Celsius (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Celsius" in English language version.

Last modified: 12:10:26, 15 August 2026 (UTC)

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Celsius, Anders (1742). "Observationer om twänne beständiga grader på en thermometer" [Observations about two stable degrees on a thermometer]. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar (Proceedings of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) (3): 171–180 and Fig. 1.

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Decision No. 3 of Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM.

bipm.org (Global: 1,781^st place; English: 2,481^st place)

bipm.org

In 1948, Resolution 7 of the 9th CGPM stated, "To indicate a temperature interval or difference, rather than a temperature, the word 'degree' in full, or the abbreviation 'deg' must be used." This resolution was abrogated in 1967/1968 by Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM, which stated that "[The names "degree Kelvin" and "degree", the symbols "°K" and "deg" and the rules for their use given in Resolution 7 of the 9th CGPM (1948),] ...and the designation of the unit to express an interval or a difference of temperatures are abrogated, but the usages which derive from these decisions remain permissible for the time being." Consequently, there is now wide freedom in usage regarding how to indicate a temperature interval. The most important thing is that one's intention must be clear and the basic rule of the SI must be followed; namely that the unit name or its symbol must not be relied upon to indicate the nature of the quantity. Thus, if a temperature interval is, say, 10 K or 10 °C (which may be written 10 kelvins or 10 degrees Celsius), it must be unambiguous through obvious context or explicit statement that the quantity is an interval. Rules governing the expressing of temperatures and intervals are covered in the BIPM's "SI Brochure, 8th edition" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2019. (1.39 MiB).
"Proceedings of the 42nd CIPM (1948), 1948, p. 88". Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 1948. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
Comptes rendus des séances de la cinquième conférence générale des poids et mesures, réunie à Paris en 1913. Bureau international des poids et mesures. 1913. pp. 55, 57, 59. Retrieved 10 June 2021. p. 60: ...à la température de 20° centésimaux
"CIPM, 1948 and 9th CGPM, 1948". International Bureau of Weights and Measures. Archived from the original on 5 April 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
For more information on conventions used in technical writing, see the informative SI Unit rules and style conventions by the NIST as well as the BIPM's SI brochure: Subsection 5.3.3, Formatting the value of a quantity. Archived 5 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine
"Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM (1967)".
"Resolution 3 of the 9th CGPM (1948)". International Bureau of Weights and Measures. Retrieved 6 February 2024.

www1.bipm.org

"SI brochure, section 2.1.1.5". International Bureau of Weights and Measures. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2008.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Rittner, D.; Bailey, R.A. (2014). Encyclopedia of Chemistry. Facts on File Science Dictionary. Facts On File, Incorporated. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-4381-1002-8.
Smith, Jacqueline (2009). "Appendix I: Chronology". The Facts on File Dictionary of Weather and Climate. Infobase Publishing. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-4381-0951-0. 1743 Jean-Pierre Christin inverts the fixed points on Celsius' scale, to produce the scale used today.
"MEMOIRE sur la dilatation du Mercure dans le Thermométre". Mercure de France (in French). Paris: Chaubert; Jean de Nully, Pissot, Duchesne: 1609–1610. 1743.
Journal helvétique (1743): LION. Imprimerie des Journalistes, Neuchâtel. pp. 308–310.
Memoires pour L'Histoire des Sciences et des Beaux Arts (1743): DE LYON. Chaubert, París. pp. 2125–2128.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

Celsius temperature scale at the Encyclopædia Britannica "Celsius temperature scale, also called centigrade temperature scale, scale based on 0 ° for the melting point of water and 100 ° for the boiling point of water at 1 atm pressure."

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Resolution 4 of the 10th meeting of the CGPM - Definition of the standard atmosphere (Report). 1954. doi:10.59161/CGPM1954RES4E. hdl:2060/19930080725.

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"Temperature and Pressure go Metric" (PDF). Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology. 1 September 1972. Retrieved 16 February 2022.

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Resolution 4 of the 10th meeting of the CGPM - Definition of the standard atmosphere (Report). 1954. doi:10.59161/CGPM1954RES4E. hdl:2060/19930080725.

hypertextbook.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Elert, Glenn (2005). "Temperature of a Healthy Human (Body Temperature)". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 22 August 2007.

imeko.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

According to The Oxford English Dictionary (OED), the term "Celsius thermometer" had been used at least as early as 1797. Further, the term "The Celsius or Centigrade thermometer" was again used in reference to a particular type of thermometer at least as early as 1850. The OED also cites this 1928 reporting of a temperature: "My altitude was about 5,800 metres, the temperature was 28° Celsius." However, dictionaries seek to find the earliest use of a word or term and are not a useful resource as regards the terminology used throughout the history of science. According to several writings of Terry Quinn, Director of the BIPM (1988–2004), including "Temperature Scales from the early days of thermometry to the 21st century" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2016. (146 KiB)

lemoyne.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

web.lemoyne.edu

Citation for Christin of Lyons: Le Moyne College, Glossary, (Celsius scale); citation for Linnaeus's connection with Pehr Elvius and Daniel Ekström: Uppsala University (Sweden), Linnaeus' thermometer Archived 1 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine; general citation: The Uppsala Astronomical Observatory, History of the Celsius temperature scale Archived 22 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine

lsbu.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

water.lsbu.ac.uk

Citation: London South Bank University, Water Structure and Behavior, notes c1 and c2 Archived 6 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine

nist.gov (Global: 708^th place; English: 742^nd place)

physics.nist.gov

"Unit of thermodynamic temperature (kelvin)". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty: Historical context of the SI. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2000. Archived from the original on 11 November 2004. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
For more information on conventions used in technical writing, see the informative SI Unit rules and style conventions by the NIST as well as the BIPM's SI brochure: Subsection 5.3.3, Formatting the value of a quantity. Archived 5 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine

cstl.nist.gov

The ice point of purified water has been measured at 0.000089(10) degrees Celsius – see Magnum, B.W. (June 1995). "Reproducibility of the Temperature of the Ice Point in Routine Measurements" (PDF). NIST Technical Note. 1411. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2007.

nist.gov

"SI Units – Temperature". NIST Office of Weights and Measures. 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2022.

oed.com (Global: 743^rd place; English: 419^th place)

"centigrade, adj. and n.". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 21 September 2025.

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Helmenstine, Anne Marie (15 December 2014). "What Is the Difference Between Celsius and Centigrade?". thoughtco.com. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2020.

unicode.org (Global: 691^st place; English: 581^st place)

"22.2". The Unicode Standard, Version 9.0 (PDF). Mountain View, CA, USA: The Unicode Consortium. July 2016. ISBN 978-1-936213-13-9. Retrieved 20 April 2017.

uu.se (Global: 3,445^th place; English: 3,148^th place)

www2.linnaeus.uu.se

Citation: Uppsala University (Sweden), Linnaeus' thermometer Archived 1 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine
Citation for Christin of Lyons: Le Moyne College, Glossary, (Celsius scale); citation for Linnaeus's connection with Pehr Elvius and Daniel Ekström: Uppsala University (Sweden), Linnaeus' thermometer Archived 1 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine; general citation: The Uppsala Astronomical Observatory, History of the Celsius temperature scale Archived 22 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine

astro.uu.se

Citation for Christin of Lyons: Le Moyne College, Glossary, (Celsius scale); citation for Linnaeus's connection with Pehr Elvius and Daniel Ekström: Uppsala University (Sweden), Linnaeus' thermometer Archived 1 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine; general citation: The Uppsala Astronomical Observatory, History of the Celsius temperature scale Archived 22 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine

linnaeus.uu.se

Citations: University of Wisconsin–Madison, Linnæus & his Garden and; Uppsala University, Linnaeus' thermometer

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

According to The Oxford English Dictionary (OED), the term "Celsius thermometer" had been used at least as early as 1797. Further, the term "The Celsius or Centigrade thermometer" was again used in reference to a particular type of thermometer at least as early as 1850. The OED also cites this 1928 reporting of a temperature: "My altitude was about 5,800 metres, the temperature was 28° Celsius." However, dictionaries seek to find the earliest use of a word or term and are not a useful resource as regards the terminology used throughout the history of science. According to several writings of Terry Quinn, Director of the BIPM (1988–2004), including "Temperature Scales from the early days of thermometry to the 21st century" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2016. (146 KiB)
In 1948, Resolution 7 of the 9th CGPM stated, "To indicate a temperature interval or difference, rather than a temperature, the word 'degree' in full, or the abbreviation 'deg' must be used." This resolution was abrogated in 1967/1968 by Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM, which stated that "[The names "degree Kelvin" and "degree", the symbols "°K" and "deg" and the rules for their use given in Resolution 7 of the 9th CGPM (1948),] ...and the designation of the unit to express an interval or a difference of temperatures are abrogated, but the usages which derive from these decisions remain permissible for the time being." Consequently, there is now wide freedom in usage regarding how to indicate a temperature interval. The most important thing is that one's intention must be clear and the basic rule of the SI must be followed; namely that the unit name or its symbol must not be relied upon to indicate the nature of the quantity. Thus, if a temperature interval is, say, 10 K or 10 °C (which may be written 10 kelvins or 10 degrees Celsius), it must be unambiguous through obvious context or explicit statement that the quantity is an interval. Rules governing the expressing of temperatures and intervals are covered in the BIPM's "SI Brochure, 8th edition" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2019. (1.39 MiB).
Helmenstine, Anne Marie (15 December 2014). "What Is the Difference Between Celsius and Centigrade?". thoughtco.com. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
"SI brochure, section 2.1.1.5". International Bureau of Weights and Measures. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
Citation: Uppsala University (Sweden), Linnaeus' thermometer Archived 1 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine
Citation for Christin of Lyons: Le Moyne College, Glossary, (Celsius scale); citation for Linnaeus's connection with Pehr Elvius and Daniel Ekström: Uppsala University (Sweden), Linnaeus' thermometer Archived 1 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine; general citation: The Uppsala Astronomical Observatory, History of the Celsius temperature scale Archived 22 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine
Citations: University of Wisconsin–Madison, Linnæus & his Garden and; Uppsala University, Linnaeus' thermometer
"CIPM, 1948 and 9th CGPM, 1948". International Bureau of Weights and Measures. Archived from the original on 5 April 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
The ice point of purified water has been measured at 0.000089(10) degrees Celsius – see Magnum, B.W. (June 1995). "Reproducibility of the Temperature of the Ice Point in Routine Measurements" (PDF). NIST Technical Note. 1411. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2007.
"Unit of thermodynamic temperature (kelvin)". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty: Historical context of the SI. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2000. Archived from the original on 11 November 2004. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
BIPM, SI Brochure, Section 5.3.3.
For more information on conventions used in technical writing, see the informative SI Unit rules and style conventions by the NIST as well as the BIPM's SI brochure: Subsection 5.3.3, Formatting the value of a quantity. Archived 5 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine
Citation: London South Bank University, Water Structure and Behavior, notes c1 and c2 Archived 6 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine

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1985 BBC Special: A Change In The Weather on YouTube

Celsius (English Wikipedia)

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