Caliphate (English Wikipedia)

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El-Hibri, Tayeb (2021). The Abbasid Caliphate: A History. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 284–285. ISBN 978-1-107-18324-7.
Al-Rasheed, Madawi; Kersten, Carool; Shterin, Marat (2012). Demystifying the Caliphate: Historical Memory and Contemporary Contexts. Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-932795-9.
Fitzpatrick & Walker 2014, p. 3. Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (2014). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-178-9.
Fitzpatrick & Walker (2014, p. 3) Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (2014). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-178-9.
Fitzpatrick & Walker (2014, p. 186) Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (2014). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-178-9.
Fitzpatrick & Walker (2014, p. 4) Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (2014). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-178-9.
Cavendish, Marshall (2010). "6". Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures. Marshall Cavendish. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-7614-7926-0.
Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd-al Malik and the collapse of the Umayyads. State University of New York Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-7914-1827-7.
Kennedy, Hugh N. (2001). The Historiography of Islamic Egypt: (c. 950–1800). Brill. ISBN 978-9004117945.
Ramirez-Faria, Carlos (2007). Concise Encyclopedia Of World History. Atlantic. pp. 23, 676. ISBN 978-8126907755. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
Buresi, Pascal; El Aallaoui, Hicham (2012). Governing the Empire: Provincial Administration in the Almohad Caliphate (1224–1269): Critical Edition, Translation, and Study of Manuscript 4752 of the Hasaniyya Library in Rabat Containing 77 Taqādīm ('appointments'). Brill. ISBN 978-9004233331.
Haarmann, Ulrich (2001). Geschichte der arabischen Welt (in German). C.H.Beck. p. 314. ISBN 9783406474866.
Fromherz, Allen James (2016). Near West: Medieval North Africa, Latin Europe and the Mediterranean in the Second Axial Age. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 113f. ISBN 978-1-4744-1007-6.
Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 120. ISBN 0521337674.
Leonard Patrick, Harvey (2014). Islamic Spain: 1250 to 1500. Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press. p. 27. ISBN 9780226227740.
Baer, Eva (1983). Metalwork in Medieval Islamic Art. SUNY Press. p. xxiii. ISBN 978-0-7914-9557-5. Retrieved 7 April 2020. In the course of the later eleventh and twelfth century, however, the Fatimid caliphate declined rapidly, and in 1171 the country was invaded by Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn, the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. He restored Egypt as a political power, reincorporated it in the Abbasid Caliphate and established Ayyubid suzerainty not only over Egypt and Syria but, as mentioned above, temporarily over northern Mesopotamia as well.
Lambton, Ann; Lewis, Bernard (1995). The Cambridge History of Islam: The Indian sub-continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim west. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-521-22310-2. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
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Karpat, Kemal H. (2001). The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State. Oxford University Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-19-513618-0. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
Yegar, Moshe (2002). Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar. Lexington. p. 397. ISBN 978-0-7391-0356-2.
Özoğlu 2011, p. 5; Özoğlu quotes 867.00/1801: Mark Lambert Bristol on 19 August 1924. Özoğlu, Hakan (2011). From Caliphate to Secular State: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-37956-7.
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Nehemia Levtzion; Randall Pouwels. The History of Islam in Africa. Ohio University Press. p. 81.
Ardıc̦, Nurullah (2012). Islam and the Politics of Secularism: The Caliphate and Middle Eastern Modernization in the Early 20th Century. Routledge. pp. 186f. ISBN 978-0-415-67166-8.
Desplat, Patrick A.; Schulz, Dorothea E. (2014). Prayer in the City: The Making of Muslim Sacred Places and Urban Life. Verlag. p. 82. ISBN 978-3-8394-1945-8.
Esposito, John L. (2004). "Adhmadis". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-19-975726-8. Retrieved 20 November 2019. Rejected by the majority of Muslims as heretical since it believes in ongoing prophethood after the death of Muhammad. Currently based in Pakistan, but forbidden to practice, preach, or propagate their faith as Islam or their places of worship as mosques.
Geaves, Ron (1 July 2010). Islam Today: An Introduction. A&C Black. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-84706-478-3. Retrieved 30 August 2017.

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Hassan, Mona (2016). "CONCEPTUALIZING THE CALIPHATE, 632–1517 CE". Longing for the Lost Caliphate: A Transregional History. Princeton University Press. pp. 98–141. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1q1xrgm.9. ISBN 978-0-691-16678-0. JSTOR j.ctt1q1xrgm.9.
March, Andrew F. (2019). The Caliphate of Man: Popular Sovereignty in Modern Islamic Thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvp2n3ms. ISBN 978-0-674-98783-8. JSTOR j.ctvp2n3ms. S2CID 204443322.
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Strohmeier, Martin (3 September 2019). "The exile of Husayn b. Ali, ex-sharif of Mecca and ex-king of the Hijaz, in Cyprus (1925–1930)". Middle Eastern Studies. 55 (5): 733–755. doi:10.1080/00263206.2019.1596895. S2CID 164473838.
Bar, Shmuel (January 2016). "The implications of the Caliphate". Comparative Strategy. 35 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1080/01495933.2016.1133994. S2CID 157012525.
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Labib, Subhi Y. (March 1969). "Capitalism in Medieval Islam". The Journal of Economic History. 29 (1): 79–96. doi:10.1017/S0022050700097837. JSTOR 2115499. S2CID 153962294.
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Amin, Samir (June 1978). "The Arab Nation: Some Conclusions and Problems". MERIP Reports. 68 (68): 3–14. doi:10.2307/3011226. JSTOR 3011226.
Bulliet, Richard W. (April 1970). "A Quantitative Approach to Medieval Muslim Biographical Dictionaries". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 13 (2): 200. doi:10.1163/156852070X00123.
Ahmad, Ahmad Atif (2007). "Authority, Conflict, and the Transmission of Diversity in Medieval Islamic Law by R. Kevin Jaques". Journal of Islamic Studies. 18 (2): 246. doi:10.1093/jis/etm005.
Burke, Edmund (June 2009). "Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity". Journal of World History. 20 (2): 177–178. doi:10.1353/jwh.0.0045. S2CID 143484233.

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As the Arabs of the Ḥejāz had used the drahms of the Sasanian-style, the only silver coinage in the world at that time, it was natural for them to leave many of the Sasanian mints in operation, striking coins like those of the emperors in every detail except for the addition of brief Arabic inscriptions like besmellāh in the margins.https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/coins-and-coinage-

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Kuran, Timur (Fall 2005). "The Absence of the Corporation in Islamic Law: Origins and Persistence" (PDF). The American Journal of Comparative Law. 53 (4): 785–834. doi:10.1093/ajcl/53.4.785. hdl:10161/2546. JSTOR 30038724. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
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Arjomand, Said Amir (April 1999). "The Law, Agency, and Policy in Medieval Islamic Society: Development of the Institutions of Learning from the Tenth to the Fifteenth Century". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 41 (2): 263–293. doi:10.1017/s001041759900208x. JSTOR 179447. S2CID 144129603.
Amin, Samir (June 1978). "The Arab Nation: Some Conclusions and Problems". MERIP Reports. 68 (68): 3–14. doi:10.2307/3011226. JSTOR 3011226.

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Bar, Shmuel (January 2016). "The implications of the Caliphate". Comparative Strategy. 35 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1080/01495933.2016.1133994. S2CID 157012525.
Labib, Subhi Y. (March 1969). "Capitalism in Medieval Islam". The Journal of Economic History. 29 (1): 79–96. doi:10.1017/S0022050700097837. JSTOR 2115499. S2CID 153962294.
Arjomand, Said Amir (April 1999). "The Law, Agency, and Policy in Medieval Islamic Society: Development of the Institutions of Learning from the Tenth to the Fifteenth Century". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 41 (2): 263–293. doi:10.1017/s001041759900208x. JSTOR 179447. S2CID 144129603.
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