Caliphate (English Wikipedia)

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El-Hibri, Tayeb (2021). The Abbasid Caliphate: A History. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 284–285. ISBN 978-1-107-18324-7.
Al-Rasheed, Madawi; Kersten, Carool; Shterin, Marat (2012). Demystifying the Caliphate: Historical Memory and Contemporary Contexts. Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-932795-9.
Fitzpatrick & Walker 2014, p. 3. Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (2014). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-178-9.
Fitzpatrick & Walker (2014, p. 3) Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (2014). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-178-9.
Fitzpatrick & Walker (2014, p. 186) Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (2014). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-178-9.
Fitzpatrick & Walker (2014, p. 4) Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (2014). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-178-9.
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Kennedy, Hugh N. (2001). The Historiography of Islamic Egypt: (c. 950–1800). Brill. ISBN 978-9004117945.
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Buresi, Pascal; El Aallaoui, Hicham (2012). Governing the Empire: Provincial Administration in the Almohad Caliphate (1224–1269): Critical Edition, Translation, and Study of Manuscript 4752 of the Hasaniyya Library in Rabat Containing 77 Taqādīm ('appointments'). Brill. ISBN 978-9004233331.
Haarmann, Ulrich (2001). Geschichte der arabischen Welt (in German). C.H.Beck. p. 314. ISBN 9783406474866.
Fromherz, Allen James (2016). Near West: Medieval North Africa, Latin Europe and the Mediterranean in the Second Axial Age. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 113f. ISBN 978-1-4744-1007-6.
Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 120. ISBN 0521337674.
Leonard Patrick, Harvey (2014). Islamic Spain: 1250 to 1500. Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press. p. 27. ISBN 9780226227740.
Baer, Eva (1983). Metalwork in Medieval Islamic Art. SUNY Press. p. xxiii. ISBN 978-0-7914-9557-5. Retrieved 7 April 2020. In the course of the later eleventh and twelfth century, however, the Fatimid caliphate declined rapidly, and in 1171 the country was invaded by Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn, the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. He restored Egypt as a political power, reincorporated it in the Abbasid Caliphate and established Ayyubid suzerainty not only over Egypt and Syria but, as mentioned above, temporarily over northern Mesopotamia as well.
Lambton, Ann; Lewis, Bernard (1995). The Cambridge History of Islam: The Indian sub-continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim west. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-521-22310-2. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
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Özoğlu 2011, p. 5; Özoğlu quotes 867.00/1801: Mark Lambert Bristol on 19 August 1924. Özoğlu, Hakan (2011). From Caliphate to Secular State: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-37956-7.
Schimmel, Annemarie (1963). "The Historical Background". Gabriel's Wing A Study Into the Religious Ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal. Brill. p. 30.
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Nehemia Levtzion; Randall Pouwels. The History of Islam in Africa. Ohio University Press. p. 81.
Ardıc̦, Nurullah (2012). Islam and the Politics of Secularism: The Caliphate and Middle Eastern Modernization in the Early 20th Century. Routledge. pp. 186f. ISBN 978-0-415-67166-8.
Desplat, Patrick A.; Schulz, Dorothea E. (2014). Prayer in the City: The Making of Muslim Sacred Places and Urban Life. Verlag. p. 82. ISBN 978-3-8394-1945-8.
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Hassan, Mona (2016). "CONCEPTUALIZING THE CALIPHATE, 632–1517 CE". Longing for the Lost Caliphate: A Transregional History. Princeton University Press. pp. 98–141. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1q1xrgm.9. ISBN 978-0-691-16678-0. JSTOR j.ctt1q1xrgm.9.
March, Andrew F. (2019). The Caliphate of Man: Popular Sovereignty in Modern Islamic Thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvp2n3ms. ISBN 978-0-674-98783-8. JSTOR j.ctvp2n3ms. S2CID 204443322.
Al-Momani, Nidal Daoud Mohammad (2014). "Al-Sharif, Al-Hussein Bin Ali between the Zionists and the Palestinians in 1924 A decisive year in the political history of Al-Hussein". Journal of Human Sciences. 2014 (2): 312–335. doi:10.12785/jhs/20140213. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
Strohmeier, Martin (3 September 2019). "The exile of Husayn b. Ali, ex-sharif of Mecca and ex-king of the Hijaz, in Cyprus (1925–1930)". Middle Eastern Studies. 55 (5): 733–755. doi:10.1080/00263206.2019.1596895. S2CID 164473838.
Bar, Shmuel (January 2016). "The implications of the Caliphate". Comparative Strategy. 35 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1080/01495933.2016.1133994. S2CID 157012525.
Banaji, Jairus (2007). "Islam, the Mediterranean and the rise of capitalism" (PDF). Historical Materialism. 15 (1): 47–74. doi:10.1163/156920607x171591. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
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Labib, Subhi Y. (March 1969). "Capitalism in Medieval Islam". The Journal of Economic History. 29 (1): 79–96. doi:10.1017/S0022050700097837. JSTOR 2115499. S2CID 153962294.
Spier, Ray (August 2002). "The history of the peer-review process". Trends in Biotechnology. 20 (8): 357–8. doi:10.1016/S0167-7799(02)01985-6. PMID 12127284.
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As the Arabs of the Ḥejāz had used the drahms of the Sasanian-style, the only silver coinage in the world at that time, it was natural for them to leave many of the Sasanian mints in operation, striking coins like those of the emperors in every detail except for the addition of brief Arabic inscriptions like besmellāh in the margins.https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/coins-and-coinage-

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Hassan, Mona (2016). "CONCEPTUALIZING THE CALIPHATE, 632–1517 CE". Longing for the Lost Caliphate: A Transregional History. Princeton University Press. pp. 98–141. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1q1xrgm.9. ISBN 978-0-691-16678-0. JSTOR j.ctt1q1xrgm.9.
March, Andrew F. (2019). The Caliphate of Man: Popular Sovereignty in Modern Islamic Thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvp2n3ms. ISBN 978-0-674-98783-8. JSTOR j.ctvp2n3ms. S2CID 204443322.
Kuran, Timur (Fall 2005). "The Absence of the Corporation in Islamic Law: Origins and Persistence" (PDF). The American Journal of Comparative Law. 53 (4): 785–834. doi:10.1093/ajcl/53.4.785. hdl:10161/2546. JSTOR 30038724. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
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Arjomand, Said Amir (April 1999). "The Law, Agency, and Policy in Medieval Islamic Society: Development of the Institutions of Learning from the Tenth to the Fifteenth Century". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 41 (2): 263–293. doi:10.1017/s001041759900208x. JSTOR 179447. S2CID 144129603.
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March, Andrew F. (2019). The Caliphate of Man: Popular Sovereignty in Modern Islamic Thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvp2n3ms. ISBN 978-0-674-98783-8. JSTOR j.ctvp2n3ms. S2CID 204443322.
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Bar, Shmuel (January 2016). "The implications of the Caliphate". Comparative Strategy. 35 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1080/01495933.2016.1133994. S2CID 157012525.
Labib, Subhi Y. (March 1969). "Capitalism in Medieval Islam". The Journal of Economic History. 29 (1): 79–96. doi:10.1017/S0022050700097837. JSTOR 2115499. S2CID 153962294.
Arjomand, Said Amir (April 1999). "The Law, Agency, and Policy in Medieval Islamic Society: Development of the Institutions of Learning from the Tenth to the Fifteenth Century". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 41 (2): 263–293. doi:10.1017/s001041759900208x. JSTOR 179447. S2CID 144129603.
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خليفة khalīfah [xæˈliːfæ], pronunciation^ⓘ

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"Timeline: the Rise, Spread, and Fall of the Islamic State". The Wilson Center. 28 October 2019. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2022.

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Saksena, Banarsi Prasad (1992) [1970]. "The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (ed.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180. Archived from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
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"HIST 210 – Lecture 16 – The Splendor of the Abbasid Period". Open Yale Courses. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.

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