An introduction to nuclear physics. Cambridge University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-521-31960-7.
Segré, E. (1987). "K-Electron Capture by Nuclei". In Trower, P. W. (ed.). Discovering Alvarez: Selected Works of Luis W. Alvarez. University of Chicago Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-0-226-81304-2.

archives-ouvertes.fr

hal.archives-ouvertes.fr

Daudel, Raymond; Jean, Maurice; Lecoin, Marcel (1947). "Sur la possibilité d'existence d'un type particulier de radioactivité phénomène de création e". J. Phys. Radium. 8 (8): 238–243. doi:10.1051/jphysrad:0194700808023800.

arxiv.org

Bijker, R.; Santopinto, E. (2015). "Valence and sea quarks in the nucleon". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 578 (1): 012015. arXiv:1412.5559. Bibcode:2015JPhCS.578a2015B. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/578/1/012015. S2CID 118499855.
Ivanov, A. N.; Höllwieser, R.; Troitskaya, N. I.; Wellenzohn, M.; Berdnikov, Ya. A. (2017-06-26). "Precision theoretical analysis of neutron radiative beta decay to order O ( α 2 / π 2 )". Physical Review D. 95 (11): 113006. arXiv:1706.08687. Bibcode:2017PhRvD..95k3006I. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.95.113006. ISSN 2470-0010. S2CID 119103283.
Ivanov, A. N.; Höllwieser, R.; Troitskaya, N. I.; Wellenzohn, M.; Berdnikov, Ya. A. (2018-11-30). "Gauge properties of hadronic structure of nucleon in neutron radiative beta decay to order O(α/π) in standard V – A effective theory with QED and linear sigma model of strong low-energy interactions". International Journal of Modern Physics A. 33 (33): 1850199. arXiv:1805.09702. Bibcode:2018IJMPA..3350199I. doi:10.1142/S0217751X18501993. ISSN 0217-751X. S2CID 119088802.
Rodejohann, W. (2012). "Neutrinoless double beta decay and neutrino physics". Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics. 39 (12): 124008. arXiv:1206.2560. Bibcode:2012JPhG...39l4008R. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/39/12/124008. S2CID 119158221.
Bai, M.; Blaum, K.; Boev, B.; Bosch, F.; Brandau, C.; Cvetković, V.; Dickel, T.; Dillmann, I.; Dmytriiev, D.; Faestermann, T.; Forstner, O.; Franczak, B.; Geissel, H.; Gernhäuser, R.; Glorius, J.; Griffin, C. J.; Gumberidze, A.; Haettner, E.; Hillenbrand, P.-M.; Kienle, P.; Korten, W.; Kozhuharov, Ch.; Kuzminchuk, N.; Langanke, K.; Litvinov, S.; Menz, E.; Morgenroth, T.; Nociforo, C.; Nolden, F.; Pavićević, M. K.; Petridis, N.; Popp, U.; Purushothaman, S.; Reifarth, R.; Sanjari, M. S.; Scheidenberger, C.; Spillmann, U.; Steck, M.; Stöhlker, Th.; Tanaka, Y. K.; Trassinelli, M.; Trotsenko, S.; Varga, L.; Wang, M.; Weick, H.; Woods, P. J.; Yamaguchi, T.; Zhang, Y. H.; Zhao, J.; Zuber, K.; et al. (E121 Collaboration and LOREX Collaboration) (2 December 2024). "Bound-State Beta Decay of ²⁰⁵Tl⁸¹⁺ Ions and the LOREX Project". Physical Review Letters. 133 (23). American Physical Society: 232701. arXiv:2501.06029. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.232701.
Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Cappella, C.; Caracciolo, V.; Cerulli, R.; Danevich, F.A.; Di Marco, A.; Incicchitti, A.; Poda, D.V.; Polischuk, O.G.; Tretyak, V.I. (2014). "Investigation of rare nuclear decays with BaF₂ crystal scintillator contaminated by radium". European Physical Journal A. 50 (9): 134–143. arXiv:1407.5844. Bibcode:2014EPJA...50..134B. doi:10.1140/epja/i2014-14134-6. S2CID 118513731.
Bilenky, S. M. (2010). "Neutrinoless double beta-decay". Physics of Particles and Nuclei. 41 (5): 690–715. arXiv:1001.1946. Bibcode:2010PPN....41..690B. doi:10.1134/S1063779610050035. hdl:10486/663891. S2CID 55217197.

bnl.gov

nndc.bnl.gov

"Interactive Chart of Nuclides". National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2018-10-10. Retrieved 2014-09-18.

books.google.com

L'Annunziata, Michael (2012). Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis (Third ed.). Elsevier Inc. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-12-384874-1. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
Loveland, W. D. (2005). Modern Nuclear Chemistry. Wiley. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-471-11532-8.
Jevremovic, T. (2009). Nuclear Principles in Engineering. Springer Science + Business Media. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-387-85608-7.
Kenneth S. Krane (5 November 1987). Introductory Nuclear Physics. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-80553-3.

doi.org

Bijker, R.; Santopinto, E. (2015). "Valence and sea quarks in the nucleon". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 578 (1): 012015. arXiv:1412.5559. Bibcode:2015JPhCS.578a2015B. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/578/1/012015. S2CID 118499855.
Meitner, Lise; Orthmann, Wilhelm (1930-03-01). "Über eine absolute Bestimmung der Energie der primären β-Strahlen von Radium E". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 60 (3): 143–155. Bibcode:1930ZPhy...60..143M. doi:10.1007/BF01339819. ISSN 0044-3328.
Brown, L. M. (1978). "The idea of the neutrino". Physics Today. 31 (9): 23–8. Bibcode:1978PhT....31i..23B. doi:10.1063/1.2995181.
Cowan, C. L. Jr.; Reines, F.; Harrison, F. B.; Kruse, H. W.; McGuire, A. D. (1956). "Detection of the Free Neutrino: a Confirmation". Science. 124 (3212): 103–104. Bibcode:1956Sci...124..103C. doi:10.1126/science.124.3212.103. PMID 17796274.
Alvarez, L. W. (1937). "Nuclear K Electron Capture". Physical Review. 52 (2): 134–135. Bibcode:1937PhRv...52..134A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.52.134.
Alvarez, L. W. (1938). "Electron Capture and Internal Conversion in Gallium 67". Physical Review. 53 (7): 606. Bibcode:1938PhRv...53..606A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.53.606.
Alvarez, L. W. (1938). "The Capture of Orbital Electrons by Nuclei". Physical Review. 54 (7): 486–497. Bibcode:1938PhRv...54..486A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.54.486.
Lee, T. D.; Yang, C. N. (1956). "Question of Parity Conservation in Weak Interactions". Physical Review. 104 (1): 254–258. Bibcode:1956PhRv..104..254L. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.104.254.
Wu, C.-S.; Ambler, E.; Hayward, R. W.; Hoppes, D. D.; Hudson, R. P. (1957). "Experimental Test of Parity Conservation in Beta Decay". Physical Review. 105 (4): 1413–1415. Bibcode:1957PhRv..105.1413W. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.105.1413.
Laymon, R.; Franklin, A. (2022). Case Studies in Experimental Physics. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 75–91. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-12608-6_3. ISBN 978-3-031-12607-9.
Ivanov, A. N.; Höllwieser, R.; Troitskaya, N. I.; Wellenzohn, M.; Berdnikov, Ya. A. (2017-06-26). "Precision theoretical analysis of neutron radiative beta decay to order O ( α 2 / π 2 )". Physical Review D. 95 (11): 113006. arXiv:1706.08687. Bibcode:2017PhRvD..95k3006I. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.95.113006. ISSN 2470-0010. S2CID 119103283.
Ivanov, A. N.; Höllwieser, R.; Troitskaya, N. I.; Wellenzohn, M.; Berdnikov, Ya. A. (2018-11-30). "Gauge properties of hadronic structure of nucleon in neutron radiative beta decay to order O(α/π) in standard V – A effective theory with QED and linear sigma model of strong low-energy interactions". International Journal of Modern Physics A. 33 (33): 1850199. arXiv:1805.09702. Bibcode:2018IJMPA..3350199I. doi:10.1142/S0217751X18501993. ISSN 0217-751X. S2CID 119088802.
Mertens, Susanne (2015-01-01). "Status of the KATRIN Experiment and Prospects to Search for keV-mass Sterile Neutrinos in Tritium β-decay". Physics Procedia. 13th International Conference on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics, TAUP 2013. 61: 267–273. Bibcode:2015PhPro..61..267M. doi:10.1016/j.phpro.2014.12.043. ISSN 1875-3892.
Fermi, E. (1934). "Versuch einer Theorie der β-Strahlen. I". Zeitschrift für Physik. 88 (3–4): 161–177. Bibcode:1934ZPhy...88..161F. doi:10.1007/BF01351864. S2CID 125763380.
Venkataramaiah, P.; Gopala, K.; Basavaraju, A.; Suryanarayana, S. S.; Sanjeeviah, H. (1985). "A simple relation for the Fermi function". Journal of Physics G. 11 (3): 359–364. Bibcode:1985JPhG...11..359V. doi:10.1088/0305-4616/11/3/014. S2CID 250803189.
Schenter, G. K.; Vogel, P. (1983). "A simple approximation of the fermi function in nuclear beta decay". Nuclear Science and Engineering. 83 (3): 393–396. Bibcode:1983NSE....83..393S. doi:10.13182/NSE83-A17574. OSTI 5307377.
Kurie, F. N. D.; Richardson, J. R.; Paxton, H. C. (1936). "The Radiations Emitted from Artificially Produced Radioactive Substances. I. The Upper Limits and Shapes of the β-Ray Spectra from Several Elements". Physical Review. 49 (5): 368–381. Bibcode:1936PhRv...49..368K. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.49.368.
Kurie, F. N. D. (1948). "On the Use of the Kurie Plot". Physical Review. 73 (10): 1207. Bibcode:1948PhRv...73.1207K. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.73.1207.
Rodejohann, W. (2012). "Neutrinoless double beta decay and neutrino physics". Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics. 39 (12): 124008. arXiv:1206.2560. Bibcode:2012JPhG...39l4008R. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/39/12/124008. S2CID 119158221.
Frauenfelder, H.; et al. (1957). "Parity and the Polarization of Electrons fromCo60". Physical Review. 106 (2): 386–387. Bibcode:1957PhRv..106..386F. doi:10.1103/physrev.106.386.
Daudel, Raymond; Jean, Maurice; Lecoin, Marcel (1947). "Sur la possibilité d'existence d'un type particulier de radioactivité phénomène de création e". J. Phys. Radium. 8 (8): 238–243. doi:10.1051/jphysrad:0194700808023800.
Jung, M.; et al. (1992). "First observation of bound-state β⁻ decay". Physical Review Letters. 69 (15): 2164–2167. Bibcode:1992PhRvL..69.2164J. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.69.2164. PMID 10046415.
Bai, M.; Blaum, K.; Boev, B.; Bosch, F.; Brandau, C.; Cvetković, V.; Dickel, T.; Dillmann, I.; Dmytriiev, D.; Faestermann, T.; Forstner, O.; Franczak, B.; Geissel, H.; Gernhäuser, R.; Glorius, J.; Griffin, C. J.; Gumberidze, A.; Haettner, E.; Hillenbrand, P.-M.; Kienle, P.; Korten, W.; Kozhuharov, Ch.; Kuzminchuk, N.; Langanke, K.; Litvinov, S.; Menz, E.; Morgenroth, T.; Nociforo, C.; Nolden, F.; Pavićević, M. K.; Petridis, N.; Popp, U.; Purushothaman, S.; Reifarth, R.; Sanjari, M. S.; Scheidenberger, C.; Spillmann, U.; Steck, M.; Stöhlker, Th.; Tanaka, Y. K.; Trassinelli, M.; Trotsenko, S.; Varga, L.; Wang, M.; Weick, H.; Woods, P. J.; Yamaguchi, T.; Zhang, Y. H.; Zhao, J.; Zuber, K.; et al. (E121 Collaboration and LOREX Collaboration) (2 December 2024). "Bound-State Beta Decay of ²⁰⁵Tl⁸¹⁺ Ions and the LOREX Project". Physical Review Letters. 133 (23). American Physical Society: 232701. arXiv:2501.06029. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.232701.
Liu, Shuo; Gao, Chao; Xu, Chang (2021). "Investigation of bound state β⁻ decay half-lives of bare atoms". Physical Review C. 104 (2): 024304. Bibcode:2021PhRvC.104b4304L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.104.024304.
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
Bosch, F.; et al. (1996). "Observation of bound-state beta minus decay of fully ionized ¹⁸⁷Re: ¹⁸⁷Re–¹⁸⁷Os Cosmochronometry". Physical Review Letters. 77 (26): 5190–5193. Bibcode:1996PhRvL..77.5190B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.5190. PMID 10062738.
"Note also, that the decay of bare ¹⁸⁷Re is dominated by the nonunique transition to the first excited state of ¹⁸⁷Os, since the decay to the ground state has a much smaller matrix element."
Takahashi, K.; Boyd, R. N.; Mathews, G. J.; Yokoi, K. (1 October 1987). "Bound-state beta decay of highly ionized atoms". Physical Review C. 36 (4): 1522–1528. Bibcode:1987PhRvC..36.1522T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.36.1522. PMID 9954244.
Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Cappella, C.; Caracciolo, V.; Cerulli, R.; Danevich, F.A.; Di Marco, A.; Incicchitti, A.; Poda, D.V.; Polischuk, O.G.; Tretyak, V.I. (2014). "Investigation of rare nuclear decays with BaF₂ crystal scintillator contaminated by radium". European Physical Journal A. 50 (9): 134–143. arXiv:1407.5844. Bibcode:2014EPJA...50..134B. doi:10.1140/epja/i2014-14134-6. S2CID 118513731.
Bilenky, S. M. (2010). "Neutrinoless double beta-decay". Physics of Particles and Nuclei. 41 (5): 690–715. arXiv:1001.1946. Bibcode:2010PPN....41..690B. doi:10.1134/S1063779610050035. hdl:10486/663891. S2CID 55217197.

gsu.edu

hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

Nave, C. R. "Energy and Momentum Spectra for Beta Decay". HyperPhysics. Retrieved 2013-03-09.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Bilenky, S. M. (2010). "Neutrinoless double beta-decay". Physics of Particles and Nuclei. 41 (5): 690–715. arXiv:1001.1946. Bibcode:2010PPN....41..690B. doi:10.1134/S1063779610050035. hdl:10486/663891. S2CID 55217197.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Bijker, R.; Santopinto, E. (2015). "Valence and sea quarks in the nucleon". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 578 (1): 012015. arXiv:1412.5559. Bibcode:2015JPhCS.578a2015B. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/578/1/012015. S2CID 118499855.
Meitner, Lise; Orthmann, Wilhelm (1930-03-01). "Über eine absolute Bestimmung der Energie der primären β-Strahlen von Radium E". Zeitschrift für Physik (in German). 60 (3): 143–155. Bibcode:1930ZPhy...60..143M. doi:10.1007/BF01339819. ISSN 0044-3328.
Brown, L. M. (1978). "The idea of the neutrino". Physics Today. 31 (9): 23–8. Bibcode:1978PhT....31i..23B. doi:10.1063/1.2995181.
Cowan, C. L. Jr.; Reines, F.; Harrison, F. B.; Kruse, H. W.; McGuire, A. D. (1956). "Detection of the Free Neutrino: a Confirmation". Science. 124 (3212): 103–104. Bibcode:1956Sci...124..103C. doi:10.1126/science.124.3212.103. PMID 17796274.
Alvarez, L. W. (1937). "Nuclear K Electron Capture". Physical Review. 52 (2): 134–135. Bibcode:1937PhRv...52..134A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.52.134.
Alvarez, L. W. (1938). "Electron Capture and Internal Conversion in Gallium 67". Physical Review. 53 (7): 606. Bibcode:1938PhRv...53..606A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.53.606.
Alvarez, L. W. (1938). "The Capture of Orbital Electrons by Nuclei". Physical Review. 54 (7): 486–497. Bibcode:1938PhRv...54..486A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.54.486.
Lee, T. D.; Yang, C. N. (1956). "Question of Parity Conservation in Weak Interactions". Physical Review. 104 (1): 254–258. Bibcode:1956PhRv..104..254L. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.104.254.
Wu, C.-S.; Ambler, E.; Hayward, R. W.; Hoppes, D. D.; Hudson, R. P. (1957). "Experimental Test of Parity Conservation in Beta Decay". Physical Review. 105 (4): 1413–1415. Bibcode:1957PhRv..105.1413W. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.105.1413.
Ivanov, A. N.; Höllwieser, R.; Troitskaya, N. I.; Wellenzohn, M.; Berdnikov, Ya. A. (2017-06-26). "Precision theoretical analysis of neutron radiative beta decay to order O ( α 2 / π 2 )". Physical Review D. 95 (11): 113006. arXiv:1706.08687. Bibcode:2017PhRvD..95k3006I. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.95.113006. ISSN 2470-0010. S2CID 119103283.
Ivanov, A. N.; Höllwieser, R.; Troitskaya, N. I.; Wellenzohn, M.; Berdnikov, Ya. A. (2018-11-30). "Gauge properties of hadronic structure of nucleon in neutron radiative beta decay to order O(α/π) in standard V – A effective theory with QED and linear sigma model of strong low-energy interactions". International Journal of Modern Physics A. 33 (33): 1850199. arXiv:1805.09702. Bibcode:2018IJMPA..3350199I. doi:10.1142/S0217751X18501993. ISSN 0217-751X. S2CID 119088802.
Mertens, Susanne (2015-01-01). "Status of the KATRIN Experiment and Prospects to Search for keV-mass Sterile Neutrinos in Tritium β-decay". Physics Procedia. 13th International Conference on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics, TAUP 2013. 61: 267–273. Bibcode:2015PhPro..61..267M. doi:10.1016/j.phpro.2014.12.043. ISSN 1875-3892.
Fermi, E. (1934). "Versuch einer Theorie der β-Strahlen. I". Zeitschrift für Physik. 88 (3–4): 161–177. Bibcode:1934ZPhy...88..161F. doi:10.1007/BF01351864. S2CID 125763380.
Mott, N. F.; Massey, H. S. W. (1933). The Theory of Atomic Collisions. Clarendon Press. Bibcode:1933tac..book.....M. LCCN 34001940.
Venkataramaiah, P.; Gopala, K.; Basavaraju, A.; Suryanarayana, S. S.; Sanjeeviah, H. (1985). "A simple relation for the Fermi function". Journal of Physics G. 11 (3): 359–364. Bibcode:1985JPhG...11..359V. doi:10.1088/0305-4616/11/3/014. S2CID 250803189.
Schenter, G. K.; Vogel, P. (1983). "A simple approximation of the fermi function in nuclear beta decay". Nuclear Science and Engineering. 83 (3): 393–396. Bibcode:1983NSE....83..393S. doi:10.13182/NSE83-A17574. OSTI 5307377.
Kurie, F. N. D.; Richardson, J. R.; Paxton, H. C. (1936). "The Radiations Emitted from Artificially Produced Radioactive Substances. I. The Upper Limits and Shapes of the β-Ray Spectra from Several Elements". Physical Review. 49 (5): 368–381. Bibcode:1936PhRv...49..368K. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.49.368.
Kurie, F. N. D. (1948). "On the Use of the Kurie Plot". Physical Review. 73 (10): 1207. Bibcode:1948PhRv...73.1207K. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.73.1207.
Rodejohann, W. (2012). "Neutrinoless double beta decay and neutrino physics". Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics. 39 (12): 124008. arXiv:1206.2560. Bibcode:2012JPhG...39l4008R. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/39/12/124008. S2CID 119158221.
Frauenfelder, H.; et al. (1957). "Parity and the Polarization of Electrons fromCo60". Physical Review. 106 (2): 386–387. Bibcode:1957PhRv..106..386F. doi:10.1103/physrev.106.386.
Jung, M.; et al. (1992). "First observation of bound-state β⁻ decay". Physical Review Letters. 69 (15): 2164–2167. Bibcode:1992PhRvL..69.2164J. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.69.2164. PMID 10046415.
Liu, Shuo; Gao, Chao; Xu, Chang (2021). "Investigation of bound state β⁻ decay half-lives of bare atoms". Physical Review C. 104 (2): 024304. Bibcode:2021PhRvC.104b4304L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.104.024304.
Bosch, F.; et al. (1996). "Observation of bound-state beta minus decay of fully ionized ¹⁸⁷Re: ¹⁸⁷Re–¹⁸⁷Os Cosmochronometry". Physical Review Letters. 77 (26): 5190–5193. Bibcode:1996PhRvL..77.5190B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.5190. PMID 10062738.
"Note also, that the decay of bare ¹⁸⁷Re is dominated by the nonunique transition to the first excited state of ¹⁸⁷Os, since the decay to the ground state has a much smaller matrix element."
Takahashi, K.; Boyd, R. N.; Mathews, G. J.; Yokoi, K. (1 October 1987). "Bound-state beta decay of highly ionized atoms". Physical Review C. 36 (4): 1522–1528. Bibcode:1987PhRvC..36.1522T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.36.1522. PMID 9954244.
Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Cappella, C.; Caracciolo, V.; Cerulli, R.; Danevich, F.A.; Di Marco, A.; Incicchitti, A.; Poda, D.V.; Polischuk, O.G.; Tretyak, V.I. (2014). "Investigation of rare nuclear decays with BaF₂ crystal scintillator contaminated by radium". European Physical Journal A. 50 (9): 134–143. arXiv:1407.5844. Bibcode:2014EPJA...50..134B. doi:10.1140/epja/i2014-14134-6. S2CID 118513731.
Bilenky, S. M. (2010). "Neutrinoless double beta-decay". Physics of Particles and Nuclei. 41 (5): 690–715. arXiv:1001.1946. Bibcode:2010PPN....41..690B. doi:10.1134/S1063779610050035. hdl:10486/663891. S2CID 55217197.

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