Black Sea (English Wikipedia)

Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei; Mittnik, Alissa; Bánffy, Eszter; Economou, Christos; Francken, Michael; Friederich, Susanne; Pena, Rafael Garrido; Hallgren, Fredrik; Khartanovich, Valery; Khokhlov, Aleksandr; Kunst, Michael; Kuznetsov, Pavel; Meller, Harald; Mochalov, Oleg; Moiseyev, Vayacheslav; Nicklisch, Nicole; Pichler, Sandra L.; Risch, Roberto; Guerra, Manuel A. Rojo; Roth, Christina; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Wahl, Joachim; Meyer, Matthias; Krause, Johannes; Brown, Dorcas; Anthony, David; Cooper, Alan; Alt, Kurt Werner; Reich, David (10 February 2015). "Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". bioRxiv. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. bioRxiv 10.1101/013433. doi:10.1038/NATURE14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166. Retrieved 5 April 2023. This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central Europeans until at least ≈3,000 years ago, and is ubiquitous in present-day Europeans. These results provide support for the theory of a steppe origin […] of at least some of the Indo-European languages of Europe.

avesta.org

Peterson, Joseph H. "Greater Bundahishn". www.avesta.org. Retrieved 1 July 2017.

awi.de

epic.awi.de

Friedrich, J.; C. Dinkel; et al. (2002). "Benthic Nutrient Cycling and Diagenetic Pathways in the North-western Black Sea" (PDF). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 54 (3): 369–383. Bibcode:2002ECSS...54..369F. doi:10.1006/ecss.2000.0653. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2011.

batumi.ge

"Batumi City Hall website". Archived from the original on 21 August 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2017.

bbc.com

"Ukraine war: Snake Island and battle for control in Black Sea". BBC News. 11 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
"HMS Defender: What will be the fallout from Black Sea incident?". BBC News. 23 June 2021.
"Russian warship: Moskva sinks in Black Sea". BBC News. 15 April 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
"Russia's new Black Sea naval base alarms Georgia," 12 December 2023, BBC News, retrieved 12 January 2024

biorxiv.org

Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei; Mittnik, Alissa; Bánffy, Eszter; Economou, Christos; Francken, Michael; Friederich, Susanne; Pena, Rafael Garrido; Hallgren, Fredrik; Khartanovich, Valery; Khokhlov, Aleksandr; Kunst, Michael; Kuznetsov, Pavel; Meller, Harald; Mochalov, Oleg; Moiseyev, Vayacheslav; Nicklisch, Nicole; Pichler, Sandra L.; Risch, Roberto; Guerra, Manuel A. Rojo; Roth, Christina; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Wahl, Joachim; Meyer, Matthias; Krause, Johannes; Brown, Dorcas; Anthony, David; Cooper, Alan; Alt, Kurt Werner; Reich, David (10 February 2015). "Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". bioRxiv. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. bioRxiv 10.1101/013433. doi:10.1038/NATURE14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166. Retrieved 5 April 2023. This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central Europeans until at least ≈3,000 years ago, and is ubiquitous in present-day Europeans. These results provide support for the theory of a steppe origin […] of at least some of the Indo-European languages of Europe.
Mathieson, Iain; Lazaridis, Iosif; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Pickrell, Joseph; Meller, Harald; Guerra, Manuel A. Rojo; Krause, Johannes; Anthony, David; Brown, Dorcas; Fox, Carles Lalueza; Cooper, Alan; Alt, Kurt W.; Haak, Wolfgang; Patterson, Nick; Reich, David (14 March 2015). "Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe". bioRxiv: 016477. doi:10.1101/016477. Retrieved 5 April 2023 – via biorxiv.org. Most present-day Europeans can be modeled as a mixture of three ancient populations related to Mesolithic hunter-gatherers (WHG), early farmers (EEF) and steppe pastoralists (Yamnaya) […].

blackmeditjournal.org

Mechanisms impeding the natural Mediterranization process of Black Sea fauna Archived 12 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine (pdf). Retrieved on 6 September 2017
First stranding record of a Risso's Dolphin (Grampus griseus) in the Marmara Sea, Turkey Archived 20 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine (pdf). Retrieved on 6 September 2017

blacksea-cbc.net

"Black Sea". Archived from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.

blacksea-commission.org

"Marine Litter Report". www.blacksea-commission.org.
"Black Sea Commission, State of Environment Report 2001–2006/7, Chap. 1B". Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
"Black Sea Commission, State of Environment Report 2001–2006/7, Chap. 1A". Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.

blacksea-education.ru

""Black Sea Geography, Oceanography, Ecology, History"". Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2018. Living Black Sea

blackseanews.net

"Черное море признано одним из самых неблагоприятных мест для моряков". International Transport Workers' Federation. BlackSeaNews. 27 May 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2013.

bloomberg.com

Selcan Hacaoglu; Vanessa Dezem; Cagan Koc (21 August 2020). "Erdogan Unveils Biggest Ever Black Sea Natural Gas Discovery". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 22 August 2020.

books.google.com

The Journal of Indo-European Studies, p.79. United States, n.p, 1985. Google Books
Burney, Charles. Historical Dictionary of the Hittites, p.333. United States, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018. Google Books. Accessed 26 February 2024.
Simmons, M. D.; Tari, G. C.; Okay, A. I., eds. (2018). Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea. The Geological Society of London. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-78620-358-8.
Barale, Vittorio; Gade, Martin (2008). Remote Sensing of the European Seas. Springer. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-4020-6771-6.
Geology and Geoarchaeology of the Black Sea Region: Beyond the Flood Hypothesis. Geological Society of America. January 2011. ISBN 978-0-8137-2473-7.
Grinevetsky, Sergei R.; Zonn, Igor S.; Zhiltsov, Sergei S.; Kosarev, Aleksey N.; Kostianoy, Andrey G. (30 September 2014). The Black Sea Encyclopedia. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-55227-4.
Colin Woodard (11 February 2001). Ocean's end: travels through endangered seas. Basic Books. pp. 1–28. ISBN 978-0-465-01571-9. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
David W. Anthony (2010). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14818-2. I believe with many others that the proto-Indo-European homeland was located in the steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas in what is today southern Ukraine and Russia.
Braun, Thomas (6 December 2012) [1991]. "Ancient Mediterranean Food". In Spiller, Gene A. (ed.). The Mediterranean Diets in Health and Disease (reprint ed.). New York: Springer (published 2012). p. 29. ISBN 978-1-4684-6497-9. Retrieved 2 April 2022. The wheat trade was the reason for Greek colonization of Olbia and other Black Sea ports from c. 615 B.C. on. […] The Ukraine was the chief source of wheat imports to classical Athens: the sea route from the Crimea through the Bosporus and Dardanelles to the Aegean was Athens' lifeline.
King, Charles (18 March 2004). "Pontus Euxinus 700BC–AD500". The Black Sea. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/0199241619.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-924161-3.
Paul Robert, Magocsi (2010). A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples, Second Edition. University of Toronto Press. pp. 184–185. ISBN 978-1442698796.
Birsay, Cem (2007). "The Integration of Regional Efforts for Strengthening Stability Initiatives in the Wider Black Sea Area and Turkey's Position". In Volten, Peter M. E.; Tashev, Blagovest (eds.). Establishing Security and Stability in the Wider Black Sea Area: International Politics and the New and Emerging Democracies. Volume 26 of NATO science for peace and security series: Human and societal dynamics, ISSN 1874-6276. Amsterdam: IOS Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-58603-765-9. Retrieved 12 April 2023. […] from the 18th century onwards, Russian ambitions fueled Turkish-Russian power conflict over the control of the Turkish Straits and the Black Sea.
McGowan, Bruce William (1981). "Chiftlik agriculture, western Macedonia, 1620–1830: The economic role of the district". Economic Life in Ottoman Europe: Taxation, Trade and the Struggle for Land, 1600–1800. Studies in Modern Capitalism, ISSN 0144-2333. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-521-24208-0. Retrieved 5 April 2023. A virtual cotton boom began with the onset of the American Revolutionary War in 1776, followed by a wheat boom beginning with the relaxation of Ottoman export controls following the French Revolution in 1789.
Nicolle, David (23 March 1989). The Venetian Empire 1200–1670. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 978-0-85045-899-2. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
Compare: Bruce William McGowan (1981). Economic Life in Ottoman Europe: Taxation, Trade and the Struggle for Land, 1600–1800. Studies in Modern Capitalism ISSN 0144-2333. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-521-24208-0. Retrieved 2 April 2022. […] a new group of sea-going merchants - Greek and Albanian subjects of the Porte […] flew the Russian flag after 1783 (making up the bulk of the first foreign flag commercial flotilla on the Black Sea since the departure of the Italians in the fifteenth century), taking up the slack after the collapse of French trade after 1789.
Houston, Fiona; Duncan Wood, W.; Robinson, Derek M. (2010). "Black Sea Security". NATO Advanced Research Workshop. NATO. ISBN 978-1-60750-636-2. Retrieved 31 December 2010.

bsnn.org

"Our Black Sea". www.bsnn.org. Black Sea NGO Network.

bulgariansearesorts.com

"Bulgarian Sea Resorts". Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2007.

ceon.pl

depot.ceon.pl

Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjörn; Vinner, Lasse; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Margaryan, Ashot; Higham, Tom; Chivall, David; Lynnerup, Niels; Harvig, Lise; Baron, Justyna; Della Casa, Philippe; Dąbrowski, Paweł; Duffy, Paul R.; Ebel, Alexander V.; Epimakhov, Andrey; Frei, Karin; Furmanek, Mirosław; Gralak, Tomasz; Gromov, Andrey; Gronkiewicz, Stanisław; Grupe, Gisela; Hajdu, Tamás; Jarysz, Radosław (2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMID 26062507. S2CID 4399103. Our genomic evidence for the spread of Yamnaya people from the Pontic-Caspian steppe to both northern Europe and Central Asia during the Early Bronze Age […] corresponds well with the hypothesized expansion of the Indo-European languages.

cetaceanalliance.org

Frantzis A.; Alexiadou P.; Paximadis G.; Politi E.; Gannier A.; Corsini-Foka M. (2023). "Current knowledge of the cetacean fauna of the Greek Seas" (PDF). Journal of Cetacean Research and Management. 5 (3): 219–232. doi:10.47536/jcrm.v5i3.801. S2CID 56221055. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2016.

chicagotribune.com

Anderson R. (1992). Black Sea Whale Aided By Activists. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved on 21 April 2016

citypopulation.de

"Turkey: Provinces and Major Cities". City Population. 13 February 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2024.

cnn.com

edition.cnn.com

"Ukraine claims it hit a Russian warship with a missile strike. Russia says otherwise". CNN. 14 April 2022.

colinwoodard.com

Woodard, Colin Archived 12 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, "The Black Sea's Cautionary Tale", Archived 7 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine Congressional Quarterly Global Researcher, October 2007, pp. 244–245

columbia.edu

rainbow.ldeo.columbia.edu

Cullen, H. M.; A. Kaplan; et al. (2002). "Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on Middle Eastern climate and streamflow" (PDF). Climatic Change. 55 (3): 315–338. Bibcode:2002ClCh...55..315C. doi:10.1023/A:1020518305517. S2CID 13472363. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

cosis.net

"Asteroid impact in the Black Sea: tsunami and toxic gas emission" (PDF). www.cosis.net. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

cqpress.com

Woodard, Colin Archived 12 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, "The Black Sea's Cautionary Tale", Archived 7 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine Congressional Quarterly Global Researcher, October 2007, pp. 244–245

defensenews.com

Starchak, Maxim (10 March 2023). "Russian Navy to upgrade vessels with Kalibr cruise missiles". Defense News.

doi.org

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Shillington, Donna J.; White, Nicky; Minshull, Timothy A.; Edwards, Glyn R.H.; Jones, Stephen M.; Edwards, Rosemary A.; Scott, Caroline L. (2008). "Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Black Sea: A test of depth-dependent stretching models" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 265 (3–4): 360–378. Bibcode:2008E&PSL.265..360S. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.10.033. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
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Frantzis A.; Alexiadou P.; Paximadis G.; Politi E.; Gannier A.; Corsini-Foka M. (2023). "Current knowledge of the cetacean fauna of the Greek Seas" (PDF). Journal of Cetacean Research and Management. 5 (3): 219–232. doi:10.47536/jcrm.v5i3.801. S2CID 56221055. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
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Lancelot, C. (2002). "Modelling the Danube-influenced North-western Continental Shelf of the Black Sea. II: Ecosystem Response to Changes in Nutrient Delivery by the Danube River after its Damming in 1972" (PDF). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 54 (3): 473–499. Bibcode:2002ECSS...54..473L. doi:10.1006/ecss.2000.0659. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei; Mittnik, Alissa; Bánffy, Eszter; Economou, Christos; Francken, Michael; Friederich, Susanne; Pena, Rafael Garrido; Hallgren, Fredrik; Khartanovich, Valery; Khokhlov, Aleksandr; Kunst, Michael; Kuznetsov, Pavel; Meller, Harald; Mochalov, Oleg; Moiseyev, Vayacheslav; Nicklisch, Nicole; Pichler, Sandra L.; Risch, Roberto; Guerra, Manuel A. Rojo; Roth, Christina; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Wahl, Joachim; Meyer, Matthias; Krause, Johannes; Brown, Dorcas; Anthony, David; Cooper, Alan; Alt, Kurt Werner; Reich, David (10 February 2015). "Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". bioRxiv. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. bioRxiv 10.1101/013433. doi:10.1038/NATURE14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166. Retrieved 5 April 2023. This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central Europeans until at least ≈3,000 years ago, and is ubiquitous in present-day Europeans. These results provide support for the theory of a steppe origin […] of at least some of the Indo-European languages of Europe.
Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjörn; Vinner, Lasse; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Margaryan, Ashot; Higham, Tom; Chivall, David; Lynnerup, Niels; Harvig, Lise; Baron, Justyna; Della Casa, Philippe; Dąbrowski, Paweł; Duffy, Paul R.; Ebel, Alexander V.; Epimakhov, Andrey; Frei, Karin; Furmanek, Mirosław; Gralak, Tomasz; Gromov, Andrey; Gronkiewicz, Stanisław; Grupe, Gisela; Hajdu, Tamás; Jarysz, Radosław (2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMID 26062507. S2CID 4399103. Our genomic evidence for the spread of Yamnaya people from the Pontic-Caspian steppe to both northern Europe and Central Asia during the Early Bronze Age […] corresponds well with the hypothesized expansion of the Indo-European languages.
Mathieson, Iain; Lazaridis, Iosif; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Pickrell, Joseph; Meller, Harald; Guerra, Manuel A. Rojo; Krause, Johannes; Anthony, David; Brown, Dorcas; Fox, Carles Lalueza; Cooper, Alan; Alt, Kurt W.; Haak, Wolfgang; Patterson, Nick; Reich, David (14 March 2015). "Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe". bioRxiv: 016477. doi:10.1101/016477. Retrieved 5 April 2023 – via biorxiv.org. Most present-day Europeans can be modeled as a mixture of three ancient populations related to Mesolithic hunter-gatherers (WHG), early farmers (EEF) and steppe pastoralists (Yamnaya) […].
King, Charles (18 March 2004). "Pontus Euxinus 700BC–AD500". The Black Sea. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/0199241619.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-924161-3.
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