Chang and Eng Bunker (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Chang and Eng Bunker" in English language version.

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Bulwer Lytton, Edward (1831). The Siamese twins. A satirical tale of the times. With other poems. London: H. Colburn and R. Bentley. Retrieved 25 May 2019.

atlasobscura.com

"The Grave of Chang and Eng Bunker". Atlas Obscura. Archived from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018.

books.google.com

Their parents named them In and Chun (or Jun) (Thai pronunciation: [īn] and [t͡ɕān]), which contrary to popular belief during their lifetime do not mean "left" and right", and they were known locally as the "Chinese twins". Huang 2018, pp. 27–28. According to Huang, the twins themselves signed their names as 曾 and 因. He speculates that these names derive from Cantonese, though other sources suggest that the twins were Teochew, due to the historical prevalence of Teochews among Thais with Chinese ancestry.^[5] Huang 2018, pp. 52–53. Huang, Yunte (2018), Inseparable: The Original Siamese Twins and their Rendezvous with American History, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 978-0-87140-447-3 Huang, Yunte (2018), Inseparable: The Original Siamese Twins and their Rendezvous with American History, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 978-0-87140-447-3
The earliest report of their birth date is in the Boston Patriot and Mercantile Advertiser published August 17, 1829. Other reports give dates in late 1811 or early 1812. Records from Siamese royalty lead to the year 1812. An attempt to locate a specific date of birth is likely futile, as no birth records of the twins exist. Orser 2014, pp. 11, 208. Whatever the real date may be, May 11, 1811, is the generally accepted one. Orser 2014, p. 194. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2 Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
There are several narratives relating to Chang and Eng's siblings. Their mother had several other children, though stories attributing to her multiple sets of twins or triplets are probably misguided Orser 2014, p. 11. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
In his November 1829 account of the discovery, John Collins Warren writes, "They were naked from the hips upwards, were very thin in their persons, and it being dusk, he mistook them for some strange animal". Orser 2014, p. 13. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Their mother said that she had a "strong desire to see them again". Despite the missionaries' claim that they would return, evidence does not suggest that their mother was reached again. Orser 2014, p. 108. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
In October 1839 Harris wed Frances "Fannie" Baugus, daughter of Robert Baugus, who had helped the twins with living arrangements when they first arrived in Wilkes. In November 1840, Fanny's older brother Samuel married Letha Yates, daughter of David and Nancy Yates and older sister to the twins' future wives. Thus Chang and Eng would become related to Harris by marriage. Orser 2014, pp. 85–86, 88. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
According to Orser, "The twins were applying in a county that had very few immigrants and no other Asians, in a region whose color line was drawn decisively between white and black, in a court where they had been neighbors with the man administering the oaths [Gwyn]." Orser 2014, p. 82. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
On race, Wu concludes Chapter 1, "Labor and Ownership in the American South", thusly (paraphrased): The Bunkers were Asian Americans; they could circumvent many de jure and de facto restrictions on other nonwhites, however. Most of their interaction with other nonwhites was when they were in the role of slaveholders. "These tensions on interconnectedness and partition, on multiple levels, constitute the numerous contradictions the Bunkers present to the complicated landscape of American culture." Wu 2012, pp. 34–35. Wu, Cynthia (2012), Chang and Eng Reconnected, Temple University Press, ISBN 978-1-4399-0869-3
Orser notes that the narrative about protesters smashing the twins' windows because of their marriage was most likely introduced in Kay Hunter's 1964 popular biography Duet for a Lifetime; she "did not disclose her sources for this specific detail". Orser 2014, p. 95. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
For instance, the Greensborough Patriot wrote: "In driving a horse or chastising their negroes, both of them [the Bunkers] use the lash without mercy. A gentleman who purchased a black man, a short time ago, from them, informed the writer he was 'the worst whipped negro' he ever saw." Chang and Eng replied quickly: "That portion of said piece relating to the inhuman manner in which we had chastized a negro man which we afterwards sold is a sheer fabrication and infamous falsehood." Orser 2014, p. 127. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
For instance, the St. Louis Republican fictitiously (it included the caveat that it "does not vouch for its truth") wrote that disagreements between the Bunker brothers had escalated to their killing each other's children. Orser 2014, p. 149. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
An 1829 description reads, "Deviations from the usual forms of nature are almost always universally offensive; but, in this case, neither the personal appearance of the boys, nor the explanation of the phenomenon by which they are united, is calculated to raise an unpleasant emotion." Quigley 2012, p. 23. Quigley, Christine (2012), "Bunker, Chang and Eng", Conjoined Twins: An Historical, Biological and Ethical Issues Encyclopedia, McFarland & Company, pp. 22–40, ISBN 978-1-4766-0323-0
Bogdan 1990, p. 296, note 1. Bogdan, Robert (1990), Freak Show: Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-06312-6
Bogdan 1990, p. 12. Bogdan, Robert (1990), Freak Show: Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-06312-6
Quigley 2012, p. 22. Quigley, Christine (2012), "Bunker, Chang and Eng", Conjoined Twins: An Historical, Biological and Ethical Issues Encyclopedia, McFarland & Company, pp. 22–40, ISBN 978-1-4766-0323-0
Dreger 2005, p. 19; Wu 2012, p. 3 (birth). Dreger, Alice Domurat (2005), One of Us: Conjoined Twins and the Future of Normal, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01825-9 Wu, Cynthia (2012), Chang and Eng Reconnected, Temple University Press, ISBN 978-1-4399-0869-3
Orser 2014, p. 11. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Quigley 2012, pp. 22, 39. Quigley, Christine (2012), "Bunker, Chang and Eng", Conjoined Twins: An Historical, Biological and Ethical Issues Encyclopedia, McFarland & Company, pp. 22–40, ISBN 978-1-4766-0323-0
Orser 2014, p. 11; Huang 2018, p. 26 (names), 36 (help). Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2 Huang, Yunte (2018), Inseparable: The Original Siamese Twins and their Rendezvous with American History, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 978-0-87140-447-3
Orser 2014, p. 15. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, p. 108 (religion); Dreger 2005, p. 19 (activity). Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2 Dreger, Alice Domurat (2005), One of Us: Conjoined Twins and the Future of Normal, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01825-9
Dreger 2005, p. 19. Dreger, Alice Domurat (2005), One of Us: Conjoined Twins and the Future of Normal, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01825-9
Orser 2014, pp. 9, 12; Wu 2012, p. 4. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2 Wu, Cynthia (2012), Chang and Eng Reconnected, Temple University Press, ISBN 978-1-4399-0869-3
Orser 2014, pp. 13–14, 246; Spencer 2003, p. 2: new creature. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2 Spencer, Rowena (2003), Conjoined Twins: Developmental Malformations and Clinical Implications, Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-7070-5
Orser 2014, p. 13. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, p. 9 (travel), 48 (contract): Hunter and Coffin said the contract for $3,000. Chang and Eng said it was $500. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, pp. 37, 39–40, 48. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, p. 108. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, p. 42. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, p. 9. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Wu 2012, p. 1. Wu, Cynthia (2012), Chang and Eng Reconnected, Temple University Press, ISBN 978-1-4399-0869-3
Orser 2014, pp. 20–21, 23–25. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, pp. 41–42. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Nickell 2005, p. 122. Nickell, Joe (2005), Secrets of the Sideshows, University Press of Kentucky, ISBN 0813123585, OCLC 65377460
Orser 2014, pp. 38 (travel custom); Bogdan 1990, p. 12, 30–31 ("freak show"). Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2 Bogdan, Robert (1990), Freak Show: Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-06312-6
Orser 2014, pp. 14, 42, 61, 73; Bogdan 1990, p. 115; Nickell 2005. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2 Bogdan, Robert (1990), Freak Show: Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-06312-6 Nickell, Joe (2005), Secrets of the Sideshows, University Press of Kentucky, ISBN 0813123585, OCLC 65377460
Orser 2014, pp. 45–46: The bond was $200, equivalent to $5, 723&#32, in 2023. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, pp. 46–47, 50–51, 53. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, pp. 54–55. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, pp. 61–62: The bond was $350, equivalent to $10, 014&#32, in 2023. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, pp. 63–64. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, pp. 64, 66. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, pp. 55, 64–67. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, p. 68. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, pp. 68–69. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, pp. 61, 70–71, 73. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Wu 2012, p. 4. Wu, Cynthia (2012), Chang and Eng Reconnected, Temple University Press, ISBN 978-1-4399-0869-3
Orser 2014, p. 73–74. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, p. 78. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, pp. 76, 81–83. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, pp. 79–81. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, pp. 81–82. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, p. 109. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, p. 84; Huang 2018, p. 239 (Gates). Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2 Huang, Yunte (2018), Inseparable: The Original Siamese Twins and their Rendezvous with American History, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 978-0-87140-447-3
Orser 2014, p. 84. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, pp. 85, 221. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, p. 105. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, pp. 89–93. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, pp. 94–101; Wu 2012, p. 4. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2 Wu, Cynthia (2012), Chang and Eng Reconnected, Temple University Press, ISBN 978-1-4399-0869-3
Bogdan 1990, p. 204. Bogdan, Robert (1990), Freak Show: Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-06312-6
Orser 2014, pp. 105–106. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, p. 112. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, p. 132; Wu 2012, p. 35. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2 Wu, Cynthia (2012), Chang and Eng Reconnected, Temple University Press, ISBN 978-1-4399-0869-3
Orser 2014, pp. 110–112. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, p. 110. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Wu 2012, p. 40. Wu, Cynthia (2012), Chang and Eng Reconnected, Temple University Press, ISBN 978-1-4399-0869-3
Orser 2014, p. 126. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, p. 127. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, pp. 113–114. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, p. 137. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, p. 140; Bogdan 1990, pp. 115–116. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2 Bogdan, Robert (1990), Freak Show: Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-06312-6
Orser 2014, p. 118. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, p. 141; Wu 2012, p. 16. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2 Wu, Cynthia (2012), Chang and Eng Reconnected, Temple University Press, ISBN 978-1-4399-0869-3
Wu 2012, pp. 1, 16–17. Wu, Cynthia (2012), Chang and Eng Reconnected, Temple University Press, ISBN 978-1-4399-0869-3
Nickell 2005, p. 124. Nickell, Joe (2005), Secrets of the Sideshows, University Press of Kentucky, ISBN 0813123585, OCLC 65377460
Orser 2014, p. 141. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, pp. 144–145. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, pp. 145–146. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, pp. 154–156. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, pp. 147–148. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, pp. 149–150. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, p. 148. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, p. 151. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, p. 161. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, pp. 158–161, 167 (for parenthetical); Wu 2012, pp. 4–5. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2 Wu, Cynthia (2012), Chang and Eng Reconnected, Temple University Press, ISBN 978-1-4399-0869-3
Orser 2014, pp. 162–165. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, p. 171. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, p. 88. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, pp. 112–113, 227. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Quigley 2012, p. 39. Quigley, Christine (2012), "Bunker, Chang and Eng", Conjoined Twins: An Historical, Biological and Ethical Issues Encyclopedia, McFarland & Company, pp. 22–40, ISBN 978-1-4766-0323-0
Orser 2014, pp. 135–136. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, p. 133. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Orser 2014, p. 138. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Wu 2012, p. 146; Orser 2014. Wu, Cynthia (2012), Chang and Eng Reconnected, Temple University Press, ISBN 978-1-4399-0869-3 Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Wu 2012, p. 151. Wu, Cynthia (2012), Chang and Eng Reconnected, Temple University Press, ISBN 978-1-4399-0869-3
Klein, Maury (2006) [1989]. Union Pacific: Volume II, 1894-1969. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. p. 437. ISBN 978-0-8166-4460-5.
Dreger 2005, p. 19; Wu 2012, p. 55 ("xiphopagic" is a synonym). Dreger, Alice Domurat (2005), One of Us: Conjoined Twins and the Future of Normal, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01825-9 Wu, Cynthia (2012), Chang and Eng Reconnected, Temple University Press, ISBN 978-1-4399-0869-3
Quigley 2012, p. 23. Quigley, Christine (2012), "Bunker, Chang and Eng", Conjoined Twins: An Historical, Biological and Ethical Issues Encyclopedia, McFarland & Company, pp. 22–40, ISBN 978-1-4766-0323-0
Quigley 2012, p. 5; Spencer 2003, p. 58; Wu 2012, p. 53. Quigley, Christine (2012), "Bunker, Chang and Eng", Conjoined Twins: An Historical, Biological and Ethical Issues Encyclopedia, McFarland & Company, pp. 22–40, ISBN 978-1-4766-0323-0 Spencer, Rowena (2003), Conjoined Twins: Developmental Malformations and Clinical Implications, Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-7070-5 Wu, Cynthia (2012), Chang and Eng Reconnected, Temple University Press, ISBN 978-1-4399-0869-3
Orser 2014, pp. 171–174. Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Wu 2012, p. 40; Orser 2014, p. 175. Wu, Cynthia (2012), Chang and Eng Reconnected, Temple University Press, ISBN 978-1-4399-0869-3 Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-4696-1830-2
Wu 2012, p. 5. Wu, Cynthia (2012), Chang and Eng Reconnected, Temple University Press, ISBN 978-1-4399-0869-3
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Their parents named them In and Chun (or Jun) (Thai pronunciation: [īn] and [t͡ɕān]), which contrary to popular belief during their lifetime do not mean "left" and right", and they were known locally as the "Chinese twins". Huang 2018, pp. 27–28. According to Huang, the twins themselves signed their names as 曾 and 因. He speculates that these names derive from Cantonese, though other sources suggest that the twins were Teochew, due to the historical prevalence of Teochews among Thais with Chinese ancestry.^[5] Huang 2018, pp. 52–53. Huang, Yunte (2018), Inseparable: The Original Siamese Twins and their Rendezvous with American History, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 978-0-87140-447-3 Huang, Yunte (2018), Inseparable: The Original Siamese Twins and their Rendezvous with American History, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 978-0-87140-447-3

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