Biometrics (English Wikipedia)

Blanco-Gonzalo, Ramon; Lunerti, Chiara; Sanchez-Reillo, Raul; Guest, Richard Michael (22 March 2018). "Biometrics: Accessibility challenge or opportunity?". PLOS ONE. 13 (3) e0194111. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1394111B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194111. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5864003. PMID 29565989.
Alzubaidi, Abdulaziz; Kalita, Jugal (2016). "Authentication of Smartphone Users Using Behavioral Biometrics". IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 18 (3): 1998–2026. arXiv:1911.04104. Bibcode:2016ICST...18.1998A. doi:10.1109/comst.2016.2537748. ISSN 1553-877X. S2CID 8443300.
Yang, Wencheng; Wang, Song; Sahri, Nor Masri; Karie, Nickson M.; Ahmed, Mohiuddin; Valli, Craig (14 September 2021). "Biometrics for Internet-of-Things Security: A Review". Sensors. 21 (18): 6163. Bibcode:2021Senso..21.6163Y. doi:10.3390/s21186163. ISSN 1424-8220. PMC 8472874. PMID 34577370.
Haghighat, Mohammad; Abdel-Mottaleb, Mohamed; Alhalabi, Wadee (2016). "Discriminant Correlation Analysis: Real-Time Feature Level Fusion for Multimodal Biometric Recognition". IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security. 11 (9): 1984–1996. Bibcode:2016ITIF...11.1984H. doi:10.1109/TIFS.2016.2569061. S2CID 15624506.
Arnau-González, Pablo; Katsigiannis, Stamos; Arevalillo-Herráez, Miguel; Ramzan, Naeem (February 2021). "BED: A new dataset for EEG-based biometrics". IEEE Internet of Things Journal. (Early Access) (15): 12219–12230. Bibcode:2021IITJ....812219A. doi:10.1109/JIOT.2021.3061727. ISSN 2327-4662. S2CID 233916681.
Feng, Y. C.; Yuen, P. C.; Jain, A. K. (1 March 2010). "A Hybrid Approach for Generating Secure and Discriminating Face Template". IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security. 5 (1): 103–117. Bibcode:2010ITIF....5..103F. doi:10.1109/TIFS.2009.2038760. ISSN 1556-6013. S2CID 18156337.

appliedclinicaltrialsonline.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Bleicher, Paul (2005). "Biometrics comes of age: despite accuracy and security concerns, biometrics are gaining in popularity". Applied Clinical Trials. Applied Clinical Trials-12-01-2005. Retrieved 6 December 2019.

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

Alzubaidi, Abdulaziz; Kalita, Jugal (2016). "Authentication of Smartphone Users Using Behavioral Biometrics". IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 18 (3): 1998–2026. arXiv:1911.04104. Bibcode:2016ICST...18.1998A. doi:10.1109/comst.2016.2537748. ISSN 1553-877X. S2CID 8443300.
Kotwal, Ketan; Marcel, Sébastien (2025). "Review of Demographic Fairness in Face Recognition". IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science: 1–1. doi:10.1109/TBIOM.2025.3601217.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

Kent, Jonathan (31 March 2005). "Malaysia car thieves steal finger". BBC Online. Kuala Lumpur. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 11 December 2010.

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

"Biostar security software 'leaked a million fingerprints'". 14 August 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2025.

bizjournals.com (Global: 396^th place; English: 190^th place)

Bill Flook (3 October 2013). "This is the 'biometric war' Michael Saylor was talking about". Washington Business Journal. Archived from the original on 7 October 2013.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Saylor, Michael (2012). The Mobile Wave: How Mobile Intelligence Will Change Everything. Perseus Books/Vanguard Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-306-82298-8.

boozallen.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

McConnell, Mike (January 2009). KeyNote Address. Biometric Consortium Conference. Tampa Convention Center, Tampa, Florida. Archived from the original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2010.

buffalo.edu (Global: 4,409^th place; English: 2,820^th place)

acsu.buffalo.edu

S. Tulyakov, F. Farooq, and V. Govindaraju, "Symmetric Hash Functions for Fingerprint Minutiae", Proc. Int'l Workshop Pattern Recognition for Crime Prevention, Security, and Surveillance, pp. 30–38, 2005

businessinsider.com (Global: 201^st place; English: 139^th place)

Villas-Boas, Antonio. "Passwords are incredibly insecure, so websites and apps are quietly tracking your mouse movements and smartphone swipes without you knowing to make sure it's really you". Business Insider. Retrieved 22 November 2021. Passwords are incredibly insecure, so websites and apps are quietly tracking your mouse movements and Android swipes without you knowing to make sure it's really you

cam.ac.uk (Global: 569^th place; English: 354^th place)

cl.cam.ac.uk

Daugman, John (24 February 2021). "Collision Avoidance on National and Global Scales: Understanding and Using Big Biometric Entropy" (PDF). doi:10.36227/techrxiv.14061671. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

ccert.edu.cn (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Characteristics of Biometric Systems". Cernet. Archived from the original on 17 October 2008.

ccne-ethique.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

French National Consultative Ethics Committee for Health and Life Sciences (2007), Opinion N° 98, "Biometrics, identifying data and human rights" Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine

cgdev.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Gelb, Alan; Julia Clark (2013). Identification for Development: The Biometrics Revolution. The Center for Global Development. Archived from the original on 13 March 2013.
"Building a Biometric National ID: Lessons for Developing Countries from India's Universal ID Program", Alan Gelb and Julia Clark, The Center for Global Development, October 2012, "Building a Biometric National ID: Lessons for Developing Countries from India's Universal ID Program". Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2013.

dhs.gov (Global: 4,611^th place; English: 2,688^th place)

Taylor, Sandra (25 February 2019). "Re: DHS 2019-00001, DHS Data Privacy and Integrity Advisory Council" (PDF). Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
"Testimony of Deputy Assistant Secretary for Policy Kathleen Kraninger, Screening Coordination, and Director Robert A. Mocny, US-VISIT, National Protection and Programs Directorate, before the House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Homeland Security, 'Biometric Identification'". US Department of Homeland Security. March 2009. Archived from the original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Blanco-Gonzalo, Ramon; Lunerti, Chiara; Sanchez-Reillo, Raul; Guest, Richard Michael (22 March 2018). "Biometrics: Accessibility challenge or opportunity?". PLOS ONE. 13 (3) e0194111. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1394111B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194111. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5864003. PMID 29565989.
Cao, Liling; Ge, Wancheng (10 March 2015). "Analysis and improvement of a multi-factor biometric authentication scheme: Analysis and improvement of a MFBA scheme". Security and Communication Networks. 01 (4): 617–625. doi:10.1002/sec.1010.
Alzubaidi, Abdulaziz; Kalita, Jugal (2016). "Authentication of Smartphone Users Using Behavioral Biometrics". IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 18 (3): 1998–2026. arXiv:1911.04104. Bibcode:2016ICST...18.1998A. doi:10.1109/comst.2016.2537748. ISSN 1553-877X. S2CID 8443300.
Yang, Wencheng; Wang, Song; Sahri, Nor Masri; Karie, Nickson M.; Ahmed, Mohiuddin; Valli, Craig (14 September 2021). "Biometrics for Internet-of-Things Security: A Review". Sensors. 21 (18): 6163. Bibcode:2021Senso..21.6163Y. doi:10.3390/s21186163. ISSN 1424-8220. PMC 8472874. PMID 34577370.
Sahoo, Soyuj Kumar; Choubisa, Tarun; Prasanna, SR Mahadeva (1 January 2012). "Multimodal Biometric Person Authentication: A Review". IETE Technical Review. 29 (1): 54–75. doi:10.4103/0256-4602.93139 (inactive 11 July 2025). S2CID 62699150.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
Grother, Patrick; Salamon, Wayne; Chandramouli, Ramaswamy (July 2013). "Biometric Specifications for Personal Identity Verification" (PDF): NIST SP 800–76–2. doi:10.6028/nist.sp.800-76-2. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Haghighat, Mohammad; Abdel-Mottaleb, Mohamed; Alhalabi, Wadee (2016). "Discriminant Correlation Analysis: Real-Time Feature Level Fusion for Multimodal Biometric Recognition". IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security. 11 (9): 1984–1996. Bibcode:2016ITIF...11.1984H. doi:10.1109/TIFS.2016.2569061. S2CID 15624506.
Daugman, John (24 February 2021). "Collision Avoidance on National and Global Scales: Understanding and Using Big Biometric Entropy" (PDF). doi:10.36227/techrxiv.14061671. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Palaniappan, Ramaswamy (2006). "Electroencephalogram Signals from Imagined Activities: A Novel Biometric Identifier for a Small Population". Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning – IDEAL 2006. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 4224. pp. 604–611. doi:10.1007/11875581_73. ISBN 978-3-540-45485-4.
Palaniappan, R.; Krishnan, S.M. (2004). "Identifying individuals using ECG beats". 2004 International Conference on Signal Processing and Communications, 2004. SPCOM '04. pp. 569–572. doi:10.1109/SPCOM.2004.1458524. ISBN 0-7803-8674-4. S2CID 16091945.
Arnau-González, Pablo; Katsigiannis, Stamos; Arevalillo-Herráez, Miguel; Ramzan, Naeem (February 2021). "BED: A new dataset for EEG-based biometrics". IEEE Internet of Things Journal. (Early Access) (15): 12219–12230. Bibcode:2021IITJ....812219A. doi:10.1109/JIOT.2021.3061727. ISSN 2327-4662. S2CID 233916681.
Gao, Wei; Ai, Haizhou (2009). "Face Gender Classification on Consumer Images in a Multiethnic Environment". Advances in Biometrics. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5558. pp. 169–178. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01793-3_18. ISBN 978-3-642-01792-6. S2CID 17596655. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016.
Kotwal, Ketan; Marcel, Sébastien (2025). "Review of Demographic Fairness in Face Recognition". IEEE Transactions on Biometrics, Behavior, and Identity Science: 1–1. doi:10.1109/TBIOM.2025.3601217.
Marcel, Sébastien; Nixon, Mark S.; Li, Stan Z., eds. (2014). "Handbook of Biometric Anti-Spoofing". Advances in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-6524-8. ISBN 978-1-4471-6523-1. ISSN 2191-6586. S2CID 27594864.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
Hui, Lim; Jin, Andrew (2010). "Cancelable biometrics – Scholarpedia". Scholarpedia. 5: 9201. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.9201.
Feng, Y. C.; Yuen, P. C.; Jain, A. K. (1 March 2010). "A Hybrid Approach for Generating Secure and Discriminating Face Template". IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security. 5 (1): 103–117. Bibcode:2010ITIF....5..103F. doi:10.1109/TIFS.2009.2038760. ISSN 1556-6013. S2CID 18156337.
Masiero, Silvia (September 2018). "Explaining Trust in Large Biometric Infrastructures: A Critical Realist Case Study of India's Aadhaar Project". The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries. 84 (6) e12053. doi:10.1002/isd2.12053.

epfl.ch (Global: 3,783^rd place; English: 3,769^th place)

infoscience.epfl.ch

Marcel, Sébastien; Nixon, Mark S.; Li, Stan Z., eds. (2014). "Handbook of Biometric Anti-Spoofing". Advances in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-6524-8. ISBN 978-1-4471-6523-1. ISSN 2191-6586. S2CID 27594864.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)

federalregister.gov (Global: 2,513^th place; English: 1,292^nd place)

"Agency Information Collection Activities: Biometric Identity". Federal Register. 9 August 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2020.

ftc.gov (Global: 4,627^th place; English: 2,648^th place)

"FTC Warns About Misuses of Biometric Information and Harm to Consumers". Federal Trade Commission. 18 May 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2025.
"FTC Imposes $5 Billion Penalty and Sweeping New Privacy Restrictions on Facebook". Federal Trade Commission. 24 July 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2025.

"What is GDPR, the EU's new data protection law?". GDPR.eu. 7 November 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2025.

gemalto.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Gemalto (1 July 2018). "Aadhar project in India: 2018 facts and trends". Gemalto. Retrieved 8 October 2018.

gov.za (Global: 5,643^rd place; English: 3,370^th place)

"Protection of Personal Information Act, 2013" (PDF). 26 November 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2025.

idea.int (Global: low place; English: 6,081^st place)

"ICTs in Elections Database | International IDEA". www.idea.int. Archived from the original on 22 July 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
"If the EMB uses technology to collect voter registration data, is biometric data captured and used during registration? | International IDEA". www.idea.int. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.

ievoreader.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"How Biometric Data is Stored". ievo Ltd. 10 December 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2020.

india.com (Global: 790^th place; English: 438^th place)

zeenews.india.com

"Aadhaar scheme does not violate fundamental rights, says UIDAI". Zee News. 22 October 2013. Archived from the original on 25 October 2013.

indiatimes.com (Global: 31^st place; English: 19^th place)

economictimes.indiatimes.com

"Aadhaar data kept, processed only on own secure servers: UIDAI". The Economic Times. 30 August 2017. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017.

timesofindia.indiatimes.com

"Giving Aadhaar the finger - Times of India". The Times of India. 28 January 2018. Archived from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.

iso.org (Global: 1,190^th place; English: 1,097^th place)

"ISO/IEC 30107-1:2016". iso.org. Retrieved 23 April 2019.

lboro.ac.uk (Global: 5,360^th place; English: 4,226^th place)

dspace.lboro.ac.uk

Masiero, Silvia (September 2018). "Explaining Trust in Large Biometric Infrastructures: A Critical Realist Case Study of India's Aadhaar Project". The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries. 84 (6) e12053. doi:10.1002/isd2.12053.

lexisnexis.com (Global: 8,519^th place; English: 4,727^th place)

litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com

Walker, Elizabeth (2015). "Biometric Boom: How the private sector Commodifies Human characteristics". Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017.

malaysiacentral.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"MalaysiaCentral.com - MyKad: The Government Multipurpose Card". 2 November 2010. Archived from the original on 2 November 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2020.

nationaldefensemagazine.org (Global: low place; English: 9,385^th place)

Magnuson, S (January 2009). "Defense department under pressure to share biometric data". NationalDefenseMagazine.org. Archived from the original on 12 March 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2010.

ndtv.com (Global: 277^th place; English: 149^th place)

"Aadhaar FIR: "Are We Living in Banana Republic?" Asks Shatrughan Sinha". ndtv.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Blanco-Gonzalo, Ramon; Lunerti, Chiara; Sanchez-Reillo, Raul; Guest, Richard Michael (22 March 2018). "Biometrics: Accessibility challenge or opportunity?". PLOS ONE. 13 (3) e0194111. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1394111B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194111. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5864003. PMID 29565989.
Yang, Wencheng; Wang, Song; Sahri, Nor Masri; Karie, Nickson M.; Ahmed, Mohiuddin; Valli, Craig (14 September 2021). "Biometrics for Internet-of-Things Security: A Review". Sensors. 21 (18): 6163. Bibcode:2021Senso..21.6163Y. doi:10.3390/s21186163. ISSN 1424-8220. PMC 8472874. PMID 34577370.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Blanco-Gonzalo, Ramon; Lunerti, Chiara; Sanchez-Reillo, Raul; Guest, Richard Michael (22 March 2018). "Biometrics: Accessibility challenge or opportunity?". PLOS ONE. 13 (3) e0194111. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1394111B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194111. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5864003. PMID 29565989.
Yang, Wencheng; Wang, Song; Sahri, Nor Masri; Karie, Nickson M.; Ahmed, Mohiuddin; Valli, Craig (14 September 2021). "Biometrics for Internet-of-Things Security: A Review". Sensors. 21 (18): 6163. Bibcode:2021Senso..21.6163Y. doi:10.3390/s21186163. ISSN 1424-8220. PMC 8472874. PMID 34577370.

nist.gov (Global: 708^th place; English: 742^nd place)

nvlpubs.nist.gov

Grother, Patrick; Salamon, Wayne; Chandramouli, Ramaswamy (July 2013). "Biometric Specifications for Personal Identity Verification" (PDF): NIST SP 800–76–2. doi:10.6028/nist.sp.800-76-2. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Latonero, Mark (12 July 2019). "Opinion | Stop Surveillance Humanitarianism". The New York Times.
Hill, Kashmir; Ismay, John; Schuetze, Christopher F.; Krolik, Aaron (27 December 2022). "For Sale on eBay: A Military Database of Fingerprints and Iris Scans". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 February 2025.

onin.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

The History of Fingerprints Archived 12 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine.

osd.mil (Global: 5,880^th place; English: 4,017^th place)

acq.osd.mil

Defense Science Board (March 2007). "Chapter 17 §Recommendation 45" (PDF). On Defense Biometrics. Unclassified Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense For Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics. p. 84. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2010.

oup.com (Global: 292^nd place; English: 233^rd place)

academic.oup.com

Epstein C. (2007), "Guilty Bodies, Productive Bodies, Destructive Bodies: Crossing the Biometric Borders". International Political Sociology, 1:2, 149–64

parliament.lk (Global: low place; English: 6,867^th place)

"Personal Data Protection Act" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2025. Retrieved 15 February 2025.

pbs.org (Global: 260^th place; English: 176^th place)

"U.S.-built databases, biometric data a potential tool of the Taliban". PBS News. 7 September 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2025.

planalto.gov.br (Global: 2,185^th place; English: 5,078^th place)

"L13709". www.planalto.gov.br. Retrieved 15 February 2025.

planetbiometrics.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

web article dated 24 February 2015 Archived 3 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine in planet biometrics entitled "Biometric voter registration launches in Tanzania" accessed 21 January 2016

psu.edu (Global: 299^th place; English: 159^th place)

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Prasanalakshmi,"Multimodal Biometric Cryptosystem Involving Face, Fingerprint, and Palm Vein", July 2011

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

Gao, Wei; Ai, Haizhou (2009). "Face Gender Classification on Consumer Images in a Multiethnic Environment". Advances in Biometrics. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5558. pp. 169–178. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01793-3_18. ISBN 978-3-642-01792-6. S2CID 17596655. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016.
N. K. Ratha, J. H. Connell, and R. M. Bolle, "Enhancing security and privacy in biometrics-based authentication systems", IBM Systems Journal, vol. 40, pp. 614–634, 2001.

schneier.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Schneier, Bruce (12 May 2010). "The Internet: Anonymous Forever". Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2011.

sciencedaily.com (Global: 1,390^th place; English: 1,286^th place)

"Questions Raised About Iris Recognition Systems". Science Daily. 12 July 2012. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012.

scientificcomputing.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Langston, Jennifer (8 May 2015). "Researchers hack Teleoperated Surgical Robot to Reveal Security Flaws". Scientific Computing. New Jersey. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2015.

scispace.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Chetty, Suryakanthie. "Biometric state: The global politics of identification and surveillance in South Africa, 1850 to the present" (PDF). scispace.com. Retrieved 24 September 2025.

secureidnews.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Malaysia's national 'MyKad' ID card succeeding through service to citizens". SecureIDNews. Retrieved 13 December 2020.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Alzubaidi, Abdulaziz; Kalita, Jugal (2016). "Authentication of Smartphone Users Using Behavioral Biometrics". IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 18 (3): 1998–2026. arXiv:1911.04104. Bibcode:2016ICST...18.1998A. doi:10.1109/comst.2016.2537748. ISSN 1553-877X. S2CID 8443300.
Sahoo, Soyuj Kumar; Choubisa, Tarun; Prasanna, SR Mahadeva (1 January 2012). "Multimodal Biometric Person Authentication: A Review". IETE Technical Review. 29 (1): 54–75. doi:10.4103/0256-4602.93139 (inactive 11 July 2025). S2CID 62699150.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
Haghighat, Mohammad; Abdel-Mottaleb, Mohamed; Alhalabi, Wadee (2016). "Discriminant Correlation Analysis: Real-Time Feature Level Fusion for Multimodal Biometric Recognition". IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security. 11 (9): 1984–1996. Bibcode:2016ITIF...11.1984H. doi:10.1109/TIFS.2016.2569061. S2CID 15624506.
Palaniappan, R.; Krishnan, S.M. (2004). "Identifying individuals using ECG beats". 2004 International Conference on Signal Processing and Communications, 2004. SPCOM '04. pp. 569–572. doi:10.1109/SPCOM.2004.1458524. ISBN 0-7803-8674-4. S2CID 16091945.
Arnau-González, Pablo; Katsigiannis, Stamos; Arevalillo-Herráez, Miguel; Ramzan, Naeem (February 2021). "BED: A new dataset for EEG-based biometrics". IEEE Internet of Things Journal. (Early Access) (15): 12219–12230. Bibcode:2021IITJ....812219A. doi:10.1109/JIOT.2021.3061727. ISSN 2327-4662. S2CID 233916681.
Gao, Wei; Ai, Haizhou (2009). "Face Gender Classification on Consumer Images in a Multiethnic Environment". Advances in Biometrics. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5558. pp. 169–178. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01793-3_18. ISBN 978-3-642-01792-6. S2CID 17596655. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016.
Marcel, Sébastien; Nixon, Mark S.; Li, Stan Z., eds. (2014). "Handbook of Biometric Anti-Spoofing". Advances in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-6524-8. ISBN 978-1-4471-6523-1. ISSN 2191-6586. S2CID 27594864.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
Feng, Y. C.; Yuen, P. C.; Jain, A. K. (1 March 2010). "A Hybrid Approach for Generating Secure and Discriminating Face Template". IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security. 5 (1): 103–117. Bibcode:2010ITIF....5..103F. doi:10.1109/TIFS.2009.2038760. ISSN 1556-6013. S2CID 18156337.

smithsonianmag.com (Global: 663^rd place; English: 431^st place)

White, Anna (April 2019). "The High-Tech, Humane Ways Biologists Can Identify Animals". Smithsonian. Retrieved 22 March 2019.

springer.com (Global: 182^nd place; English: 172^nd place)

Jain, Anil K.; Ross, Arun (2008). "Introduction to Biometrics". In Jain, AK; Flynn; Ross, A (eds.). Handbook of Biometrics. Springer. pp. 1–22. ISBN 978-0-387-71040-2. Archived from the original on 9 March 2011.
Mordini E, Ashton H (2012), "The Transparent Body – Medical Information, Physical Privacy and Respect for Body Integrity'". In Mordini E, Tzovaras D (eds), Second Generation Biometrics: the Ethical and Social Context. Berlin: Springer-Verlag Archived 16 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine, 2057–83

technologyreview.com (Global: 2,515^th place; English: 1,716^th place)

"This is the real story of the Afghan biometric databases abandoned to the Taliban". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 15 February 2025.

theintercept.com (Global: 2,602^nd place; English: 1,474^th place)

Sirota, Ken Klippenstein, Sara (17 August 2021). "The Taliban Have Seized U.S. Military Biometrics Devices". The Intercept. Retrieved 15 February 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

thomsonreuters.com (Global: 6,695^th place; English: 4,050^th place)

legal.thomsonreuters.com

"The basics, usage, and privacy concerns of biometric data". legal.thomsonreuters.com. 20 July 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2025.

unica.it (Global: low place; English: low place)

pralab.diee.unica.it

Zahid Akhtar, "Security of Multimodal Biometric Systems against Spoof Attacks" (PDF). Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari. Cagliari, Italy, 6 March 2012.

unicef.org (Global: 2,177^th place; English: 1,857^th place)

UNICEF, Birth Registration Archived 6 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Jain, Anil K.; Ross, Arun (2008). "Introduction to Biometrics". In Jain, AK; Flynn; Ross, A (eds.). Handbook of Biometrics. Springer. pp. 1–22. ISBN 978-0-387-71040-2. Archived from the original on 9 March 2011.
"Questions Raised About Iris Recognition Systems". Science Daily. 12 July 2012. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012.
Bill Flook (3 October 2013). "This is the 'biometric war' Michael Saylor was talking about". Washington Business Journal. Archived from the original on 7 October 2013.
Zahid Akhtar, "Security of Multimodal Biometric Systems against Spoof Attacks" (PDF). Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari. Cagliari, Italy, 6 March 2012.
"Characteristics of Biometric Systems". Cernet. Archived from the original on 17 October 2008.
The History of Fingerprints Archived 12 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Langston, Jennifer (8 May 2015). "Researchers hack Teleoperated Surgical Robot to Reveal Security Flaws". Scientific Computing. New Jersey. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
McConnell, Mike (January 2009). KeyNote Address. Biometric Consortium Conference. Tampa Convention Center, Tampa, Florida. Archived from the original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2010.
Schneier, Bruce (12 May 2010). "The Internet: Anonymous Forever". Archived from the original on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
French National Consultative Ethics Committee for Health and Life Sciences (2007), Opinion N° 98, "Biometrics, identifying data and human rights" Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine
Gao, Wei; Ai, Haizhou (2009). "Face Gender Classification on Consumer Images in a Multiethnic Environment". Advances in Biometrics. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5558. pp. 169–178. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01793-3_18. ISBN 978-3-642-01792-6. S2CID 17596655. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016.
Walker, Elizabeth (2015). "Biometric Boom: How the private sector Commodifies Human characteristics". Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
UNICEF, Birth Registration Archived 6 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine
Dahan M., Gelb A. (2015) "The Role of Identification in the Post-2015 Development Agenda" Archived 20 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine – World Bank Working Paper No. 98294 08/2015;
Kent, Jonathan (31 March 2005). "Malaysia car thieves steal finger". BBC Online. Kuala Lumpur. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
Mordini E, Ashton H (2012), "The Transparent Body – Medical Information, Physical Privacy and Respect for Body Integrity'". In Mordini E, Tzovaras D (eds), Second Generation Biometrics: the Ethical and Social Context. Berlin: Springer-Verlag Archived 16 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine, 2057–83
"Testimony of Deputy Assistant Secretary for Policy Kathleen Kraninger, Screening Coordination, and Director Robert A. Mocny, US-VISIT, National Protection and Programs Directorate, before the House Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Homeland Security, 'Biometric Identification'". US Department of Homeland Security. March 2009. Archived from the original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Magnuson, S (January 2009). "Defense department under pressure to share biometric data". NationalDefenseMagazine.org. Archived from the original on 12 March 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2010.
Defense Science Board (March 2007). "Chapter 17 §Recommendation 45" (PDF). On Defense Biometrics. Unclassified Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense For Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics. p. 84. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2010.
"Protection of Personal Information Act, 2013" (PDF). 26 November 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2025.
"Personal Data Protection Act" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2025. Retrieved 15 February 2025.
web article dated 24 February 2015 Archived 3 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine in planet biometrics entitled "Biometric voter registration launches in Tanzania" accessed 21 January 2016
Gelb, Alan; Julia Clark (2013). Identification for Development: The Biometrics Revolution. The Center for Global Development. Archived from the original on 13 March 2013.
"ICTs in Elections Database | International IDEA". www.idea.int. Archived from the original on 22 July 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
"If the EMB uses technology to collect voter registration data, is biometric data captured and used during registration? | International IDEA". www.idea.int. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
"Aadhaar data kept, processed only on own secure servers: UIDAI". The Economic Times. 30 August 2017. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017.
"Aadhaar scheme does not violate fundamental rights, says UIDAI". Zee News. 22 October 2013. Archived from the original on 25 October 2013.
"Building a Biometric National ID: Lessons for Developing Countries from India's Universal ID Program", Alan Gelb and Julia Clark, The Center for Global Development, October 2012, "Building a Biometric National ID: Lessons for Developing Countries from India's Universal ID Program". Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
"Aadhaar FIR: "Are We Living in Banana Republic?" Asks Shatrughan Sinha". ndtv.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
"Giving Aadhaar the finger - Times of India". The Times of India. 28 January 2018. Archived from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
"MalaysiaCentral.com - MyKad: The Government Multipurpose Card". 2 November 2010. Archived from the original on 2 November 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2020.

wiley.com (Global: 150^th place; English: 174^th place)

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Cao, Liling; Ge, Wancheng (10 March 2015). "Analysis and improvement of a multi-factor biometric authentication scheme: Analysis and improvement of a MFBA scheme". Security and Communication Networks. 01 (4): 617–625. doi:10.1002/sec.1010.

wits.ac.za (Global: low place; English: 5,931^st place)

wiser.wits.ac.za

Breckenridge K. (2005). "The Biometric State: The Promise and Peril of Digital Government in the New South Africa". Journal of Southern African Studies, 31:2, 267–82

worktribe.com (Global: 8,094^th place; English: 3,935^th place)

durham-repository.worktribe.com

Arnau-González, Pablo; Katsigiannis, Stamos; Arevalillo-Herráez, Miguel; Ramzan, Naeem (February 2021). "BED: A new dataset for EEG-based biometrics". IEEE Internet of Things Journal. (Early Access) (15): 12219–12230. Bibcode:2021IITJ....812219A. doi:10.1109/JIOT.2021.3061727. ISSN 2327-4662. S2CID 233916681.

worldbank.org (Global: 280^th place; English: 430^th place)

documents.worldbank.org

Dahan M., Gelb A. (2015) "The Role of Identification in the Post-2015 Development Agenda" Archived 20 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine – World Bank Working Paper No. 98294 08/2015;

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Blanco-Gonzalo, Ramon; Lunerti, Chiara; Sanchez-Reillo, Raul; Guest, Richard Michael (22 March 2018). "Biometrics: Accessibility challenge or opportunity?". PLOS ONE. 13 (3) e0194111. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1394111B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194111. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5864003. PMID 29565989.
Alzubaidi, Abdulaziz; Kalita, Jugal (2016). "Authentication of Smartphone Users Using Behavioral Biometrics". IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 18 (3): 1998–2026. arXiv:1911.04104. Bibcode:2016ICST...18.1998A. doi:10.1109/comst.2016.2537748. ISSN 1553-877X. S2CID 8443300.
Yang, Wencheng; Wang, Song; Sahri, Nor Masri; Karie, Nickson M.; Ahmed, Mohiuddin; Valli, Craig (14 September 2021). "Biometrics for Internet-of-Things Security: A Review". Sensors. 21 (18): 6163. Bibcode:2021Senso..21.6163Y. doi:10.3390/s21186163. ISSN 1424-8220. PMC 8472874. PMID 34577370.
Arnau-González, Pablo; Katsigiannis, Stamos; Arevalillo-Herráez, Miguel; Ramzan, Naeem (February 2021). "BED: A new dataset for EEG-based biometrics". IEEE Internet of Things Journal. (Early Access) (15): 12219–12230. Bibcode:2021IITJ....812219A. doi:10.1109/JIOT.2021.3061727. ISSN 2327-4662. S2CID 233916681.
Marcel, Sébastien; Nixon, Mark S.; Li, Stan Z., eds. (2014). "Handbook of Biometric Anti-Spoofing". Advances in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-6524-8. ISBN 978-1-4471-6523-1. ISSN 2191-6586. S2CID 27594864.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
Feng, Y. C.; Yuen, P. C.; Jain, A. K. (1 March 2010). "A Hybrid Approach for Generating Secure and Discriminating Face Template". IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security. 5 (1): 103–117. Bibcode:2010ITIF....5..103F. doi:10.1109/TIFS.2009.2038760. ISSN 1556-6013. S2CID 18156337.
Hill, Kashmir; Ismay, John; Schuetze, Christopher F.; Krolik, Aaron (27 December 2022). "For Sale on eBay: A Military Database of Fingerprints and Iris Scans". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 February 2025.

Biometrics (English Wikipedia)

aceproject.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

appliedclinicaltrialsonline.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

arxiv.org (Global: 49th place; English: 31st place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11th place; English: 10th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

bbc.com (Global: 26th place; English: 23rd place)

bizjournals.com (Global: 396th place; English: 190th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

boozallen.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

buffalo.edu (Global: 4,409th place; English: 2,820th place)

acsu.buffalo.edu

businessinsider.com (Global: 201st place; English: 139th place)

cam.ac.uk (Global: 569th place; English: 354th place)

cl.cam.ac.uk

ccert.edu.cn (Global: low place; English: low place)

ccne-ethique.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

cgdev.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

dhs.gov (Global: 4,611th place; English: 2,688th place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

epfl.ch (Global: 3,783rd place; English: 3,769th place)

infoscience.epfl.ch

federalregister.gov (Global: 2,513th place; English: 1,292nd place)

ftc.gov (Global: 4,627th place; English: 2,648th place)

gdpr.eu (Global: low place; English: low place)

gemalto.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

gov.za (Global: 5,643rd place; English: 3,370th place)

idea.int (Global: low place; English: 6,081st place)

ievoreader.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

india.com (Global: 790th place; English: 438th place)

zeenews.india.com

indiatimes.com (Global: 31st place; English: 19th place)

economictimes.indiatimes.com

timesofindia.indiatimes.com

iso.org (Global: 1,190th place; English: 1,097th place)

lboro.ac.uk (Global: 5,360th place; English: 4,226th place)

dspace.lboro.ac.uk

lexisnexis.com (Global: 8,519th place; English: 4,727th place)

litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com

malaysiacentral.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

nationaldefensemagazine.org (Global: low place; English: 9,385th place)

ndtv.com (Global: 277th place; English: 149th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nist.gov (Global: 708th place; English: 742nd place)

nvlpubs.nist.gov

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; English: 7th place)

onin.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

osd.mil (Global: 5,880th place; English: 4,017th place)

acq.osd.mil

oup.com (Global: 292nd place; English: 233rd place)

academic.oup.com

parliament.lk (Global: low place; English: 6,867th place)

pbs.org (Global: 260th place; English: 176th place)

planalto.gov.br (Global: 2,185th place; English: 5,078th place)

planetbiometrics.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

psu.edu (Global: 299th place; English: 159th place)

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

researchgate.net (Global: 96th place; English: 89th place)

schneier.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

sciencedaily.com (Global: 1,390th place; English: 1,286th place)

scientificcomputing.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

scispace.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

secureidnews.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

smithsonianmag.com (Global: 663rd place; English: 431st place)

springer.com (Global: 182nd place; English: 172nd place)

technologyreview.com (Global: 2,515th place; English: 1,716th place)

theintercept.com (Global: 2,602nd place; English: 1,474th place)

thomsonreuters.com (Global: 6,695th place; English: 4,050th place)

legal.thomsonreuters.com

unica.it (Global: low place; English: low place)

pralab.diee.unica.it

unicef.org (Global: 2,177th place; English: 1,857th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

wiley.com (Global: 150th place; English: 174th place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

bizjournals.com (Global: 396^th place; English: 190^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

buffalo.edu (Global: 4,409^th place; English: 2,820^th place)

businessinsider.com (Global: 201^st place; English: 139^th place)

cam.ac.uk (Global: 569^th place; English: 354^th place)

dhs.gov (Global: 4,611^th place; English: 2,688^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

epfl.ch (Global: 3,783^rd place; English: 3,769^th place)

federalregister.gov (Global: 2,513^th place; English: 1,292^nd place)

ftc.gov (Global: 4,627^th place; English: 2,648^th place)

gov.za (Global: 5,643^rd place; English: 3,370^th place)

idea.int (Global: low place; English: 6,081^st place)

india.com (Global: 790^th place; English: 438^th place)

indiatimes.com (Global: 31^st place; English: 19^th place)

iso.org (Global: 1,190^th place; English: 1,097^th place)

lboro.ac.uk (Global: 5,360^th place; English: 4,226^th place)

lexisnexis.com (Global: 8,519^th place; English: 4,727^th place)

nationaldefensemagazine.org (Global: low place; English: 9,385^th place)

ndtv.com (Global: 277^th place; English: 149^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

nist.gov (Global: 708^th place; English: 742^nd place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

osd.mil (Global: 5,880^th place; English: 4,017^th place)

oup.com (Global: 292^nd place; English: 233^rd place)

parliament.lk (Global: low place; English: 6,867^th place)

pbs.org (Global: 260^th place; English: 176^th place)

planalto.gov.br (Global: 2,185^th place; English: 5,078^th place)

psu.edu (Global: 299^th place; English: 159^th place)

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

sciencedaily.com (Global: 1,390^th place; English: 1,286^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

smithsonianmag.com (Global: 663^rd place; English: 431^st place)

springer.com (Global: 182^nd place; English: 172^nd place)

technologyreview.com (Global: 2,515^th place; English: 1,716^th place)

theintercept.com (Global: 2,602^nd place; English: 1,474^th place)

thomsonreuters.com (Global: 6,695^th place; English: 4,050^th place)

unicef.org (Global: 2,177^th place; English: 1,857^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wiley.com (Global: 150^th place; English: 174^th place)

wits.ac.za (Global: low place; English: 5,931^st place)

worktribe.com (Global: 8,094^th place; English: 3,935^th place)

worldbank.org (Global: 280^th place; English: 430^th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)