Black body (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Black body" in English language version.

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Planck 1914, pp. 9–10 Planck, M. (1914). The Theory of Heat Radiation. Masius, M. (transl.) (2nd ed.). P. Blakiston's Son & Co. OL 7154661M.
The notion of an infinitely thin layer was dropped by Planck. See Planck 1914, p. 10, footnote 2. Planck, M. (1914). The Theory of Heat Radiation. Masius, M. (transl.) (2nd ed.). P. Blakiston's Son & Co. OL 7154661M.
Planck 1914, p. 44, §52 Planck, M. (1914). The Theory of Heat Radiation. Masius, M. (transl.) (2nd ed.). P. Blakiston's Son & Co. OL 7154661M.
Mandel & Wolf 1995, Chapter 13 Mandel, L.; Wolf, E. (1995). Optical Coherence and Quantum Optics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-41711-2.
Planck 1914, p. 10 Planck, M. (1914). The Theory of Heat Radiation. Masius, M. (transl.) (2nd ed.). P. Blakiston's Son & Co. OL 7154661M.
Planck 1914, pp. 9–10, §10 Planck, M. (1914). The Theory of Heat Radiation. Masius, M. (transl.) (2nd ed.). P. Blakiston's Son & Co. OL 7154661M.
Bernard J Carr & Steven B Giddings (2008). "Chapter 6: Quantum black holes". Beyond Extreme Physics: Cutting-edge science. Rosen Publishing Group, Scientific American (COR). p. 30. ISBN 978-1-4042-1402-6.
Walter Lewin; Warren Goldstein (2011). "X-ray bursters!". For the love of physics. Simon and Schuster. pp. 251 ff. ISBN 978-1-4391-0827-7.

arxiv.org

White, M. (1999). "Anisotropies in the CMB" (PDF). Proceedings of the Los Angeles Meeting, DPF 99. UCLA. See also arXive.org.
Krishna Rajagopal; Frank Wilczek (2001). "6.2 Coling by Neutrino Emissions (pp. 2135-2136) – The Condensed Matter Physics of QCD". In Mikhail A. Shifman (ed.). At The Frontier of Particle Physics: Handbook of QCD (On the occasion of the 75th birthday of Professor Boris Ioffe). Vol. 3. Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 2061–2151. arXiv:hep-ph/0011333v2. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.344.2269. doi:10.1142/9789812810458_0043. ISBN 978-981-02-4969-4. S2CID 13606600. For the first 10^5–6 years of its life, the cooling of a neutron star is governed by the balance between heat capacity and the loss of heat by neutrino emission. ... Both the specific heat C_V and the neutrino emission rate L_ν are dominated by physics within T of the Fermi surface. ... The star will cool rapidly until its interior temperature is T < T_c ~ ∆, at which time the quark matter core will become inert and the further cooling history will be dominated by neutrino emission from the nuclear matter fraction of the star.

asu.edu

cosmos.asu.edu

PCW Davies (1978). "Thermodynamics of black holes" (PDF). Rep Prog Phys. 41 (8): 1313–1355. Bibcode:1978RPPh...41.1313D. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/41/8/004. S2CID 250916407. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013.

books.google.com

Mahmoud Massoud (2005). "§2.1 Blackbody radiation". Engineering thermofluids: thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer. Springer. p. 568. ISBN 978-3-540-22292-7.
The emissivity of a surface in principle depends upon frequency, angle of view, and temperature. However, by definition, the radiation from a gray body is simply proportional to that of a black body at the same temperature, so its emissivity does not depend upon frequency (or, equivalently, wavelength). See Massoud Kaviany (2002). "Figure 4.3(b): Behaviors of a gray (no wavelength dependence), diffuse (no directional dependence) and opaque (no transmission) surface". Principles of heat transfer. Wiley-IEEE. p. 381. ISBN 978-0-471-43463-4. and Ronald G. Driggers (2003). Encyclopedia of optical engineering, Volume 3. CRC Press. p. 2303. ISBN 978-0-8247-4252-2.
Translated by F. Guthrie from Annalen der Physik: 109, 275-301 (1860): G. Kirchhoff (July 1860). "On the relation between the radiating and absorbing powers of different bodies for light and heat". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 20 (130).
Siegel, Robert; Howell, John R. (2002). Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer; Volume 1 (4th ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-56032-839-1.
Corrections to the spectrum do arise related to boundary conditions at the walls, curvature, and topology, particularly for wavelengths comparable to the cavity dimensions; see Roger Dale Van Zee; J. Patrick Looney (2002). Cavity-enhanced spectroscopies. Academic Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-12-475987-9.
Clement John Adkins (1983). "§4.1 The function of the second law". Equilibrium thermodynamics (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-521-27456-2.
In simple cases the approach to equilibrium is governed by a relaxation time. In others, the system may 'hang up' in a metastable state, as stated by Adkins (1983) on page 10. For another example, see Michel Le Bellac; Fabrice Mortessagne; Ghassan George Batrouni (2004). Equilibrium and non-equilibrium statistical thermodynamics. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0521821438.
The approach to thermal equilibrium of the radiation in the cavity can be catalyzed by adding a small piece of matter capable of radiating and absorbing at all frequencies. See Peter Theodore Landsberg (1990). Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics (Reprint of Oxford University Press 1978 ed.). Courier Dover Publications. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-486-66493-4.
Ludwig Bergmann; Clemens Schaefer; Heinz Niedrig (1999). Optics of waves and particles. Walter de Gruyter. p. 595. ISBN 978-3-11-014318-8. Because the interaction of the photons with each other is negligible, a small amount of matter is necessary to establish thermodynamic equilibrium of heat radiation.
The fundamental bosons are the photon, the vector bosons of the weak interaction, the gluon, and the graviton. See Allan Griffin; D. W. Snoke; S. Stringari (1996). Bose-Einstein condensation. Cambridge University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-521-58990-1.
Richard Chace Tolman (2010). "§103: Change of H with time as a result of collisions". The principles of statistical mechanics (Reprint of 1938 Oxford University Press ed.). Dover Publications. pp. 455 ff. ISBN 978-0-486-63896-6. ...we can define a suitable quantity H to characterize the condition of a gas which [will exhibit] a tendency to decrease with time as a result of collisions, unless the distribution of the molecules [is already that of] equilibrium. (p. 458)
Paul A. Tipler (1999). "Relative intensity of reflected and transmitted light". Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Parts 1-35; Part 39 (4th ed.). Macmillan. p. 1044. ISBN 978-0-7167-3821-3.
Massoud Kaviany (2002). "Figure 4.3(b) Radiation properties of an opaque surface". Principles of heat transfer. Wiley-IEEE. p. 381. ISBN 978-0-471-43463-4.
BA Venkanna (2010). "§10.3.4 Absorptivity, reflectivity, and transmissivity". Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. pp. 385–386. ISBN 978-81-203-4031-2.
Kirchhoff 1860c Kirchhoff, G. (1860c). "Ueber das Verhältniss zwischen dem Emissionsvermögen und dem Absorptionsvermögen der Körper für Wärme and Licht". Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 185 (2): 275–301. Bibcode:1860AnP...185..275K. doi:10.1002/andp.18601850205. Translated by Guthrie, F. as Kirchhoff, G. (1860). "On the relation between the radiating and absorbing powers of different bodies for light and heat". Philosophical Magazine. Series 4. 20: 1–21.
An extensive historical discussion is found in Mehra, Jagdish; Rechenberg, Helmut (2000). The historical development of quantum theory. Springer. pp. 39 ff. ISBN 978-0-387-95174-4.
Bradley Quinn (2010). Textile Futures. Berg. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-84520-807-3.
Simon F. Green; Mark H. Jones; S. Jocelyn Burnell (2004). An introduction to the sun and stars. Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–22, 53. ISBN 978-0-521-54622-5. A source in which photons are much more likely to interact with the material within the source than to escape is a condition for the formation of a black-body spectrum
David H. Kelley; Eugene F. Milone; Anthony F. (FRW) Aveni (2011). Exploring Ancient Skies: A Survey of Ancient and Cultural Astronomy (2nd ed.). Springer. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-4419-7623-9.
M Golay (1974). "Table IX: U-B Indices". Introduction to astronomical photometry. Springer. p. 82. ISBN 978-90-277-0428-3.
Lawrence Hugh Aller (1991). Atoms, stars, and nebulae (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-521-31040-6.
Kenneth R. Lang (2006). Astrophysical formulae, Volume 1 (3rd ed.). Birkhäuser. p. 23. ISBN 978-3-540-29692-8.
B. Bertotti; Paolo Farinella; David Vokrouhlický (2003). "Figure 9.2: The temperature profile in the solar atmosphere". New Views of the Solar System. Springer. p. 248. ISBN 978-1-4020-1428-4.
Figure modeled after E. Böhm-Vitense (1989). "Figure 4.9". Introduction to Stellar Astrophysics: Basic stellar observations and data. Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-521-34869-0.
Robert M Wald (2005). "The thermodynamics of black holes". In Andrés Gomberoff; Donald Marolf (eds.). Lectures on quantum gravity. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1–38. ISBN 978-0-387-23995-8.
Bernard J Carr & Steven B Giddings (2008). "Chapter 6: Quantum black holes". Beyond Extreme Physics: Cutting-edge science. Rosen Publishing Group, Scientific American (COR). p. 30. ISBN 978-1-4042-1402-6.
Valeri P. Frolov; Andrei Zelnikov (2011). "Equation 9.7.1". Introduction to Black Hole Physics. Oxford University Press. p. 321. ISBN 978-0-19-969229-3.
Robert M Wald (2005). "The thermodynamics of black holes (pp. 1–38)". In Andrés Gomberoff; Donald Marolf (eds.). Lectures on Quantum Gravity. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-387-23995-8. ... no results on black hole thermodynamics have been subject to any experimental or observational tests ...
A simple example is provided by Srivastava M. K. (2011). "Cooling by radiation". The Person Guide to Objective Physics for the IIT-JEE. Pearson Education India. p. 610. ISBN 978-81-317-5513-6.
M Vollmer; K-P Mõllmann (2011). "Figure 1.38: Some examples for temperature dependence of emissivity for different materials". Infrared Thermal Imaging: Fundamentals, Research and Applications. John Wiley & Sons. p. 45. ISBN 978-3-527-63087-5.
Robert Osiander; M. Ann Garrison Darrin; John Champion (2006). MEMS and Microstructures in aerospace applications. CRC Press. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-8247-2637-9.
Walter Lewin; Warren Goldstein (2011). "X-ray bursters!". For the love of physics. Simon and Schuster. pp. 251 ff. ISBN 978-1-4391-0827-7.
TE Strohmayer (2006). "Neutron star structure and fundamental physics". In John W. Mason (ed.). Astrophysics update, Volume 2. Birkhäuser. p. 41. ISBN 978-3-540-30312-1.

cewriters.com

CF Lewis (June 1988). "Materials keep a low profile" (PDF). Mech. Eng.: 37–41.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

doi.org

Chun, Ai Lin (2008). "Blacker than black". Nature Nanotechnology. doi:10.1038/nnano.2008.29.
Kirchhoff 1860c Kirchhoff, G. (1860c). "Ueber das Verhältniss zwischen dem Emissionsvermögen und dem Absorptionsvermögen der Körper für Wärme and Licht". Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 185 (2): 275–301. Bibcode:1860AnP...185..275K. doi:10.1002/andp.18601850205. Translated by Guthrie, F. as Kirchhoff, G. (1860). "On the relation between the radiating and absorbing powers of different bodies for light and heat". Philosophical Magazine. Series 4. 20: 1–21.
Lummer & Kurlbaum 1901 Lummer, O.; Kurlbaum, F. (1901). "Der elektrisch geglühte "schwarze" Körper". Annalen der Physik. 310 (8): 829–836. Bibcode:1901AnP...310..829L. doi:10.1002/andp.19013100809.
K. Mizuno; et al. (2009). "A black body absorber from vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (15): 6044–6077. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.6044M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900155106. PMC 2669394. PMID 19339498.
Zu-Po Yang; et al. (2008). "Experimental observation of an extremely dark material made by a low-density nanotube array". Nano Letters. 8 (2): 446–451. Bibcode:2008NanoL...8..446Y. doi:10.1021/nl072369t. PMID 18181658. S2CID 7412160.
Ghai, Viney; Singh, Harpreet; Agnihotri, Prabhat K. (2019). "Dandelion-Like Carbon Nanotubes for Near-Perfect Black Surfaces". ACS Applied Nano Materials. 2 (12): 7951–7956. doi:10.1021/acsanm.9b01950. S2CID 213017898.
David F Gray (February 1995). "Comparing the sun with other stars along the temperature coordinate". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 107: 120–123. Bibcode:1995PASP..107..120G. doi:10.1086/133525.
PCW Davies (1978). "Thermodynamics of black holes" (PDF). Rep Prog Phys. 41 (8): 1313–1355. Bibcode:1978RPPh...41.1313D. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/41/8/004. S2CID 250916407. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013.
Krishna Rajagopal; Frank Wilczek (2001). "6.2 Coling by Neutrino Emissions (pp. 2135-2136) – The Condensed Matter Physics of QCD". In Mikhail A. Shifman (ed.). At The Frontier of Particle Physics: Handbook of QCD (On the occasion of the 75th birthday of Professor Boris Ioffe). Vol. 3. Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 2061–2151. arXiv:hep-ph/0011333v2. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.344.2269. doi:10.1142/9789812810458_0043. ISBN 978-981-02-4969-4. S2CID 13606600. For the first 10^5–6 years of its life, the cooling of a neutron star is governed by the balance between heat capacity and the loss of heat by neutrino emission. ... Both the specific heat C_V and the neutrino emission rate L_ν are dominated by physics within T of the Fermi surface. ... The star will cool rapidly until its interior temperature is T < T_c ~ ∆, at which time the quark matter core will become inert and the further cooling history will be dominated by neutrino emission from the nuclear matter fraction of the star.

electro-optical.com

Some authors describe sources of infrared radiation with emissivity greater than approximately 0.99 as a black body. See "What is a Blackbody and Infrared Radiation?". Education/Reference tab. Electro Optical Industries, Inc. 2008. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2019.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Kirchhoff 1860c Kirchhoff, G. (1860c). "Ueber das Verhältniss zwischen dem Emissionsvermögen und dem Absorptionsvermögen der Körper für Wärme and Licht". Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 185 (2): 275–301. Bibcode:1860AnP...185..275K. doi:10.1002/andp.18601850205. Translated by Guthrie, F. as Kirchhoff, G. (1860). "On the relation between the radiating and absorbing powers of different bodies for light and heat". Philosophical Magazine. Series 4. 20: 1–21.
Lummer & Kurlbaum 1901 Lummer, O.; Kurlbaum, F. (1901). "Der elektrisch geglühte "schwarze" Körper". Annalen der Physik. 310 (8): 829–836. Bibcode:1901AnP...310..829L. doi:10.1002/andp.19013100809.
K. Mizuno; et al. (2009). "A black body absorber from vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (15): 6044–6077. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.6044M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900155106. PMC 2669394. PMID 19339498.
Zu-Po Yang; et al. (2008). "Experimental observation of an extremely dark material made by a low-density nanotube array". Nano Letters. 8 (2): 446–451. Bibcode:2008NanoL...8..446Y. doi:10.1021/nl072369t. PMID 18181658. S2CID 7412160.
David F Gray (February 1995). "Comparing the sun with other stars along the temperature coordinate". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 107: 120–123. Bibcode:1995PASP..107..120G. doi:10.1086/133525.
PCW Davies (1978). "Thermodynamics of black holes" (PDF). Rep Prog Phys. 41 (8): 1313–1355. Bibcode:1978RPPh...41.1313D. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/41/8/004. S2CID 250916407. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013.

newscientist.com

See description of work by Richard Brown and his colleagues at the UK's National Physical Laboratory: Mick Hamer (6 February 2003). "Mini craters key to 'blackest ever black'". New Scientist.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

K. Mizuno; et al. (2009). "A black body absorber from vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (15): 6044–6077. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.6044M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900155106. PMC 2669394. PMID 19339498.
Zu-Po Yang; et al. (2008). "Experimental observation of an extremely dark material made by a low-density nanotube array". Nano Letters. 8 (2): 446–451. Bibcode:2008NanoL...8..446Y. doi:10.1021/nl072369t. PMID 18181658. S2CID 7412160.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

K. Mizuno; et al. (2009). "A black body absorber from vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (15): 6044–6077. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.6044M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900155106. PMC 2669394. PMID 19339498.

nist.gov

physics.nist.gov

"2022 CODATA Value: Stefan–Boltzmann constant". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2024.

openlibrary.org

Planck 1914, pp. 9–10 Planck, M. (1914). The Theory of Heat Radiation. Masius, M. (transl.) (2nd ed.). P. Blakiston's Son & Co. OL 7154661M.
The notion of an infinitely thin layer was dropped by Planck. See Planck 1914, p. 10, footnote 2. Planck, M. (1914). The Theory of Heat Radiation. Masius, M. (transl.) (2nd ed.). P. Blakiston's Son & Co. OL 7154661M.
Planck 1914, p. 44, §52 Planck, M. (1914). The Theory of Heat Radiation. Masius, M. (transl.) (2nd ed.). P. Blakiston's Son & Co. OL 7154661M.
Planck 1914, p. 10 Planck, M. (1914). The Theory of Heat Radiation. Masius, M. (transl.) (2nd ed.). P. Blakiston's Son & Co. OL 7154661M.
Planck 1914, pp. 9–10, §10 Planck, M. (1914). The Theory of Heat Radiation. Masius, M. (transl.) (2nd ed.). P. Blakiston's Son & Co. OL 7154661M.

psu.edu

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Krishna Rajagopal; Frank Wilczek (2001). "6.2 Coling by Neutrino Emissions (pp. 2135-2136) – The Condensed Matter Physics of QCD". In Mikhail A. Shifman (ed.). At The Frontier of Particle Physics: Handbook of QCD (On the occasion of the 75th birthday of Professor Boris Ioffe). Vol. 3. Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 2061–2151. arXiv:hep-ph/0011333v2. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.344.2269. doi:10.1142/9789812810458_0043. ISBN 978-981-02-4969-4. S2CID 13606600. For the first 10^5–6 years of its life, the cooling of a neutron star is governed by the balance between heat capacity and the loss of heat by neutrino emission. ... Both the specific heat C_V and the neutrino emission rate L_ν are dominated by physics within T of the Fermi surface. ... The star will cool rapidly until its interior temperature is T < T_c ~ ∆, at which time the quark matter core will become inert and the further cooling history will be dominated by neutrino emission from the nuclear matter fraction of the star.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Zu-Po Yang; et al. (2008). "Experimental observation of an extremely dark material made by a low-density nanotube array". Nano Letters. 8 (2): 446–451. Bibcode:2008NanoL...8..446Y. doi:10.1021/nl072369t. PMID 18181658. S2CID 7412160.
Ghai, Viney; Singh, Harpreet; Agnihotri, Prabhat K. (2019). "Dandelion-Like Carbon Nanotubes for Near-Perfect Black Surfaces". ACS Applied Nano Materials. 2 (12): 7951–7956. doi:10.1021/acsanm.9b01950. S2CID 213017898.
PCW Davies (1978). "Thermodynamics of black holes" (PDF). Rep Prog Phys. 41 (8): 1313–1355. Bibcode:1978RPPh...41.1313D. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/41/8/004. S2CID 250916407. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013.
Krishna Rajagopal; Frank Wilczek (2001). "6.2 Coling by Neutrino Emissions (pp. 2135-2136) – The Condensed Matter Physics of QCD". In Mikhail A. Shifman (ed.). At The Frontier of Particle Physics: Handbook of QCD (On the occasion of the 75th birthday of Professor Boris Ioffe). Vol. 3. Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 2061–2151. arXiv:hep-ph/0011333v2. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.344.2269. doi:10.1142/9789812810458_0043. ISBN 978-981-02-4969-4. S2CID 13606600. For the first 10^5–6 years of its life, the cooling of a neutron star is governed by the balance between heat capacity and the loss of heat by neutrino emission. ... Both the specific heat C_V and the neutrino emission rate L_ν are dominated by physics within T of the Fermi surface. ... The star will cool rapidly until its interior temperature is T < T_c ~ ∆, at which time the quark matter core will become inert and the further cooling history will be dominated by neutrino emission from the nuclear matter fraction of the star.

ucla.edu

dpf99.library.ucla.edu

White, M. (1999). "Anisotropies in the CMB" (PDF). Proceedings of the Los Angeles Meeting, DPF 99. UCLA. See also arXive.org.

web.archive.org

Some authors describe sources of infrared radiation with emissivity greater than approximately 0.99 as a black body. See "What is a Blackbody and Infrared Radiation?". Education/Reference tab. Electro Optical Industries, Inc. 2008. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2019.
PCW Davies (1978). "Thermodynamics of black holes" (PDF). Rep Prog Phys. 41 (8): 1313–1355. Bibcode:1978RPPh...41.1313D. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/41/8/004. S2CID 250916407. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013.

zenodo.org

Lummer & Kurlbaum 1901 Lummer, O.; Kurlbaum, F. (1901). "Der elektrisch geglühte "schwarze" Körper". Annalen der Physik. 310 (8): 829–836. Bibcode:1901AnP...310..829L. doi:10.1002/andp.19013100809.