Cadmium telluride photovoltaics (English Wikipedia)

Wikoff, Hope M.; Reese, Samantha B.; Reese, Matthew O. (2022-07-20). "Embodied energy and carbon from the manufacture of cadmium telluride and silicon photovoltaics". Joule. 6 (7): 1710–1725. Bibcode:2022Joule...6.1710W. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2022.06.006. ISSN 2542-4785. S2CID 250205824.
Jinqing Peng; Lin Lu; Hongxing Yang (2013). "Review on life cycle assessment of energy payback and greenhouse gas emission of solar photovoltaic systems". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 19: 255–274. Bibcode:2013RSERv..19..255P. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.035. hdl:10397/34975.
V. Fthenakis; H. C. Kim. (2010). "Life-cycle uses of water in U.S. electricity generation". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 14 (7): 2039–2048. Bibcode:2010RSERv..14.2039F. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.03.008.
de Wild-Scholten, Mariska (2013). "Energy payback time and carbon footprint of commercial photovoltaic systems". Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells. 119: 296–305. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2013.08.037.
Fthenakis, Vasilis M. (2004). "Life cycle impact analysis of cadmium in CdTe PV production" (PDF). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 8 (4): 303–334. Bibcode:2004RSERv...8..303F. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2003.12.001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 May 2014.
D. A. Jenny; R. H. Bube (1954). "Semiconducting CdTe". Phys. Rev. 96 (5): 1190–1191. Bibcode:1954PhRv...96.1190J. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.96.1190.
R. H. Bube (1955). "Photoconductivity of the Sulfide, Selenide, and Telluride of Zinc or Cadmium". Proceedings of the IRE. 43 (12): 1836–1850. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1955.278046. ISSN 0096-8390. S2CID 51644055.
D. A. Cusano (1963). "CdTe Solar Cells and PV Heterojunctions in II-VI Compounds". Solid State Electronics. 6 (3): 217–218. Bibcode:1963SSEle...6..217C. doi:10.1016/0038-1101(63)90078-9.
B. Goldstein (1958). "Properties of PV Films of CdTe". Phys. Rev. 109 (2): 601–603. Bibcode:1958PhRv..109..601G. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.109.601.2.
K. Zweibel (1995). "Thin Films Past Present and Future" (PDF). Nrel/Tp-413-7486. doi:10.2172/61140.R. Noufi; K. Zweibel (2006). High-Efficiency CdTe and CIGS Thin-Film Solar Cells: Highlights and Challenges. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA. Archived from the original on 2008-10-07. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
Fairley, P. (2003). "BP solar ditches thin-film photovoltaics". IEEE Spectrum. 40: 18–19. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2003.1159741. S2CID 26399121.
McCandless, B.E.; Birkmire, R.W.; Buchanan, W.A. (May 2002). "Vapor transport deposition of cadmium telluride films". Conference Record of the Twenty-Ninth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2002. pp. 547–550. doi:10.1109/PVSC.2002.1190623. ISBN 0-7803-7471-1. S2CID 119779034.
Sinha, P. (2013). "Life cycle materials and water management for CdTe photovoltaics". Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells. 119: 271–275. Bibcode:2013SEMSC.119..271S. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2013.08.022.
Powalla, Michael; Paetel, Stefan; Ahlswede, Erik; Wuerz, Roland; Wessendorf, Cordula D.; Magorian Friedlmeier, Theresa (2018-12-01). "Thin-film solar cells exceeding 22% solar cell efficiency: An overview on CdTe-, Cu(In,Ga)Se2-, and perovskite-based materials". Applied Physics Reviews. 5 (4): 041602. Bibcode:2018ApPRv...5d1602P. doi:10.1063/1.5061809. S2CID 139533600.
Romeo, Alessandro; Artegiani, Elisa (January 2021). "CdTe-Based Thin Film Solar Cells: Past, Present and Future". Energies. 14 (6): 1684. doi:10.3390/en14061684.
P. Singh; N.M. Ravindra (June 2012). "Temperature Dependence of Solar Cell Performance—an Analysis". Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 101: 36–45. Bibcode:2012SEMSC.101...36S. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2012.02.019.
Green, M. (August 2003). "General Temperature Dependence of Solar Cell Performance and Implications for Device Modelling". Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications. 11 (5): 333–340. doi:10.1002/pip.496. S2CID 95689582.
M. Raugei; V. Fthenakis (2010). "Cadmium flows and emissions from CdTe PV: future expectations". Energy Policy. 38 (9): 5223–5228. Bibcode:2010EnPol..38.5223R. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.05.007.
Max Marwede; Armin Reller (2012). "Future recycling flows of tellurium from cadmium telluride photovoltaic waste" (PDF). Resources, Conservation, & Recycling. 69 (4): 35–49. Bibcode:2012RCR....69...35M. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.09.003.
Zweibel, K. (2010). "The Impact of Tellurium Supply on Cadmium Telluride Photovoltaics". Science. 328 (5979): 699–701. Bibcode:2010Sci...328..699Z. doi:10.1126/science.1189690. PMID 20448173. S2CID 29231392.
B. L. Cohen (1984). "Anomalous behavior of tellurium abundances". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 48 (1): 204–205. Bibcode:1984GeCoA..48..203C. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(84)90363-6.
Hein, J.; Koschinsky, A.; Halliday, A. (2003). "Global Occurrence of tellurium-rich ferromanganese crusts and a model for enrichment of tellurium". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 67 (6): 1117–1127. Bibcode:2003GeCoA..67.1117H. doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(02)01279-6. The ridges occur at 400-4000 m depths where currents have kept the rocks swept clean of sediments for millions of years. Crusts…forming pavements up to 250 mm thick
Major, J. D.; Treharne, R. E.; Phillips, L. J.; Durose, K. (2014). "A low-cost non-toxic post-growth activation step for Cd Te solar cells". Nature. 511 (7509): 334–337. Bibcode:2014Natur.511..334M. doi:10.1038/nature13435. PMID 25030171. S2CID 4399087.
V. Fthenakis; H. C. Kim (2006). "CdTe Photovoltaics: Life Cycle Environmental Profile and Comparisons". European Material Research Society Meeting, Symposium for Environmental Issues. 515 (15): 5961–5963. Bibcode:2007TSF...515.5961F. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2006.12.138.
Major, Jonathan D. (2016). "Grain boundaries in CdTe thin-film solar cells: A review". Semiconductor Science and Technology. 31 (9): 093001. Bibcode:2016SeScT..31i3001M. doi:10.1088/0268-1242/31/9/093001.
Giacchetta, Giancarlo; Leporini, Mariella; Marchetti, Barbara (July 2013). "Evaluation of the environmental benefits of new high value process for the management of the end of life of thin-film photovoltaic modules". Journal of Cleaner Production. 51: 214–224. Bibcode:2013JCPro..51..214G. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.01.022. ISSN 0959-6526.
Fthenakis, Vasilis M (August 2004). "Life cycle impact analysis of cadmium in CdTe PV production". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 8 (4): 303–334. Bibcode:2004RSERv...8..303F. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2003.12.001. ISSN 1364-0321.
Zhang, Xiaofeng; Huang, Daxin; Jiang, Wenlong; Zha, Guozheng; Deng, Juhai; Deng, Pan; Kong, Xiangfeng; Liu, Dachun (January 2020). "Selective separation and recovery of rare metals by vulcanization-vacuum distillation of cadmium telluride waste". Separation and Purification Technology. 230: 115864. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115864. ISSN 1383-5866.
Marchetti, Barbara; Corvaro, Francesco; Giacchetta, Giancarlo; Polonara, Fabio; Cocci Grifoni, Roberta; Leporini, Mariella (2018-02-12). "Double Green Process: a low environmental impact method for recycling of CdTe, a-Si and CIS/CIGS thin-film photovoltaic modules". International Journal of Sustainable Engineering. 11 (3): 173–185. doi:10.1080/19397038.2018.1424963. ISSN 1939-7038. S2CID 115286183.
Held, M. (2009-11-18). "Life Cycle Assessment of CdTe PV Module Recycling". 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 21–25 September 2009, Hamburg, Germany. 21-25 September 2009: 2370–2375. doi:10.4229/24thEUPVSEC2009-3CO.7.4 (inactive 2024-11-02).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
Fthenakis, V. M.; Moskowitz, P. D. (January 2000). "Photovoltaics: environmental, health and safety issues and perspectives". Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications. 8 (1): 27–38. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-159x(200001/02)8:1<27::aid-pip296>3.0.co;2-8. ISSN 1062-7995.
Mulvaney, Dustin (2014-07-01). "Are green jobs just jobs? Cadmium narratives in the life cycle of Photovoltaics". Geoforum. 54: 178–186. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.01.014. ISSN 0016-7185.

eetimes.com

Karen Field. "Bean Curd Component Could Slash Solar Panel Costs". EE Times. 2014.

empa.ch

"Empa CdTe—Thin Films and Photovoltaics". Empa. Retrieved 5 August 2015.

fabtech.org

"While First Solar keeps on trucking, others in CdTe thin-film PV pack keep on muddling". Fabtech.org. 2008-08-21.

firstsolar.com

"First Solar annual manufacturing levels". FirstSolar.com. 2008.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
First Solar CdTe Photovoltaic Technology: Environmental, Health and Safety Assessment. (2013). National Renewable Energy Centre (CENER), Fundacion Chile. https://www.firstsolar.com/en-Emea/-/media/First-Solar/Sustainability-Documents/Sustainability-Peer-Reviews/Chile-Peer-Review---Cener_EN.ashx
"First Solar CdTe Photovoltaic Technology: Environmental, Health and Safety Assessment". National Renewable Energy Centre. October 2013. p. 32.
"Grid-connected bulk power systems". website. First Solar.
"Agua Caliente (limited access)". First Solar.
"Projects". First Solar.

investor.firstsolar.com

"First Solar, Inc. - News".
"First Solar Annual Report" (PDF).^{[permanent dead link‍]}
"First Solar Builds the Highest Efficiency Thin Film PV Cell on Record". firstsolar.com. Archived from the original on 2014-09-09. Retrieved 2014-08-25.
"First Solar Sets Thin-Film Module Efficiency World Record of 17.0 Percent". firstsolar.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-20. Retrieved 2014-03-20.

dev.firstsolar.com

N. Strevel; L. Trippel; M. Gloeckler (August 2012). "Performance characterization and superior energy yield of First Solar PV power plants in high temperature conditions". Photovoltaics International.

fraunhofer.de

ise.fraunhofer.de

Fraunhofer ISE Photovoltaics Report, July 28, 2014, pages 18,19

gigaom.com

Guest Column (2008-09-25). "Cadmium: The Dark Side of Thin-Film?". gigaom.com. Archived from the original on 2018-09-03. Retrieved 2014-12-21.

greentechmedia.com

"The Lowdown on the Safety of First Solar's CdTe Thin Film". greentechmedia.com. 2012-03-19.
"First Solar Acquires GE's PrimeStar Solar IP, Misses Q2 Revenue and Lowers Guidance". GrenntechMedia. 6 August 2013.
"First Solar Hits Record 22.1% Conversion Efficiency for CdTe Solar Cell". Retrieved 2016-11-08.
"The Lowdown on the Safety of First Solar's CdTe Thin Film". Retrieved 2016-11-08.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Jinqing Peng; Lin Lu; Hongxing Yang (2013). "Review on life cycle assessment of energy payback and greenhouse gas emission of solar photovoltaic systems". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 19: 255–274. Bibcode:2013RSERv..19..255P. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.035. hdl:10397/34975.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Wikoff, Hope M.; Reese, Samantha B.; Reese, Matthew O. (2022-07-20). "Embodied energy and carbon from the manufacture of cadmium telluride and silicon photovoltaics". Joule. 6 (7): 1710–1725. Bibcode:2022Joule...6.1710W. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2022.06.006. ISSN 2542-4785. S2CID 250205824.
Jinqing Peng; Lin Lu; Hongxing Yang (2013). "Review on life cycle assessment of energy payback and greenhouse gas emission of solar photovoltaic systems". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 19: 255–274. Bibcode:2013RSERv..19..255P. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.035. hdl:10397/34975.
V. Fthenakis; H. C. Kim. (2010). "Life-cycle uses of water in U.S. electricity generation". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 14 (7): 2039–2048. Bibcode:2010RSERv..14.2039F. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.03.008.
Fthenakis, Vasilis M. (2004). "Life cycle impact analysis of cadmium in CdTe PV production" (PDF). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 8 (4): 303–334. Bibcode:2004RSERv...8..303F. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2003.12.001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 May 2014.
D. A. Jenny; R. H. Bube (1954). "Semiconducting CdTe". Phys. Rev. 96 (5): 1190–1191. Bibcode:1954PhRv...96.1190J. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.96.1190.
D. A. Cusano (1963). "CdTe Solar Cells and PV Heterojunctions in II-VI Compounds". Solid State Electronics. 6 (3): 217–218. Bibcode:1963SSEle...6..217C. doi:10.1016/0038-1101(63)90078-9.
B. Goldstein (1958). "Properties of PV Films of CdTe". Phys. Rev. 109 (2): 601–603. Bibcode:1958PhRv..109..601G. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.109.601.2.
Sinha, P. (2013). "Life cycle materials and water management for CdTe photovoltaics". Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells. 119: 271–275. Bibcode:2013SEMSC.119..271S. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2013.08.022.
Powalla, Michael; Paetel, Stefan; Ahlswede, Erik; Wuerz, Roland; Wessendorf, Cordula D.; Magorian Friedlmeier, Theresa (2018-12-01). "Thin-film solar cells exceeding 22% solar cell efficiency: An overview on CdTe-, Cu(In,Ga)Se2-, and perovskite-based materials". Applied Physics Reviews. 5 (4): 041602. Bibcode:2018ApPRv...5d1602P. doi:10.1063/1.5061809. S2CID 139533600.
P. Singh; N.M. Ravindra (June 2012). "Temperature Dependence of Solar Cell Performance—an Analysis". Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 101: 36–45. Bibcode:2012SEMSC.101...36S. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2012.02.019.
M. Raugei; V. Fthenakis (2010). "Cadmium flows and emissions from CdTe PV: future expectations". Energy Policy. 38 (9): 5223–5228. Bibcode:2010EnPol..38.5223R. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.05.007.
Max Marwede; Armin Reller (2012). "Future recycling flows of tellurium from cadmium telluride photovoltaic waste" (PDF). Resources, Conservation, & Recycling. 69 (4): 35–49. Bibcode:2012RCR....69...35M. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.09.003.
Zweibel, K. (2010). "The Impact of Tellurium Supply on Cadmium Telluride Photovoltaics". Science. 328 (5979): 699–701. Bibcode:2010Sci...328..699Z. doi:10.1126/science.1189690. PMID 20448173. S2CID 29231392.
B. L. Cohen (1984). "Anomalous behavior of tellurium abundances". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 48 (1): 204–205. Bibcode:1984GeCoA..48..203C. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(84)90363-6.
Hein, J.; Koschinsky, A.; Halliday, A. (2003). "Global Occurrence of tellurium-rich ferromanganese crusts and a model for enrichment of tellurium". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 67 (6): 1117–1127. Bibcode:2003GeCoA..67.1117H. doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(02)01279-6. The ridges occur at 400-4000 m depths where currents have kept the rocks swept clean of sediments for millions of years. Crusts…forming pavements up to 250 mm thick
Major, J. D.; Treharne, R. E.; Phillips, L. J.; Durose, K. (2014). "A low-cost non-toxic post-growth activation step for Cd Te solar cells". Nature. 511 (7509): 334–337. Bibcode:2014Natur.511..334M. doi:10.1038/nature13435. PMID 25030171. S2CID 4399087.
V. Fthenakis; H. C. Kim (2006). "CdTe Photovoltaics: Life Cycle Environmental Profile and Comparisons". European Material Research Society Meeting, Symposium for Environmental Issues. 515 (15): 5961–5963. Bibcode:2007TSF...515.5961F. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2006.12.138.
Major, Jonathan D. (2016). "Grain boundaries in CdTe thin-film solar cells: A review". Semiconductor Science and Technology. 31 (9): 093001. Bibcode:2016SeScT..31i3001M. doi:10.1088/0268-1242/31/9/093001.
Giacchetta, Giancarlo; Leporini, Mariella; Marchetti, Barbara (July 2013). "Evaluation of the environmental benefits of new high value process for the management of the end of life of thin-film photovoltaic modules". Journal of Cleaner Production. 51: 214–224. Bibcode:2013JCPro..51..214G. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.01.022. ISSN 0959-6526.
Fthenakis, Vasilis M (August 2004). "Life cycle impact analysis of cadmium in CdTe PV production". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 8 (4): 303–334. Bibcode:2004RSERv...8..303F. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2003.12.001. ISSN 1364-0321.

iea-pvps.org

"Evolution of First Solar's Module Recycling Program" (PDF). FirstSolar. 2013. p. 2. Retrieved July 28, 2015.

ieee.org

ieeexplore.ieee.org

McCandless, B.E.; Birkmire, R.W.; Buchanan, W.A. (May 2002). "Vapor transport deposition of cadmium telluride films". Conference Record of the Twenty-Ninth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2002. pp. 547–550. doi:10.1109/PVSC.2002.1190623. ISBN 0-7803-7471-1. S2CID 119779034.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Zweibel, K. (2010). "The Impact of Tellurium Supply on Cadmium Telluride Photovoltaics". Science. 328 (5979): 699–701. Bibcode:2010Sci...328..699Z. doi:10.1126/science.1189690. PMID 20448173. S2CID 29231392.
Major, J. D.; Treharne, R. E.; Phillips, L. J.; Durose, K. (2014). "A low-cost non-toxic post-growth activation step for Cd Te solar cells". Nature. 511 (7509): 334–337. Bibcode:2014Natur.511..334M. doi:10.1038/nature13435. PMID 25030171. S2CID 4399087.

nrel.gov

"Publications, Presentations, and News Database: Cadmium Telluride". National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
"NREL: Manufacturing Analysis - Supply Constraints Analysis". nrel.gov. 2014-01-23. Archived from the original on 2014-12-21.
"NREL: News - Record Makes Thin-Film Solar Cell Competitive with Silicon Efficiency". nrel.gov.
K. Zweibel (1995). "Thin Films Past Present and Future" (PDF). Nrel/Tp-413-7486. doi:10.2172/61140.R. Noufi; K. Zweibel (2006). High-Efficiency CdTe and CIGS Thin-Film Solar Cells: Highlights and Challenges. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA. Archived from the original on 2008-10-07. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
D. H. Rose; et al. (October 1999). "Technology Support of High-Throughput Processing of Thin Film CdTe Panels" (PDF). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. p. viii. NREL SR-520-27149.
"Parabolic Trough Technology Models and Software Tools". 2008-07-25. Archived from the original on 2008-09-22. Retrieved 2008-10-14. Like any solar price model, the Solar Advisory Model is quite sensitive to assumptions. Different sunlight, tax rates, interest rates, discount rates, loan durations, temperature coefficients, annual degradation rates, initial de-rating versus standard conditions, inverter efficiencies and O&M, and others can each have as much as a 10% impact on costs per unit power.
"Assessment of critical thin film resources". Archived from the original (.doc file) on 2009-05-07.
V. Fthenakis; M. Fuhrmann; J. Heiser; W. Wang (2004). Experimental Investigation of Emissions and Redistribution of Elements in CdTe PV Modules during Fires (PDF). 19th European PV Solar Energy Conference. Paris, France. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-07.
D. H. Rose; et al. (October 1999). "Technology Support of High-Throughput Processing of Thin Film CdTe Panels" (PDF). National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

osti.gov

K. Zweibel (1995). "Thin Films Past Present and Future" (PDF). Nrel/Tp-413-7486. doi:10.2172/61140.R. Noufi; K. Zweibel (2006). High-Efficiency CdTe and CIGS Thin-Film Solar Cells: Highlights and Challenges. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA. Archived from the original on 2008-10-07. Retrieved 2008-10-09.

patents.google.com

R. Colman, July 28, 1964 U.S. patent 3,142,586
Y. S. Tyan, 1978, Polycrystalline thin film CdS/CdTe photovoltaic cell, Kodak, U.S. patent 4,207,119 (EP0006025); Y. S. Tyan and E. A. Perez-Albuerne, 1982, Integrated array of photovoltaic cells having minimized shorting losses, Kodak, U.S. patent 4,315,096. Tyan especially published both patents and papers of significance at Kodak and helped to establish CdTe as an important thin film option.
B. Basol, E. Tseng, R.L. Rod, 1981, Thin film heterojunction photovoltaic cells and methods of making the same, Monosolar U.S. patent 4,388,483. B. Basol patented numerous aspects of electrodeposition and CdTe contacting for Monosolar. Monosolar was subsequently bought by SOHIO, which was then absorbed by British Petroleum. Electrodeposition continued at BP Solar until about 2002 when it was canceled along with all thin film work at BP.
Peter Meyers, originally of Ametek, provides a thread stretching from Ametek through Solar Cells Inc. to First Solar. He is on Ametek patents U.S. patent 4,260,427, 1981; U.S. patent 4,710,589, 1987; and SCI/First Solar patents

pennwd.com

"Report at juwi.de" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-13. (401 KB)

postfreemarket.net

Werner, Jürgen H. (2 November 2011). "Toxic Substances In Photovoltaic Modules" (PDF). postfreemarket.net. Institute of Photovoltaics, University of Stuttgart, Germany - The 21st International Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conference 2011 Fukuoka, Japan. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2014.
"Water Solubility of Cadmium Telluride in a Glass-to-Glass Sealed PV Module" (PDF). Vitreous State Laboratory, and AMELIO Solar, Inc. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-26.

power-technology.com

http://www.power-technology.com The world's biggest solar power plants, 29 August 2013

sciam.com

K. Zweibel, J. Mason, V. Fthenakis, "A Solar Grand Plan", Scientific American, Jan 2008. CdTe PV is the cheapest example of PV technologies and prices are about 16¢/kWh with US Southwest sunlight.
Further mention of cost competitiveness: David Biello, "Solar Power Lightens Up with Thin-Film Technology", Scientific American, April 2008.

sciencedirect.com

Mulvaney, Dustin (2014-07-01). "Are green jobs just jobs? Cadmium narratives in the life cycle of Photovoltaics". Geoforum. 54: 178–186. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.01.014. ISSN 0016-7185.

scitation.org

aip.scitation.org

Powalla, Michael; Paetel, Stefan; Ahlswede, Erik; Wuerz, Roland; Wessendorf, Cordula D.; Magorian Friedlmeier, Theresa (2018-12-01). "Thin-film solar cells exceeding 22% solar cell efficiency: An overview on CdTe-, Cu(In,Ga)Se2-, and perovskite-based materials". Applied Physics Reviews. 5 (4): 041602. Bibcode:2018ApPRv...5d1602P. doi:10.1063/1.5061809. S2CID 139533600.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Wikoff, Hope M.; Reese, Samantha B.; Reese, Matthew O. (2022-07-20). "Embodied energy and carbon from the manufacture of cadmium telluride and silicon photovoltaics". Joule. 6 (7): 1710–1725. Bibcode:2022Joule...6.1710W. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2022.06.006. ISSN 2542-4785. S2CID 250205824.
R. H. Bube (1955). "Photoconductivity of the Sulfide, Selenide, and Telluride of Zinc or Cadmium". Proceedings of the IRE. 43 (12): 1836–1850. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1955.278046. ISSN 0096-8390. S2CID 51644055.
Fairley, P. (2003). "BP solar ditches thin-film photovoltaics". IEEE Spectrum. 40: 18–19. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2003.1159741. S2CID 26399121.
McCandless, B.E.; Birkmire, R.W.; Buchanan, W.A. (May 2002). "Vapor transport deposition of cadmium telluride films". Conference Record of the Twenty-Ninth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2002. pp. 547–550. doi:10.1109/PVSC.2002.1190623. ISBN 0-7803-7471-1. S2CID 119779034.
Powalla, Michael; Paetel, Stefan; Ahlswede, Erik; Wuerz, Roland; Wessendorf, Cordula D.; Magorian Friedlmeier, Theresa (2018-12-01). "Thin-film solar cells exceeding 22% solar cell efficiency: An overview on CdTe-, Cu(In,Ga)Se2-, and perovskite-based materials". Applied Physics Reviews. 5 (4): 041602. Bibcode:2018ApPRv...5d1602P. doi:10.1063/1.5061809. S2CID 139533600.
Green, M. (August 2003). "General Temperature Dependence of Solar Cell Performance and Implications for Device Modelling". Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications. 11 (5): 333–340. doi:10.1002/pip.496. S2CID 95689582.
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