Cairo (English Wikipedia)

Briney, Amanda (20 February 2011). "Ten Facts about Cairo, Egypt". Geography of Cairo. About.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Khoder, M.I. (January 2007). "Ambient levels of volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere of Greater Cairo". Atmospheric Environment. 41 (3): 554–66. Bibcode:2007AtmEn..41..554K. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.08.051. ISSN 1352-2310.
Khoder, M (2007). "Black cloud reappears over Cairo". Middle East Online. 41 (3): 554. Bibcode:2007AtmEn..41..554K. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.08.051.

african-markets.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Yonga, Romuald (9 November 2020). "About Egyptian Exchange - african markets". www.african-markets.com. Retrieved 4 November 2025.

africanews.com (Global: 2,572^nd place; English: 1,864^th place)

"Egypt: First electrified light rail transit system begins operations". AfricaNews. 4 July 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
"Battling Cairo's traffic congestion". Africanews. 9 December 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2026.

africaodyssey.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Holidays to Cairo | Egyptian Holidays | Africa Odyssey". www.africaodyssey.com. Retrieved 13 January 2026.

ahram.org.eg (Global: 1,074^th place; English: 1,150^th place)

english.ahram.org.eg

"Cairo tops business cities in Africa in 2022: Cabinet - Economy - Business". Ahram Online. Retrieved 19 December 2025.
"Cairo taxi drivers press demands to shut down Uber, Careem - Politics - Egypt". Ahram Online.
"National Museum of Egyptian Civilization opens temporary exhibit, free admission - Museums - Antiquities". Ahram Online. Retrieved 18 December 2025.

weekly.ahram.org.eg

"Al-Ahram Weekly | Features | City of the sun". Weekly.ahram.org.eg. 1 June 2005. Archived from the original on 25 March 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
Leila, Reem (24–30 April 2008). "Redrawing the Map". No. 894. al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from the original on 10 August 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
Reem Leila (1 February 2006). "Reaching an impasse". Al-Ahram Weekly. Weekly.ahram.org.eg. Archived from the original on 20 April 2009.

ahram.org.eg

خسائر الحريق [The Fire Damage]. Al-Ahram (in Arabic). 12 May 2010. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2011.

almasryalyoum.com (Global: 2,867^th place; English: 8,120^th place)

"Egyptians report poor communication services on Day of Anger". Almasry Alyoum. 25 January 2011. Archived from the original on 30 January 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2011.

antiquities.gov.eg (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Under Constraction". www.antiquities.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 2 August 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2025.

apnews.com (Global: 101^st place; English: 62^nd place)

"At least 8 killed in building collapse in Cairo". AP News. 10 December 2024. Archived from the original on 4 April 2025.

aramcoworld.com (Global: low place; English: 8,827^th place)

Toler, Pamela D. (2016). "In Fragments from Fustat, Glimpses of a Cosmopolitan Old Cairo". AramcoWorld. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Raymond 1993, p. 83-85. Raymond, André (1993). Le Caire (in French). Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-02983-2. English translation: Raymond, André (2000). Cairo. Translated by Wood, Willard. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00316-3.
Raymond 1993, p. 16-18. Raymond, André (1993). Le Caire (in French). Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-02983-2. English translation: Raymond, André (2000). Cairo. Translated by Wood, Willard. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00316-3.
Raymond 1993, p. 13. Raymond, André (1993). Le Caire (in French). Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-02983-2. English translation: Raymond, André (2000). Cairo. Translated by Wood, Willard. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00316-3.
Raymond 1993, p. 19. Raymond, André (1993). Le Caire (in French). Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-02983-2. English translation: Raymond, André (2000). Cairo. Translated by Wood, Willard. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00316-3.
Raymond 1993, p. 30-31. Raymond, André (1993). Le Caire (in French). Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-02983-2. English translation: Raymond, André (2000). Cairo. Translated by Wood, Willard. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00316-3.
Raymond 1993, p. 33. Raymond, André (1993). Le Caire (in French). Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-02983-2. English translation: Raymond, André (2000). Cairo. Translated by Wood, Willard. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00316-3.
Raymond 1993, p. 34. Raymond, André (1993). Le Caire (in French). Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-02983-2. English translation: Raymond, André (2000). Cairo. Translated by Wood, Willard. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00316-3.
Glassé & Smith 2003, p. 96. Glassé, Cyril; Smith, Huston (2003). The New Encyclopedia of Islam (2nd revised ed.). Singapore: Tien Wah Press. ISBN 978-0-7591-0190-6.
Raymond 1993, p. 78. Raymond, André (1993). Le Caire (in French). Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-02983-2. English translation: Raymond, André (2000). Cairo. Translated by Wood, Willard. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00316-3.
Raymond 1993, p. 62-63. Raymond, André (1993). Le Caire (in French). Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-02983-2. English translation: Raymond, André (2000). Cairo. Translated by Wood, Willard. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00316-3.
Raymond 1993, p. 66-69. Raymond, André (1993). Le Caire (in French). Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-02983-2. English translation: Raymond, André (2000). Cairo. Translated by Wood, Willard. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00316-3.
Raymond 1993, pp. 83–85, 103. Raymond, André (1993). Le Caire (in French). Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-02983-2. English translation: Raymond, André (2000). Cairo. Translated by Wood, Willard. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00316-3.
Raymond 1993, p. 89-97. Raymond, André (1993). Le Caire (in French). Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-02983-2. English translation: Raymond, André (2000). Cairo. Translated by Wood, Willard. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00316-3.
Raymond 1993, p. 110. Raymond, André (1993). Le Caire (in French). Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-02983-2. English translation: Raymond, André (2000). Cairo. Translated by Wood, Willard. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00316-3.
Raymond 1993, pp. 115–117. Raymond, André (1993). Le Caire (in French). Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-02983-2. English translation: Raymond, André (2000). Cairo. Translated by Wood, Willard. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00316-3.
Raymond 1993, p. 122-124, 140-142. Raymond, André (1993). Le Caire (in French). Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-02983-2. English translation: Raymond, André (2000). Cairo. Translated by Wood, Willard. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00316-3.
Raymond 1993, pp. 143–147. Raymond, André (1993). Le Caire (in French). Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-02983-2. English translation: Raymond, André (2000). Cairo. Translated by Wood, Willard. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00316-3.
Raymond 1993, pp. 169–177. Raymond, André (1993). Le Caire (in French). Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-02983-2. English translation: Raymond, André (2000). Cairo. Translated by Wood, Willard. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00316-3.
McGregor 2006, p. 53. McGregor, Andrew James (2006). A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-98601-8.
Rippin, Andrew; et al. (2006). The Blackwell companion to the Qur'an ([2a reimpr.] ed.). Blackwell. ISBN 978140511752-4.
Collins 2002, p. 125. Collins, Robert O. (2002). The Nile (illustrated ed.). New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09764-1.
Collins 2002, p. 126. Collins, Robert O. (2002). The Nile (illustrated ed.). New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09764-1.
Meinardus, Otto Friedrich August (1977). Christian Egypt, Ancient and Modern (2nd ed.). American University in Cairo Press. pp. 272–339.
Vatikiotis, Panayiotis J. (1997). The Middle East: From the End of Empire to the End of the Cold War. Routledge. p. 194. ISBN 9780415158497.
Raymond 1993, p. 62. Raymond, André (1993). Le Caire (in French). Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-02983-2. English translation: Raymond, André (2000). Cairo. Translated by Wood, Willard. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00316-3.
Raymond 1993, pp. 90–97. Raymond, André (1993). Le Caire (in French). Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-02983-2. English translation: Raymond, André (2000). Cairo. Translated by Wood, Willard. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00316-3.
Raymond 1993, p. 179. Raymond, André (1993). Le Caire (in French). Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-02983-2. English translation: Raymond, André (2000). Cairo. Translated by Wood, Willard. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00316-3.

ask-aladdin.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Ask-Aladdin. "Cairo Tower | Cairo Tower, Egypt Cairo Tower | Cairo Tower information | Cairo Tower Facts - AskAladdin". Egypt Travel Experts. Archived from the original on 11 April 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2025.

asu.edu.eg (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Ain Shams university".

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

"Hundreds held over Egypt protests". BBC News. Archived from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
"Egyptians losing fear of regime". BBC News. Archived from the original on 29 January 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
"Egypt mummies pass through Cairo in ancient rulers' parade". BBC News. 3 April 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2025.

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

"Egypt unveils plans to build new capital east of Cairo". BBC News. 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 13 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
"Cairo monorail trains to be built in UK". BBC News. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
"Cairo monorail trains to be built in UK". BBC News. 28 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
"Egypt brings in new sex assault laws". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 October 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
"Cairo 'most dangerous' city for women". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2025.

berkeley.edu (Global: 621^st place; English: 429^th place)

orias.berkeley.edu

Bartel, Nick. "Return Home: 1346 - 1349". The Travels of Ibn Battuta. UC Berkeley, Office of Resources for International and Area Studies. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

UNESCO (1 October 2021). The African Film Industry: Trends, challenges and opportunities for growth. UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 978-92-3-100470-4.
Jiwa, Shainool (2017). The Fatimids: 1 - The Rise of a Muslim Empire. I.B. Tauris (in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies). ISBN 978-1-78672-174-7.
Towards a Shi'i Mediterranean Empire: Fatimid Egypt and the Founding of Cairo. I. B. Tauris. 2009. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-85771-742-9.
Behrens-Abouseif 1992, p. 8. Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1992). Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09626-4. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
Golia 2004, p. 152. Golia, Maria (2004). Cairo: city of sand. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-187-7. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
Gabra et al. 2013, p. 18. Gabra, Gawdat; van Loon, Gertrud J.M.; Reif, Stefan; Swelim, Tarek (2013). Ludwig, Carolyn; Jackson, Morris (eds.). The History and Religious Heritage of Old Cairo: Its Fortress, Churches, Synagogue, and Mosque. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774167690.
Gabra et al. 2013, pp. 20–22. Gabra, Gawdat; van Loon, Gertrud J.M.; Reif, Stefan; Swelim, Tarek (2013). Ludwig, Carolyn; Jackson, Morris (eds.). The History and Religious Heritage of Old Cairo: Its Fortress, Churches, Synagogue, and Mosque. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774167690.
Stanley, Bruce (2007). "Cairo". In Dumper, Michael R.T.; Stanley, Bruce (eds.). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 107–114. ISBN 978-1-57607-919-5.
Abu-Lughod 1971, p. 6. Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1971). Cairo: 1001 Years of the City Victorious. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-65660-1.
Meinardus, Otto F. A. (2002). Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-1-61797-263-8.
Gabra et al. 2013, p. 33. Gabra, Gawdat; van Loon, Gertrud J.M.; Reif, Stefan; Swelim, Tarek (2013). Ludwig, Carolyn; Jackson, Morris (eds.). The History and Religious Heritage of Old Cairo: Its Fortress, Churches, Synagogue, and Mosque. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774167690.
Gabra et al. 2013, p. 75. Gabra, Gawdat; van Loon, Gertrud J.M.; Reif, Stefan; Swelim, Tarek (2013). Ludwig, Carolyn; Jackson, Morris (eds.). The History and Religious Heritage of Old Cairo: Its Fortress, Churches, Synagogue, and Mosque. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774167690.
Kennedy 2007, p. 161. Kennedy, Hugh (2007). The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 9780297846574.
Abu-Lughod 1971, p. 7. Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1971). Cairo: 1001 Years of the City Victorious. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-65660-1.
Kennedy 2007, p. 160. Kennedy, Hugh (2007). The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 9780297846574.
Gabra et al. 2013, p. 21. Gabra, Gawdat; van Loon, Gertrud J.M.; Reif, Stefan; Swelim, Tarek (2013). Ludwig, Carolyn; Jackson, Morris (eds.). The History and Religious Heritage of Old Cairo: Its Fortress, Churches, Synagogue, and Mosque. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774167690.
Gabra et al. 2013, p. 280. Gabra, Gawdat; van Loon, Gertrud J.M.; Reif, Stefan; Swelim, Tarek (2013). Ludwig, Carolyn; Jackson, Morris (eds.). The History and Religious Heritage of Old Cairo: Its Fortress, Churches, Synagogue, and Mosque. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774167690.
Abu-Lughod 1971, p. 134. Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1971). Cairo: 1001 Years of the City Victorious. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-65660-1.
Behrens-Abouseif 1992, p. 50. Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1992). Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09626-4. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
AlSayyad, Nezar (2013). Cairo: Histories of a City. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-07245-9.
Elyachar 2005, p. 56. Elyachar, Julia (2005). Markets of Dispossession: NGOs, Economic Development, and the State in Cairo. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-8713-8.
Peter G. Riddell, Early Malay Qur'anic exegical activity Archived 27 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine, p. 164. Taken from Islam and the Malay-Indonesian World: Transmission and Responses. London: C. Hurst & Co., 2001. ISBN 9781850653363
Böwering 2008, p. 74. Böwering, Gerhard (2008). "Recent Research on the Construction of the Quran". In Reynolds, Gabriel Said (ed.). The Qur'an in its Historical Context. Routledge. pp. 1–26. ISBN 9780415491693.
Geissinger, Aisha (2 June 2015). Gender and Muslim Constructions of Exegetical Authority. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-29444-8. Archived from the original on 5 June 2022.
Reynolds 2008, p. 2. Reynolds, Gabriel Said (2008). "Introduction: Qur'anic Studies and its Controversies". In Reynolds, Gabriel Said (ed.). The Qur'an in its Historical Context. Routledge. pp. 1–26. ISBN 9780415491693.
Sims 2012, p. 83. Sims, David (2012) [2010]. Understanding Cairo: The Logic of a City Out of Control. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774165535.
Sims 2012, p. 95. Sims, David (2012) [2010]. Understanding Cairo: The Logic of a City Out of Control. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774165535.
Sims 2012, p. 96. Sims, David (2012) [2010]. Understanding Cairo: The Logic of a City Out of Control. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774165535.
Sims 2012, pp. 120–122. Sims, David (2012) [2010]. Understanding Cairo: The Logic of a City Out of Control. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774165535.
Sims 2012, pp. 52–53. Sims, David (2012) [2010]. Understanding Cairo: The Logic of a City Out of Control. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774165535.
Ali, Amal K. (2020). "Challenges in Managing Urban Growth: The Case of Cairo". In Rukmana, Deden (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Planning Megacities in the Global South. Routledge. pp. 337–339. ISBN 978-1-000-06205-2.
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (2017). Economic Report on Africa 2017: Urbanization and Industrialization for Africa's Transformation. United Nations. p. 150. ISBN 978-92-1-060392-8.
Sims, David (2018). Egypt's Desert Dreams: Development or Disaster? (New ed.). American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-1-61797-884-5.
Travel Cairo. MobileReference. 2007. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-60501-055-7.^{[permanent dead link]}
Zuhur, Sherifa (1998). Images of Enchantment: Visual and Performing Arts of the Middle East. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-9774244674.
Avcıoğlu, Nebahat; Volait, Mercedes (2017). ""Jeux de miroir": Architecture of Istanbul and Cairo from Empire to Modernism". In Necipoğlu, Gülru; Barry Flood, Finbarr (eds.). A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 1138–1142. ISBN 978-1-119-06857-0.
Gabra et al. 2013, pp. 275–279. Gabra, Gawdat; van Loon, Gertrud J.M.; Reif, Stefan; Swelim, Tarek (2013). Ludwig, Carolyn; Jackson, Morris (eds.). The History and Religious Heritage of Old Cairo: Its Fortress, Churches, Synagogue, and Mosque. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774167690.
Gabra et al. 2013, p. 178. Gabra, Gawdat; van Loon, Gertrud J.M.; Reif, Stefan; Swelim, Tarek (2013). Ludwig, Carolyn; Jackson, Morris (eds.). The History and Religious Heritage of Old Cairo: Its Fortress, Churches, Synagogue, and Mosque. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774167690.
Gabra et al. 2013, p. 230. Gabra, Gawdat; van Loon, Gertrud J.M.; Reif, Stefan; Swelim, Tarek (2013). Ludwig, Carolyn; Jackson, Morris (eds.). The History and Religious Heritage of Old Cairo: Its Fortress, Churches, Synagogue, and Mosque. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774167690.
Behrens-Abouseif 1992, pp. 58–77. Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1992). Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09626-4. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
Behrens-Abouseif 1992, pp. 62. Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1992). Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09626-4. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2020.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"People of Cairo". Britannica. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.

businesstodayegypt.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Egypt ranks as second-largest economy in Africa by GDP in 2025 | IMF". Business Today. 27 April 2025. Retrieved 8 December 2025.

cafonline.com (Global: 1,221^st place; English: 956^th place)

CAF - Confedération Africaine du Football. "CAFOnline.com". CAFOnline.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2025.

cairo.gov.eg (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Cairo Maps". Cairo Governorate. Archived from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
"Regions". www.cairo.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
"Northern Area". www.cairo.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
"Eastern Area". www.cairo.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
"Areas". www.cairo.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
"Southern Area". www.cairo.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
"Brotherhood & Friendship Agreements". cairo.gov.eg. Cairo. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

cairobserver.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"On Cairo's dying trams". cairobserver.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2025.

cairometro.gov.eg (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Cairo Metro Statistics". Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2012.

cairoscene.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Egypt Retains Rank as Africa's Second-Largest Economy in 2025". CairoScene. Retrieved 8 December 2025.
"Cairo Ranked as 'Top Business City in Africa' by Germany's Statista". CairoScene. Retrieved 19 December 2025.

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

Micheau, Françoise (2006). "Eastern Christianities (eleventh to fourteenth century): Copts, Melkites, Nestorians and Jacobites". In Angold, Michael (ed.). The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5: Eastern Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 371–403. ISBN 978-0-521-81113-2. Archived from the original on 10 June 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2021.

capmad.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Herve (25 November 2025). "APM Economic Forum in Cairo: A Lever for African Growth". Capmad.com. Retrieved 30 November 2025.

cbsnews.com (Global: 136^th place; English: 93^rd place)

Shawkat, Ahmed (15 December 2022). "How Egypt's last Jews will mark Hanukkah, and make sure their culture doesn't "disappear" with them". CBS News. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.

cedejcapmas.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Central Agency for Public Mobilisation and Statistics (CAPMAS) (2017). "2017 Census for Population and Housing Conditions". CEDEJ-CAPMAS. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.

channelafrica.co.za (Global: low place; English: low place)

Zondi, Asanda (12 December 2025). "EGYPT'S CAIRO CROWNED AFRICA'S MOST ATTRACTIVE CITY FOR 2025".

citymayors.com (Global: 9,082^nd place; English: low place)

"City Mayors reviews the richest cities in the world in 2005". www.citymayors.com. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2025.

citypopulation.de (Global: 99^th place; English: 341^st place)

"Egypt: Governorates, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 9 August 2025.
"Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps". citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2025.
"Egypt: Governorates, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 13 March 2026.
Brinkhoff, Thomas. "Egypt: Governorates & Cities". City Population. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2009.

coptic.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Ⲡⲓⲫⲓⲣⲓ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ϯⲁⲅⲓⲁ ⲙ̀ⲙⲏⲓ Ⲃⲉⲣⲏⲛⲁ". coptic.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2022.

crossegyptchallenge.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Cross Egypt Challenge". crossegyptchallenge.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.

dailynewsegypt.com (Global: 7,995^th place; English: 5,461^st place)

"Chinese ride sharing app Didi Chuxing to operate in Egypt mid-September". dailynewsegypt.com. 10 September 2021. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2025.

daralfouad.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Dar al Fouad Hospital | Leading hospital in Egypt and Middle East". Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 31 December 2023.

dmi.dk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Cappelen, John; Jensen, Jens. "Egypten - Cairo" (PDF). Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) (in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. p. 82. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2014.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

doi.org

Casanova, Paul (1901). "Les noms coptes du Caire et localités voisines". Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale. 1: 139–224. doi:10.3406/bifao.1901.1613. ISSN 0255-0962. S2CID 267275122.
Gascoigne, Alison L.; Sheehan, Peter D. (17 August 2024). "Sherds and the City: Pottery Production, Society, and the Changing Urban Fabric of Fustat, Egypt". Journal of Field Archaeology. 49 (6): 433–452. doi:10.1080/00934690.2024.2374148. ISSN 0093-4690.
Abu-Lughod 1965, pp. 436–444. Abu-Lughod, Janet (July 1965). "Tale of Two Cities: The Origins of Modern Cairo". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 7 (4): 429–457. doi:10.1017/S0010417500003819. ISSN 0010-4175. S2CID 145607590.
Abu-Lughod 1965, pp. 429–431, 455–457. Abu-Lughod, Janet (July 1965). "Tale of Two Cities: The Origins of Modern Cairo". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 7 (4): 429–457. doi:10.1017/S0010417500003819. ISSN 0010-4175. S2CID 145607590.
Abu-Lughod 1965, p. 431. Abu-Lughod, Janet (July 1965). "Tale of Two Cities: The Origins of Modern Cairo". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 7 (4): 429–457. doi:10.1017/S0010417500003819. ISSN 0010-4175. S2CID 145607590.
Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.). "Supplement II - Qurʾān Concordance". Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Brill Online. doi:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_intro. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
Melchert, Christopher (2000). "Ibn Mujahid and the Establishment of Seven Qur'anic Readings". Studia Islamica (91): 5–22. doi:10.2307/1596266. JSTOR 1596266.
National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K.
Sims, David (2011). "A History of Modern Cairo: Three Cities in One". Understanding Cairo: The Logic of a City Out of Control. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 45–90. doi:10.5743/cairo/9789774164040.003.0004. ISBN 978-977-416-404-0. Archived from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
Volait, Mercedes (2 February 2013). "The reclaiming of "Belle Époque" Architecture in Egypt (1989-2010): On the Power of Rhetorics in Heritage-Making". ABE Journal. Architecture beyond Europe (3). doi:10.4000/abe.371. ISSN 2275-6639.
Khoder, M.I. (January 2007). "Ambient levels of volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere of Greater Cairo". Atmospheric Environment. 41 (3): 554–66. Bibcode:2007AtmEn..41..554K. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.08.051. ISSN 1352-2310.
Khoder, M (2007). "Black cloud reappears over Cairo". Middle East Online. 41 (3): 554. Bibcode:2007AtmEn..41..554K. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.08.051.
Lidsky, T. I.; Schneider, JS (January 2003). "Lead neurotoxicity in children: basic mechanisms and clinical correlates". Brain. 126 (1): 5–19. doi:10.1093/brain/awg014. PMID 12477693.

dx.doi.org

Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.). "Supplement II - Qurʾān Concordance". Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Brill Online. doi:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_intro. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2020.

economist.com (Global: 331^st place; English: 272^nd place)

"A Riche history". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 24 December 2025.

egymonuments.gov.eg (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Historic Cairo". egymonuments.gov.eg. Retrieved 23 December 2025.
"National Museum of Egyptian Civilization(NMEC)". egymonuments.gov.eg. Retrieved 19 December 2025.

egypt2007.com.eg (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The 11th Arab Games". www.egypt2007.com.eg. Archived from the original on 14 November 2007. Retrieved 11 January 2022.

egyptianstreets.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"SWVL: An Egyptian Startup out to Reinvent Urban Mass Transit | Egyptian Streets". 29 May 2017.

egyptindependent.com (Global: 6,477^th place; English: 4,610^th place)

"Egypt to build country's first ever monorail in Cairo - Egypt Independent". Egypt Independent. 21 December 2017. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
Tawfeek, Farah (21 December 2017). "Egypt to build country's first ever monorail in Cairo". www.egyptindependent.com. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
"Egypt becomes first country to debut new intercity Uber bus service". 19 July 2020.
Helmy, Heba (16 March 2012). "Four clubs, four communities: The Gezira Sporting Club". Egyptian Independent. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.

egypttoday.com (Global: 6,067^th place; English: 4,161^st place)

"Tahrir Square soon to boast ancient obelisk and stone rams". EgyptToday. 16 February 2020. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.

eisf.eu (Global: low place; English: low place)

United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerement of Women, Study on Ways and Methods to Eliminate Sexual Harassment in Egypt Archived 28 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine

esmo.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"As-Salam International Hospital | Cairo".

fifa.com (Global: 80^th place; English: 106^th place)

"FIFA". www.fifa.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2025.

filmfreeway.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Cairo International Film Festival - Short Film Competition". FilmFreeway. Retrieved 11 December 2023.

firstpost.com (Global: 637^th place; English: 323^rd place)

Gite, Veidehi (21 December 2025). "Beyond pyramids: Cairo is more than the land of Pharaohs". Firstpost. Network18. Archived from the original on 21 December 2025. Retrieved 28 June 2026.

forbes.com (Global: 71^st place; English: 54^th place)

"World's Densest Cities - Forbes.com". www.forbes.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2025.

foreignpolicy.com (Global: 1,185^th place; English: 815^th place)

"The 2010 Global Cities Index". Archived from the original on 2 December 2014.

ghabbourauto.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Ghabbourauto.com". Ghabbourauto.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2011.

gn4me.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Good News for Me: بلال فضل يتفرغ لـ"أهل اسكندرية" بعد "أهل كايرو" Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in Arabic) (Belal Fadl frees himself [to write] Ahl Eskendereyya (the People of Alexandria) after Ahl Kayro (the People of Cairo))

hathitrust.org (Global: 296^th place; English: 153^rd place)

catalog.hathitrust.org

The census of Egypt taken in 1907. Cairo: National Printing Department. 1909.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Sayed, Hazem I. (1987). The Rab' in Cairo: A Window on Mamluk Architecture and Urbanism (PhD thesis). MIT. pp. 7–9, 58. hdl:1721.1/75720. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
Brockett, Adrian Alan (1985). Studies in two transmissions of the Qur'an (PhD). University of St Andrews. hdl:10023/2770. Archived from the original on 14 July 2020 – via St. Andrews Research Repository.

imglobalwealth.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"A City of Millionaires: How Cairo Became North Africa's Richest Metropolis". IMGlobal Wealth. 11 March 2025. Retrieved 30 November 2025.

jdpglobal.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Richard. "JDP Global Expands to Cairo, Egypt – JDP Global". Retrieved 4 November 2025.

jhu.edu (Global: 560^th place; English: 313^th place)

muse.jhu.edu

Eckstein, Zvi; Botticini, Maristella (2012). The Chosen Few: How Education Shaped Jewish History, 70-1492. Princeton University Press. p. 285. ISBN 9781400842483.

jica.go.jp (Global: 5,768^th place; English: 5,702^nd place)

openjicareport.jica.go.jp

"The strategic urban development master plan study for a sustainable development of the Greater Cairo region in the Arab Republic of Egypt : final report; Vol. 2. -Main report : strategic urban development master plan". openjicareport.jica.go.jp. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2022.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

ROWLAND-SMITH, DIANA (1989). "The Beginnings of Hebrew Printing in Egypt". The British Library Journal. 15 (1): 16–22. ISSN 0305-5167. JSTOR 42554269. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
Melchert, Christopher (2000). "Ibn Mujahid and the Establishment of Seven Qur'anic Readings". Studia Islamica (91): 5–22. doi:10.2307/1596266. JSTOR 1596266.

lboro.ac.uk (Global: 5,360^th place; English: 4,226^th place)

"The World According to GaWC 2016". Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Loughborough University. 24 April 2017. Archived from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2017.

le360.ma (Global: 4,661^st place; English: 9,432^nd place)

afrique.le360.ma

"Egypte. Pollution: Forbes fâche les autorités du Caire". 4 September 2018. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.

mcv-eg.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Welcome to MCV Web Site". Mcv-eg.com. Archived from the original on 16 May 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2010.

meed.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Cairo's third metro line beats challenges". Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2015.

mit.edu (Global: 476^th place; English: 340^th place)

dspace.mit.edu

Sayed, Hazem I. (1987). The Rab' in Cairo: A Window on Mamluk Architecture and Urbanism (PhD thesis). MIT. pp. 7–9, 58. hdl:1721.1/75720. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2022.

msn.com (Global: 188^th place; English: 215^th place)

encarta.msn.com

"Memphis (Egypt)". Encarta. Microsoft. 2009. Archived from the original on 6 October 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2009.

nasa.gov (Global: 12^th place; English: 73^rd place)

earthdata.nasa.gov

"A black cloud over Cairo | Earthdata". earthdata.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2025.

newcities.gov.eg (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Capital Gardens". New Urban Communities Authority. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.

news.yahoo.com (Global: 183^rd place; English: 212^th place)

en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com

"Islamic Egypt's first capital under threat". Yahoo News. 17 April 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2023.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Lidsky, T. I.; Schneider, JS (January 2003). "Lead neurotoxicity in children: basic mechanisms and clinical correlates". Brain. 126 (1): 5–19. doi:10.1093/brain/awg014. PMID 12477693.

nmec.gov.eg (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Main Gallery - NMEC Objects shows Egyptian civilization". NMEC. Retrieved 18 December 2025.

noaa.gov (Global: 111^th place; English: 78^th place)

ncei.noaa.gov

"Cairo (A)". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Reference Normals (1961–1990). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
{{cite web |title=Cairo Climate Guide: Monthly Weather, Egypt |url=https://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/egypt/cairo.php |access-date=29 June 2019 <ref>Egyptian Meteorological Authority / NOAA<ref name='Official'>"WMO Climatological Standard Normals 1991–2020: Cairo International Airport (Station 62366)". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 27 August 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

ngdc.noaa.gov

National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (1972). "Significant Earthquake Information". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K.

nodc.noaa.gov

"Cairo Airport Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Cambanis, Thanassis (24 August 2010). "To Catch Cairo Overflow, 2 Megacities Rise in Sand". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 March 2017.
Walsh, Declan (2 October 2020). "The 22-Year-Old Force Behind Egypt's Growing #MeToo Movement". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2021.

ollusaintsathletics.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Brandon Joseph". Our Lady of the Lake. Retrieved 19 December 2025.

openedition.org (Global: 366^th place; English: 883^rd place)

journals.openedition.org

Volait, Mercedes (2 February 2013). "The reclaiming of "Belle Époque" Architecture in Egypt (1989-2010): On the Power of Rhetorics in Heritage-Making". ABE Journal. Architecture beyond Europe (3). doi:10.4000/abe.371. ISSN 2275-6639.

oup.com (Global: 292^nd place; English: 233^rd place)

academic.oup.com

Sims, David (2011). "A History of Modern Cairo: Three Cities in One". Understanding Cairo: The Logic of a City Out of Control. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 45–90. doi:10.5743/cairo/9789774164040.003.0004. ISBN 978-977-416-404-0. Archived from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.

oxfordscholastica.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Academy, Oxford Scholastica (27 July 2023). "What Are the 15 Oldest Universities in the World?". Oxford Scholastica Academy. Retrieved 23 December 2025.

pewresearch.org (Global: 1,516^th place; English: 983^rd place)

Hackett, Conrad (16 February 2011). "How many Christians are there in Egypt?". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2023.

prlog.org (Global: low place; English: 7,799^th place)

Santa Maria Tours (4 September 2009). "Cairo – "Al-Qahira" – is Egypt's capital and the largest city in the Middle East and Africa". PRLog. Archived from the original on 30 November 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2011.

rero.ch (Global: 3,023^rd place; English: 2,092^nd place)

doc.rero.ch

"Report of the IOC Evaluation Commission for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad in 2008" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. 18 August 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.

reuters.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 30^th place)

"Orascom, Bombardier to build $1.5 billion monorail in Egypt". Reuters. 3 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2019.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Casanova, Paul (1901). "Les noms coptes du Caire et localités voisines". Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale. 1: 139–224. doi:10.3406/bifao.1901.1613. ISSN 0255-0962. S2CID 267275122.
Abu-Lughod 1965, pp. 436–444. Abu-Lughod, Janet (July 1965). "Tale of Two Cities: The Origins of Modern Cairo". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 7 (4): 429–457. doi:10.1017/S0010417500003819. ISSN 0010-4175. S2CID 145607590.
Abu-Lughod 1965, pp. 429–431, 455–457. Abu-Lughod, Janet (July 1965). "Tale of Two Cities: The Origins of Modern Cairo". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 7 (4): 429–457. doi:10.1017/S0010417500003819. ISSN 0010-4175. S2CID 145607590.
Abu-Lughod 1965, p. 431. Abu-Lughod, Janet (July 1965). "Tale of Two Cities: The Origins of Modern Cairo". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 7 (4): 429–457. doi:10.1017/S0010417500003819. ISSN 0010-4175. S2CID 145607590.

seoudi.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Seoudi Group 1001 opportunities for investment in Egypt and Arab World". Seoudi.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2010.

sfgate.com (Global: 248^th place; English: 142^nd place)

Epstein, Jack (3 June 2006). "From Cairo's trash, a model of recycling / Old door-to-door method boasts 85% reuse rate". Sfgate.com. Archived from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2009.

sis.gov.eg (Global: 6,360^th place; English: 8,722^nd place)

"Transport and Communications-SIS". sis.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2025.

smithsonianmag.com (Global: 663^rd place; English: 431^st place)

Magazine, Smithsonian; Machemer, Theresa. "Egypt Defies Archaeologists' Protests by Relocating Four Ancient Sphinxes". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.

speranza-egypt.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"اسبرانزا ايجيبت". Speranza Egypt. Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 14 June 2010.

st-andrews.ac.uk (Global: 1,053^rd place; English: 1,274^th place)

research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk

Brockett, Adrian Alan (1985). Studies in two transmissions of the Qur'an (PhD). University of St Andrews. hdl:10023/2770. Archived from the original on 14 July 2020 – via St. Andrews Research Repository.

tandfonline.com (Global: 286^th place; English: 209^th place)

Gascoigne, Alison L.; Sheehan, Peter D. (17 August 2024). "Sherds and the City: Pottery Production, Society, and the Changing Urban Fabric of Fustat, Egypt". Journal of Field Archaeology. 49 (6): 433–452. doi:10.1080/00934690.2024.2374148. ISSN 0093-4690.

tellusant.com (Global: low place; English: 8,636^th place)

"TelluBase—Egypt Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)" (PDF). Tellusant. Retrieved 11 July 2025.

theculturetrip.com (Global: 4,243^rd place; English: 3,023^rd place)

LoRé, Michael (9 February 2018). "Why Egyptians Are so Dominant at Squash". Archived from the original on 15 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.

theecoexperts.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

blog.theecoexperts.co.uk

Whittaker-Wood, Fran (25 July 2018). "The Most Polluted Cities in the World". The Eco Experts. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

Chrisafis, Angelique; Black, Ian (15 January 2011). "Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali forced to flee Tunisia as protesters claim victory". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 January 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
Michaelson, Ruth (7 May 2020). "Egyptologists attack transfer of sphinxes to Tahrir Square". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 3 October 2025.

topendsports.com (Global: 9,260^th place; English: 8,280^th place)

"Sport in Egypt". www.topendsports.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2025.

tradeholding.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

gulfbusiness.tradeholding.com

TradeHolding.com B2B Network. "Panda, Buy from Mod Car. Egypt – Ash Sharqiyah – Middle East Business B2B Directory – Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain Companies, Middle East Businesses, Products & Trade Leads, Arab Business". Gulfbusiness.tradeholding.com. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

tradewithestonia.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Bolt launches its ride-hailing operations in Cairo — Trade with Estonia". 5 March 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2025.

uic.edu (Global: 6,212^th place; English: 3,934^th place)

R.L. Forstall, R.P. Greene, and J.B. Pick, "Which are the largest? Why published populations for major world urban areas vary so greatly" Archived 31 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine, City Futures Conference, (University of Illinois at Chicago, July 2004) – Table 5 (p.34)

un.org (Global: 117^th place; English: 160^th place)

"الشرق الأوسط". www.un.org (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2025.

unesco.org (Global: 104^th place; English: 170^th place)

whc.unesco.org

"Historic Cairo". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Archived from the original on 5 June 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2021.

unhabitat.org (Global: 9,330^th place; English: 7,187^th place)

"Strategic Development of Greater Cairo - English Version | UN-Habitat". unhabitat.org. Retrieved 19 December 2025.

upload.wikimedia.org (Global: 1,245^th place; English: 1,259^th place)

/ˈkaɪroʊ/ ^ⓘ KY-roh; Arabic: القاهرة, romanised: al-Qāhirah, Egyptian Arabic: [el‿ˈqɑːheɾɑ] ^ⓘ

usembassy.gov (Global: 2,095^th place; English: 1,430^th place)

eg.usembassy.gov

"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Egypt". U.S. Embassy in Egypt. 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2006.

utexas.edu (Global: 868^th place; English: 634^th place)

menic.utexas.edu

Rose, Christopher; Boxberger, Linda (1995). "Ottoman Cairo". Cairo: Living Past, Living Future. The University of Texas Centre for Middle Eastern Studies. Archived from the original on 6 June 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2009.

laits.utexas.edu

"Life in Modern Cairo". www.laits.utexas.edu. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.

vu-wien.ac.at (Global: 7,719^th place; English: low place)

koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at

"World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification". Köppen-Geiger. Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2010.

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

Samenow, Jason (13 December 2013). "Biblical snowstorm: Rare flakes in Cairo, Jerusalem paralyzed by over a foot". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2017.

wataninet.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

en.wataninet.com

"50 years on St Mark's, Pope consecrates renovated Cathedral". Watani. 19 November 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2022.

weather2travel.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

{{cite web |title=Cairo Climate Guide: Monthly Weather, Egypt |url=https://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/egypt/cairo.php |access-date=29 June 2019 <ref>Egyptian Meteorological Authority / NOAA<ref name='Official'>"WMO Climatological Standard Normals 1991–2020: Cairo International Airport (Station 62366)". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 27 August 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"At least 8 killed in building collapse in Cairo". AP News. 10 December 2024. Archived from the original on 4 April 2025.
Gite, Veidehi (21 December 2025). "Beyond pyramids: Cairo is more than the land of Pharaohs". Firstpost. Network18. Archived from the original on 21 December 2025. Retrieved 28 June 2026.
"Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps". citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2025.
Santa Maria Tours (4 September 2009). "Cairo – "Al-Qahira" – is Egypt's capital and the largest city in the Middle East and Africa". PRLog. Archived from the original on 30 November 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
"World's Densest Cities - Forbes.com". www.forbes.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
"Historic Cairo". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Archived from the original on 5 June 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
"The World According to GaWC 2016". Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Loughborough University. 24 April 2017. Archived from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
"الشرق الأوسط". www.un.org (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2025.
"Transport and Communications-SIS". sis.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
"Cairo's third metro line beats challenges". Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
"Cairo Metro Statistics". Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
"The 2010 Global Cities Index". Archived from the original on 2 December 2014.
"City Mayors reviews the richest cities in the world in 2005". www.citymayors.com. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
Behrens-Abouseif 1992, p. 8. Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1992). Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09626-4. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
Golia 2004, p. 152. Golia, Maria (2004). Cairo: city of sand. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-187-7. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
"Ⲡⲓⲫⲓⲣⲓ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ϯⲁⲅⲓⲁ ⲙ̀ⲙⲏⲓ Ⲃⲉⲣⲏⲛⲁ". coptic.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
Good News for Me: بلال فضل يتفرغ لـ"أهل اسكندرية" بعد "أهل كايرو" Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in Arabic) (Belal Fadl frees himself [to write] Ahl Eskendereyya (the People of Alexandria) after Ahl Kayro (the People of Cairo))
"Al-Ahram Weekly | Features | City of the sun". Weekly.ahram.org.eg. 1 June 2005. Archived from the original on 25 March 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
"Memphis (Egypt)". Encarta. Microsoft. 2009. Archived from the original on 6 October 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
Behrens-Abouseif 1992, p. 50. Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1992). Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09626-4. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
Sayed, Hazem I. (1987). The Rab' in Cairo: A Window on Mamluk Architecture and Urbanism (PhD thesis). MIT. pp. 7–9, 58. hdl:1721.1/75720. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
Bartel, Nick. "Return Home: 1346 - 1349". The Travels of Ibn Battuta. UC Berkeley, Office of Resources for International and Area Studies. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
Rose, Christopher; Boxberger, Linda (1995). "Ottoman Cairo". Cairo: Living Past, Living Future. The University of Texas Centre for Middle Eastern Studies. Archived from the original on 6 June 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
ROWLAND-SMITH, DIANA (1989). "The Beginnings of Hebrew Printing in Egypt". The British Library Journal. 15 (1): 16–22. ISSN 0305-5167. JSTOR 42554269. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.). "Supplement II - Qurʾān Concordance". Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Brill Online. doi:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_intro. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
Brockett, Adrian Alan (1985). Studies in two transmissions of the Qur'an (PhD). University of St Andrews. hdl:10023/2770. Archived from the original on 14 July 2020 – via St. Andrews Research Repository.
Peter G. Riddell, Early Malay Qur'anic exegical activity Archived 27 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine, p. 164. Taken from Islam and the Malay-Indonesian World: Transmission and Responses. London: C. Hurst & Co., 2001. ISBN 9781850653363
Geissinger, Aisha (2 June 2015). Gender and Muslim Constructions of Exegetical Authority. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-29444-8. Archived from the original on 5 June 2022.
خسائر الحريق [The Fire Damage]. Al-Ahram (in Arabic). 12 May 2010. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
"Hundreds held over Egypt protests". BBC News. Archived from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
"Egyptians report poor communication services on Day of Anger". Almasry Alyoum. 25 January 2011. Archived from the original on 30 January 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
"Egyptians losing fear of regime". BBC News. Archived from the original on 29 January 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
Chrisafis, Angelique; Black, Ian (15 January 2011). "Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali forced to flee Tunisia as protesters claim victory". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 January 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
"Egypt unveils plans to build new capital east of Cairo". BBC News. 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 13 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
"cairo to suez - Wolfram|Alpha". www.wolframalpha.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
"Cairo Maps". Cairo Governorate. Archived from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
Brinkhoff, Thomas. "Egypt: Governorates & Cities". City Population. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
Briney, Amanda (20 February 2011). "Ten Facts about Cairo, Egypt". Geography of Cairo. About.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
Leila, Reem (24–30 April 2008). "Redrawing the Map". No. 894. al-Ahram Weekly. Archived from the original on 10 August 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
"Egypte. Pollution: Forbes fâche les autorités du Caire". 4 September 2018. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
"World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification". Köppen-Geiger. Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
Samenow, Jason (13 December 2013). "Biblical snowstorm: Rare flakes in Cairo, Jerusalem paralyzed by over a foot". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
"Sarajevo Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
"Cairo Airport Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
"Cairo (A)". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Reference Normals (1961–1990). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
Cappelen, John; Jensen, Jens. "Egypten - Cairo" (PDF). Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) (in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. p. 82. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
R.L. Forstall, R.P. Greene, and J.B. Pick, "Which are the largest? Why published populations for major world urban areas vary so greatly" Archived 31 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine, City Futures Conference, (University of Illinois at Chicago, July 2004) – Table 5 (p.34)
"The strategic urban development master plan study for a sustainable development of the Greater Cairo region in the Arab Republic of Egypt : final report; Vol. 2. -Main report : strategic urban development master plan". openjicareport.jica.go.jp. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
Sims, David (2011). "A History of Modern Cairo: Three Cities in One". Understanding Cairo: The Logic of a City Out of Control. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 45–90. doi:10.5743/cairo/9789774164040.003.0004. ISBN 978-977-416-404-0. Archived from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
"Regions". www.cairo.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
"Northern Area". www.cairo.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
"Eastern Area". www.cairo.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
"Areas". www.cairo.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
"Southern Area". www.cairo.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
Cambanis, Thanassis (24 August 2010). "To Catch Cairo Overflow, 2 Megacities Rise in Sand". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 March 2017.
"Capital Gardens". New Urban Communities Authority. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
"Cairo population". Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
Central Agency for Public Mobilisation and Statistics (CAPMAS) (2017). "2017 Census for Population and Housing Conditions". CEDEJ-CAPMAS. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
"People of Cairo". Britannica. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Egypt". U.S. Embassy in Egypt. 2022. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2006.
Hackett, Conrad (16 February 2011). "How many Christians are there in Egypt?". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
Micheau, Françoise (2006). "Eastern Christianities (eleventh to fourteenth century): Copts, Melkites, Nestorians and Jacobites". In Angold, Michael (ed.). The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5: Eastern Christianity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 371–403. ISBN 978-0-521-81113-2. Archived from the original on 10 June 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
Shawkat, Ahmed (15 December 2022). "How Egypt's last Jews will mark Hanukkah, and make sure their culture doesn't "disappear" with them". CBS News. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
"Arab American Vehicles Co". Aav.com.eg. Archived from the original on 12 November 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
"Ghabbourauto.com". Ghabbourauto.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
"Welcome to MCV Web Site". Mcv-eg.com. Archived from the original on 16 May 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
TradeHolding.com B2B Network. "Panda, Buy from Mod Car. Egypt – Ash Sharqiyah – Middle East Business B2B Directory – Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain Companies, Middle East Businesses, Products & Trade Leads, Arab Business". Gulfbusiness.tradeholding.com. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
"Seoudi Group 1001 opportunities for investment in Egypt and Arab World". Seoudi.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
"اسبرانزا ايجيبت". Speranza Egypt. Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
"Welcome to Daewoo Motor Website". Aboulfotouh.com. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
"Dar al Fouad Hospital | Leading hospital in Egypt and Middle East". Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
"On Cairo's dying trams". cairobserver.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
"Egypt to build country's first ever monorail in Cairo - Egypt Independent". Egypt Independent. 21 December 2017. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
"Cairo monorail trains to be built in UK". BBC News. Archived from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
Bombarder Transportation selected for Cairo monorail contract Metro Report International 28 May 2019
Reem Leila (1 February 2006). "Reaching an impasse". Al-Ahram Weekly. Weekly.ahram.org.eg. Archived from the original on 20 April 2009.
"Chinese ride sharing app Didi Chuxing to operate in Egypt mid-September". dailynewsegypt.com. 10 September 2021. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
"Sport in Egypt". www.topendsports.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
"FIFA". www.fifa.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
"Report of the IOC Evaluation Commission for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad in 2008" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. 18 August 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
"The 11th Arab Games". www.egypt2007.com.eg. Archived from the original on 14 November 2007. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
Helmy, Heba (16 March 2012). "Four clubs, four communities: The Gezira Sporting Club". Egyptian Independent. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
CAF - Confedération Africaine du Football. "CAFOnline.com". CAFOnline.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
"Welcome to the website of the Egyptian Rugby Football Union (ERFU)!". Archived from the original on 28 February 2009.
LoRé, Michael (9 February 2018). "Why Egyptians Are so Dominant at Squash". Archived from the original on 15 April 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
"Cross Egypt Challenge". crossegyptchallenge.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
"Tahrir Square soon to boast ancient obelisk and stone rams". EgyptToday. 16 February 2020. Archived from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
Magazine, Smithsonian; Machemer, Theresa. "Egypt Defies Archaeologists' Protests by Relocating Four Ancient Sphinxes". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
"Under Constraction". www.antiquities.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 2 August 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
Ask-Aladdin. "Cairo Tower | Cairo Tower, Egypt Cairo Tower | Cairo Tower information | Cairo Tower Facts - AskAladdin". Egypt Travel Experts. Archived from the original on 11 April 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
Toler, Pamela D. (2016). "In Fragments from Fustat, Glimpses of a Cosmopolitan Old Cairo". AramcoWorld. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
Behrens-Abouseif 1992, pp. 58–77. Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1992). Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09626-4. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
Behrens-Abouseif 1992, pp. 62. Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1992). Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09626-4. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
"Life in Modern Cairo". www.laits.utexas.edu. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerement of Women, Study on Ways and Methods to Eliminate Sexual Harassment in Egypt Archived 28 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine
"Egypt brings in new sex assault laws". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 October 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
"Cairo 'most dangerous' city for women". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
Walsh, Declan (2 October 2020). "The 22-Year-Old Force Behind Egypt's Growing #MeToo Movement". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
"Egypt's #MeToo Activists See Progress, but 'the Road Ahead Is Long'". www.worldpoliticsreview.com. 17 December 2020. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
"Cairo traffic is much more than a nuisance". World Bank. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2026.
Whittaker-Wood, Fran (25 July 2018). "The Most Polluted Cities in the World". The Eco Experts. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
"A black cloud over Cairo | Earthdata". earthdata.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
Epstein, Jack (3 June 2006). "From Cairo's trash, a model of recycling / Old door-to-door method boasts 85% reuse rate". Sfgate.com. Archived from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
"Brotherhood & Friendship Agreements". cairo.gov.eg. Cairo. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

wipo.int (Global: 1,556^th place; English: 1,531^st place)

2025 GII Ranking of World’s Top 100 Innovation Clusters (PDF) (Report). World Intellectual Property Organization. 2025. pp. 20–21. Retrieved 13 May 2026.

wolframalpha.com (Global: 7,246^th place; English: 9,747^th place)

"cairo to suez - Wolfram|Alpha". www.wolframalpha.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2025.

worldbank.org (Global: 280^th place; English: 430^th place)

"Cairo traffic is much more than a nuisance". World Bank. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2026.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Casanova, Paul (1901). "Les noms coptes du Caire et localités voisines". Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale. 1: 139–224. doi:10.3406/bifao.1901.1613. ISSN 0255-0962. S2CID 267275122.
Gascoigne, Alison L.; Sheehan, Peter D. (17 August 2024). "Sherds and the City: Pottery Production, Society, and the Changing Urban Fabric of Fustat, Egypt". Journal of Field Archaeology. 49 (6): 433–452. doi:10.1080/00934690.2024.2374148. ISSN 0093-4690.
Clot 1996, p. 47-48. Clot, André (1996). L'Égypte des Mamelouks: L'empire des esclaves, 1250–1517 (in French). Perrin. ISBN 2-262-01030-7. OCLC 911345545.
Clot 1996, p. 34-37, 83-107, 112-118. Clot, André (1996). L'Égypte des Mamelouks: L'empire des esclaves, 1250–1517 (in French). Perrin. ISBN 2-262-01030-7. OCLC 911345545.
Clot 1996, pp. 183, 222–230. Clot, André (1996). L'Égypte des Mamelouks: L'empire des esclaves, 1250–1517 (in French). Perrin. ISBN 2-262-01030-7. OCLC 911345545.
Clot 1996, p. 223. Clot, André (1996). L'Égypte des Mamelouks: L'empire des esclaves, 1250–1517 (in French). Perrin. ISBN 2-262-01030-7. OCLC 911345545.
ROWLAND-SMITH, DIANA (1989). "The Beginnings of Hebrew Printing in Egypt". The British Library Journal. 15 (1): 16–22. ISSN 0305-5167. JSTOR 42554269. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
Abu-Lughod 1965, pp. 436–444. Abu-Lughod, Janet (July 1965). "Tale of Two Cities: The Origins of Modern Cairo". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 7 (4): 429–457. doi:10.1017/S0010417500003819. ISSN 0010-4175. S2CID 145607590.
Abu-Lughod 1965, pp. 429–431, 455–457. Abu-Lughod, Janet (July 1965). "Tale of Two Cities: The Origins of Modern Cairo". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 7 (4): 429–457. doi:10.1017/S0010417500003819. ISSN 0010-4175. S2CID 145607590.
Abu-Lughod 1965, p. 431. Abu-Lughod, Janet (July 1965). "Tale of Two Cities: The Origins of Modern Cairo". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 7 (4): 429–457. doi:10.1017/S0010417500003819. ISSN 0010-4175. S2CID 145607590.
Volait, Mercedes (2 February 2013). "The reclaiming of "Belle Époque" Architecture in Egypt (1989-2010): On the Power of Rhetorics in Heritage-Making". ABE Journal. Architecture beyond Europe (3). doi:10.4000/abe.371. ISSN 2275-6639.
"A Riche history". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 24 December 2025.
Michaelson, Ruth (7 May 2020). "Egyptologists attack transfer of sphinxes to Tahrir Square". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
Walsh, Declan (2 October 2020). "The 22-Year-Old Force Behind Egypt's Growing #MeToo Movement". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
Khoder, M.I. (January 2007). "Ambient levels of volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere of Greater Cairo". Atmospheric Environment. 41 (3): 554–66. Bibcode:2007AtmEn..41..554K. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.08.051. ISSN 1352-2310.

worldpoliticsreview.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Egypt's #MeToo Activists See Progress, but 'the Road Ahead Is Long'". www.worldpoliticsreview.com. 17 December 2020. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2025.

worldpopulationreview.com (Global: 2,810^th place; English: 4,138^th place)

"Cairo population". Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2019.

youm7.com (Global: 1,351^st place; English: 4,209^th place)

""القومية للأنفاق" تقرر إلغاء وصلة مترو مطار القاهرة وتستبدله بـ"شاتل باص"". اليوم السابع. 8 July 2020.

Cairo (English Wikipedia)

57357.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

aav.com.eg (Global: low place; English: low place)

aboulfotouh.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

about.com (Global: 419th place; English: 335th place)

geography.about.com

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

african-markets.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

africanews.com (Global: 2,572nd place; English: 1,864th place)

africaodyssey.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

ahram.org.eg (Global: 1,074th place; English: 1,150th place)

english.ahram.org.eg

weekly.ahram.org.eg

ahram.org.eg

almasryalyoum.com (Global: 2,867th place; English: 8,120th place)

antiquities.gov.eg (Global: low place; English: low place)

apnews.com (Global: 101st place; English: 62nd place)

aramcoworld.com (Global: low place; English: 8,827th place)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

ask-aladdin.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

asu.edu.eg (Global: low place; English: low place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11th place; English: 10th place)

bbc.com (Global: 26th place; English: 23rd place)

berkeley.edu (Global: 621st place; English: 429th place)

orias.berkeley.edu

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 37th place; English: 64th place)

businesstodayegypt.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

cafonline.com (Global: 1,221st place; English: 956th place)

cairo.gov.eg (Global: low place; English: low place)

cairobserver.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

cairometro.gov.eg (Global: low place; English: low place)

cairoscene.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

cambridge.org (Global: 209th place; English: 151st place)

capmad.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

cbsnews.com (Global: 136th place; English: 93rd place)

cedejcapmas.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

channelafrica.co.za (Global: low place; English: low place)

citymayors.com (Global: 9,082nd place; English: low place)

citypopulation.de (Global: 99th place; English: 341st place)

coptic.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

crossegyptchallenge.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

dailynewsegypt.com (Global: 7,995th place; English: 5,461st place)

daralfouad.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

dmi.dk (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

doi.org

dx.doi.org

economist.com (Global: 331st place; English: 272nd place)

egymonuments.gov.eg (Global: low place; English: low place)

egypt2007.com.eg (Global: low place; English: low place)

egyptianstreets.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

egyptindependent.com (Global: 6,477th place; English: 4,610th place)

egypttoday.com (Global: 6,067th place; English: 4,161st place)

eisf.eu (Global: low place; English: low place)

esmo.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

fifa.com (Global: 80th place; English: 106th place)

filmfreeway.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

firstpost.com (Global: 637th place; English: 323rd place)

forbes.com (Global: 71st place; English: 54th place)

foreignpolicy.com (Global: 1,185th place; English: 815th place)

ghabbourauto.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

gn4me.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

hathitrust.org (Global: 296th place; English: 153rd place)

catalog.hathitrust.org

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66th place; English: 34th place)

imglobalwealth.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

jdpglobal.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

jhu.edu (Global: 560th place; English: 313th place)

muse.jhu.edu

jica.go.jp (Global: 5,768th place; English: 5,702nd place)

openjicareport.jica.go.jp

jstor.org (Global: 23rd place; English: 15th place)

lboro.ac.uk (Global: 5,360th place; English: 4,226th place)

le360.ma (Global: 4,661st place; English: 9,432nd place)

afrique.le360.ma

mcv-eg.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

meed.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

mit.edu (Global: 476th place; English: 340th place)

about.com (Global: 419^th place; English: 335^th place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

africanews.com (Global: 2,572^nd place; English: 1,864^th place)

ahram.org.eg (Global: 1,074^th place; English: 1,150^th place)

almasryalyoum.com (Global: 2,867^th place; English: 8,120^th place)

apnews.com (Global: 101^st place; English: 62^nd place)

aramcoworld.com (Global: low place; English: 8,827^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

berkeley.edu (Global: 621^st place; English: 429^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

cafonline.com (Global: 1,221^st place; English: 956^th place)

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

cbsnews.com (Global: 136^th place; English: 93^rd place)

citymayors.com (Global: 9,082^nd place; English: low place)

citypopulation.de (Global: 99^th place; English: 341^st place)

dailynewsegypt.com (Global: 7,995^th place; English: 5,461^st place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

economist.com (Global: 331^st place; English: 272^nd place)

egyptindependent.com (Global: 6,477^th place; English: 4,610^th place)

egypttoday.com (Global: 6,067^th place; English: 4,161^st place)

fifa.com (Global: 80^th place; English: 106^th place)

firstpost.com (Global: 637^th place; English: 323^rd place)

forbes.com (Global: 71^st place; English: 54^th place)

foreignpolicy.com (Global: 1,185^th place; English: 815^th place)

hathitrust.org (Global: 296^th place; English: 153^rd place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

jhu.edu (Global: 560^th place; English: 313^th place)

jica.go.jp (Global: 5,768^th place; English: 5,702^nd place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

lboro.ac.uk (Global: 5,360^th place; English: 4,226^th place)

le360.ma (Global: 4,661^st place; English: 9,432^nd place)

mit.edu (Global: 476^th place; English: 340^th place)

msn.com (Global: 188^th place; English: 215^th place)

nasa.gov (Global: 12^th place; English: 73^rd place)

news.yahoo.com (Global: 183^rd place; English: 212^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

noaa.gov (Global: 111^th place; English: 78^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

openedition.org (Global: 366^th place; English: 883^rd place)

oup.com (Global: 292^nd place; English: 233^rd place)

pewresearch.org (Global: 1,516^th place; English: 983^rd place)

prlog.org (Global: low place; English: 7,799^th place)

rero.ch (Global: 3,023^rd place; English: 2,092^nd place)

reuters.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 30^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

sfgate.com (Global: 248^th place; English: 142^nd place)

sis.gov.eg (Global: 6,360^th place; English: 8,722^nd place)

smithsonianmag.com (Global: 663^rd place; English: 431^st place)

st-andrews.ac.uk (Global: 1,053^rd place; English: 1,274^th place)

tandfonline.com (Global: 286^th place; English: 209^th place)

tellusant.com (Global: low place; English: 8,636^th place)

theculturetrip.com (Global: 4,243^rd place; English: 3,023^rd place)

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

topendsports.com (Global: 9,260^th place; English: 8,280^th place)

uic.edu (Global: 6,212^th place; English: 3,934^th place)

un.org (Global: 117^th place; English: 160^th place)

unesco.org (Global: 104^th place; English: 170^th place)

unhabitat.org (Global: 9,330^th place; English: 7,187^th place)

upload.wikimedia.org (Global: 1,245^th place; English: 1,259^th place)

usembassy.gov (Global: 2,095^th place; English: 1,430^th place)

utexas.edu (Global: 868^th place; English: 634^th place)

vu-wien.ac.at (Global: 7,719^th place; English: low place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wipo.int (Global: 1,556^th place; English: 1,531^st place)

wolframalpha.com (Global: 7,246^th place; English: 9,747^th place)

worldbank.org (Global: 280^th place; English: 430^th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)