Chernobyl disaster (English Wikipedia)

Dmitriev, Viktor (30 November 2013). "Turbogenerator Rundown". Причины Чернобыльской аварии известны (in Russian). N/A. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021. На АЭС с реакторами РБМК-1000 используется выбег главных циркуляционных насосов (ГЦН) как самозащита при внезапном исчезновении электропитания собственных нужд (СН). Пока не включится резервное питание, циркуляция может осуществляться за счет выбега. С этой целью для увеличения продолжительности выбега, на валу электродвигателя –привода ГЦН установлен маховик с достаточно большой маховой массой.
Adamov, E. O.; Cherkashov, Yu. M.; et al. (2006). Channel Nuclear Power Reactor RBMK (in Russian) (Hardcover ed.). Moscow, Russia: GUP NIKIET. ISBN 978-5-98706-018-6. Archived from the original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
Davletbaev, R. I. (1995). Last shift Chernobyl. Ten years later. Inevitability or chance? (in Russian). Moscow, Russia: Energoatomizdat. ISBN 978-5-283-03618-2. Archived from the original on 24 December 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2009.

allthingsnuclear.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Gronlund, Lisbeth (17 April 2011). "How Many Cancers Did Chernobyl Really Cause?". Union of Concerned Scientists. Archived from the original on 21 April 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2018.

andanafilms.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Johnson, Thomas (author/director) (2006). The battle of Chernobyl. Play Film / Discovery Channel. (see 1996 interview with Mikhail Gorbachev).

anl.gov (Global: 6,358^th place; English: 4,781^st place)

insc.anl.gov

"Chernobyl (Chornobyl) Nuclear Power Plant". NEI Source Book (4th ed.). Nuclear Energy Institute. Archived from the original on 11 October 1999. Retrieved 31 July 2010.

apnews.com (Global: 129^th place; English: 89^th place)

"Soviets Report Heroic Acts at Chernobyl Reactor With AM Chernobyl Nuclear Bjt". Associated Press. 15 May 1986. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
"A drone pierced the outer shell of Ukraine's Chernobyl nuclear plant. Radiation levels are normal". AP News. 14 February 2025. Retrieved 7 December 2025.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Marples, David R. (1988). The Social Impact of the Chernobyl Disaster. New York: St Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-02432-1.
Medvedev, Z. (1990). The Legacy of Chernobyl. W. W. Norton & Company Incorporated. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-0-393-30814-3.
Mycio, Mary (2005). Wormwood Forest: A Natural History of Chernobyl. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 978-0-30910-309-1.

archive.today (Global: 14^th place; English: 14^th place)

"20 years after Chernobyl, The ongoing health effects". IPPNW. April 2006. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2006.

astronet.ru (Global: 3,201^st place; English: low place)

vivovoco.astronet.ru

Checherov, Konstantin (2006). "Немирный атом Чернобыля" [The Unpeaceful Atom of Chernobyl]. ЧЕЛОВЕК [ru] (in Russian) (1). Archived from the original on 4 September 2015.

asu.edu (Global: 2,187^th place; English: 1,500^th place)

embryo.asu.edu

"Chernobyl Heart (2003) | The Embryo Project Encyclopedia". embryo.asu.edu. Retrieved 2 May 2022.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; English: 10^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

Mulvey, Stephen (18 April 2006). "The Chernobyl nightmare revisited". BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 November 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
"Special Report: 1997: Chernobyl: Containing Chernobyl?". BBC News. 21 November 1997. Archived from the original on 19 March 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
"Chernobyl's silent graveyards". BBC News. 20 April 2006. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
Mulvey, Stephen (20 April 2006). "Wildlife defies Chernobyl radiation". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 November 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2018.

bbc.co.uk

"Ukraine: Chernobyl nuclear roof collapse 'no danger'". BBC News. 13 February 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
"Post-Chernobyl disaster sheep controls lifted on last UK farms". BBC News. 1 June 2012. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2013.

bbc.com (Global: 20^th place; English: 30^th place)

Evans, Patrick (7 July 2012). "Chernobyl's radioactive trees and the forest fire risk". BBC News. Archived from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
"Chernobyl to become 'official tourist attraction'". BBC News. 10 July 2019. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20251125-the-mysterious-black-fungus-from-chernobyl-that-appears-to-eat-radiation

bellona.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Digges, Charles (15 September 2025). "Chernobyl's steel shell was never meant to protect it from a war". Bellona.org. Retrieved 7 December 2025.
Digges, Charles (4 October 2006). "Reflections of a Chernobyl liquidator – the way it was and the way it will be". Bellona. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.

bhopal.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Challenger disaster compared to Bhopal, Chernobyl, TMI". Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2019.

biblioatom.ru (Global: low place; English: low place)

elib.biblioatom.ru

Belyaev, I. "Чернобыль – вахта смерти" [Chernobyl – Watch of Death]. Biblioatom (in Russian). Rosatom. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
Guskova, A. K. "Medical Impacts of the Chernobyl NPP Accident. Basic Conclusions and Unsolved Problems". Biblioatom. RosAtom. Retrieved 6 December 2024.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Marples, David R. (May–June 1996). "The Decade of Despair". The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 52 (3): 20–31. Bibcode:1996BuAtS..52c..20M. doi:10.1080/00963402.1996.11456623. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
Gusev, Igor A.; Guskova, Angelina Konstantinovna; Mettler, Fred Albert (2001). Medical management of radiation accidents. CRC Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-8493-7004-5. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
May, Niels F.; Maissen, Thomas (17 June 2021). National History and New Nationalism in the Twenty-First Century: A Global Comparison. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-39634-8. Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021. Members of the Ukrainian national movement regarded both Holodomor and Chernobyl as 'genocide against the Ukrainian people'.

boxofficemojo.com (Global: 21^st place; English: 28^th place)

"Chernobyl Diaries". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 29 April 2022.

businessinsider.com (Global: 140^th place; English: 115^th place)

Kramer, Sarah (26 April 2016). "The amazing true story behind the Chernobyl 'suicide squad' that helped save Europe". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2016.

cbc.ca (Global: 115^th place; English: 82^nd place)

,"Chornobyl by the numbers". CBC. 2011. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.

chernobylgallery.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Timeline: A chronology of events surrounding the Chernobyl nuclear disaster". The Chernobyl Gallery. 15 February 2013. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2018. 28 April – Monday 09:30 – Staff at the Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant, Sweden, detect a dangerous surge in radioactivity. Initially picked up when a routine check reveals that the soles shoes worn by a radiological safety engineer at the plant were radioactive. [28 April – Monday] 21:02 – Moscow TV news announce that an accident has occurred at the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant.[...] [28 April – Monday] 23:00 – A Danish nuclear research laboratory announces that an MCA (maximum credible accident) has occurred in the Chernobyl nuclear reactor. They mention a complete meltdown of one of the reactors and that all radioactivity has been released.

chernobylreport.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

European Greens and UK scientists Ian Fairlie PhD and David Sumner (April 2006). "Torch: The Other Report On Chernobyl – executive summary". Chernobylreport.org. Archived from the original on 10 September 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011.

chernobylshadows.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Series of artworks Pripyat Lights, or Chernobyl Shadows of artist Roman Gumanyuk". 23 August 2018. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2022.

chnpp.gov.ua (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Accident of 1986". Chornobyl NPP. Retrieved 14 July 2022.

cirsd.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Ecocide – the genocide of the 21st century? Eastern European perspective". CIRSD. Retrieved 21 June 2023.

clotmag.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Exploring how Chernobyl impacted Ukrainian cultural heritage". 13 October 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2022.

cnn.com (Global: 28^th place; English: 26^th place)

cnn.com

Edwards, Daria Tarasova-Markina, Tim Lister, Christian (14 February 2025). "Ukraine says Russia drone attack hits Chernobyl nuclear plant, radiation levels normal". CNN. Retrieved 7 December 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Guy, Lianne; Kolirin, Jack (11 July 2019). "Chernobyl to become official tourist attraction, Ukraine says". CNN. Retrieved 29 April 2022.

edition.cnn.com

Vlasova, Svitlana; Gigova, Radina (26 June 2024). "Chernobyl once brought tourists to Ukraine. They're still coming but now to see scars of different terror". CNN.

collectinghistory.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Medal for Service at the Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster". CollectingHistory.net. 26 April 1986. Archived from the original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.

colorado.edu (Global: 2,526^th place; English: 1,796^th place)

"Halflife". University of Colorado Boulder. 20 September 1999. Archived from the original on 30 August 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.

csmonitor.com (Global: 791^st place; English: 550^th place)

"Chernobyl will be unhabitable for at least 3,000 years, say nuclear experts". Christian Science Monitor. 24 April 2016. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020.

decider.com (Global: 864^th place; English: 527^th place)

"The Real Story Behind Chernobyl's Joker Robot is Even Sadder Than on the Show". 30 May 2019.

diva-portal.org (Global: 3,588^th place; English: 3,072^nd place)

su.diva-portal.org

De Geer, Lars-Erik; Persson, Christer; Rodhe, Henning (November 2017). "A Nuclear Jet at Chernobyl Around 21:23:45 UTC on April 25, 1986". Nuclear Technology. 201: 11–22. doi:10.1080/00295450.2017.1384269. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2019.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Steinhauser, Georg; Brandl, Alexander; Johnson, Thomas E. (2014). "Comparison of the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents: A review of the environmental impacts". Science of the Total Environment. 470–471: 800–817. Bibcode:2014ScTEn.470..800S. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.029. PMID 24189103.
McCall, Chris (April 2016). "Chernobyl disaster 30 years on: lessons not learned". The Lancet. 387 (10029): 1707–1708. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30304-x. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 27116266. S2CID 39494685.
De Geer, Lars-Erik; Persson, Christer; Rodhe, Henning (November 2017). "A Nuclear Jet at Chernobyl Around 21:23:45 UTC on April 25, 1986". Nuclear Technology. 201: 11–22. doi:10.1080/00295450.2017.1384269. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
Pakhomov, Sergey A.; Dubasov, Yuri V. (2009). "Estimation of Explosion Energy Yield at Chernobyl NPP Accident". Pure and Applied Geophysics. 167 (4–5): 575. Bibcode:2010PApGe.167..575P. doi:10.1007/s00024-009-0029-9.
Baverstock, K. (26 April 2011). "Chernobyl 25 years on". BMJ. 342 (apr26 1) d2443. doi:10.1136/bmj.d2443. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 21521731. S2CID 12917536.
Bogatov, S. A.; Borovoi, A. A.; Lagunenko, A. S.; Pazukhin, E. M.; Strizhov, V. F.; Khvoshchinskii, V. A. (2009). "Formation and spread of Chernobyl lavas". Radiochemistry. 50 (6): 650–654. doi:10.1134/S1066362208050131. S2CID 95752280.
Petrov, Yu. B.; Udalov, Yu. P.; Subrt, J.; Bakardjieva, S.; Sazavsky, P.; Kiselova, M.; Selucky, P.; Bezdicka, P.; Jorneau, C.; Piluso, P. (2009). "Behavior of melts in the UO2-SiO2 system in the liquid-liquid phase separation region". Glass Physics and Chemistry. 35 (2): 199–204. doi:10.1134/S1087659609020126. S2CID 135616447.
Baryakhtar, V.; Gonchar, V.; Zhidkov, A.; Zhidkov, V. (2002). "Radiation damages and self-sputtering of high-radioactive dielectrics: spontaneous emission of submicronic dust particles" (PDF). Condensed Matter Physics. 5 (3{31}): 449–471. Bibcode:2002CMPh....5..449B. doi:10.5488/cmp.5.3.449. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
Borovoi, A. A. (2006). "Nuclear fuel in the shelter". Atomic Energy. 100 (4): 249. doi:10.1007/s10512-006-0079-3. S2CID 97015862.
Evangeliou, Nikolaos; Balkanski, Yves; Cozic, Anne; Hao, Wei Min; Møller, Anders Pape (December 2014). "Wildfires in Chernobyl-contaminated forests and risks to the population and the environment: A new nuclear disaster about to happen?". Environment International. 73: 346–358. Bibcode:2014EnInt..73..346E. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.012. ISSN 0160-4120. PMID 25222299.
Marples, David R. (May–June 1996). "The Decade of Despair". The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 52 (3): 20–31. Bibcode:1996BuAtS..52c..20M. doi:10.1080/00963402.1996.11456623. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
Zamostian, P.; Moysich, K. B.; Mahoney, M. C.; McCarthy, P.; Bondar, A.; Noschenko, A. G.; Michalek, A. M. (2002). "Influence of various factors on individual radiation exposure from the chernobyl disaster". Environmental Health. 1 (1): 4. Bibcode:2002EnvHe...1....4Z. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-1-4. PMC 149393. PMID 12495449.
Kryshev, I. I. (1995). "Radioactive contamination of aquatic ecosystems following the Chernobyl accident". Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 27 (3): 207–219. Bibcode:1995JEnvR..27..207K. doi:10.1016/0265-931X(94)00042-U.
Fleishman, David G.; Nikiforov, Vladimir A.; Saulus, Agnes A.; Komov, Victor T. (1994). "137Cs in fish of some lakes and rivers of the Bryansk region and north-west Russia in 1990–1992". Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 24 (2): 145–158. doi:10.1016/0265-931X(94)90050-7.
Møller, A. P.; Mousseau, T. A. (1 December 2011). "Conservation consequences of Chernobyl and other nuclear accidents". Biological Conservation. 144 (12): 2787–2798. Bibcode:2011BCons.144.2787M. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.08.009. ISSN 0006-3207. S2CID 4110805.
Weigelt, E.; Scherb, H. (2004). "Spaltgeburtenrate in Bayern vor und nach dem Reaktorunfall in Tschernobyl". Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie. 8 (2): 106–110. doi:10.1007/s10006-004-0524-1. PMID 15045533. S2CID 26313953.
Yablokov, Alexey V.; Nesterenko, Vassily B.; Nesterenko, Alexey V. (21 September 2009). "Chapter III. Consequences of the Chernobyl Catastrophe for the Environment". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1181 (1): 221–286. Bibcode:2009NYASA1181..221Y. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04830.x. PMID 20002049. S2CID 2831227 – via Wiley Online Library.
Baker, Robert J.; Chesser, Ronald K. (2000). "The Chernobyl nuclear disaster and subsequent creation of a wildlife preserve". Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 19 (5): 1231–1232. Bibcode:2000EnvTC..19.1231B. doi:10.1002/etc.5620190501. S2CID 17795690. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018 – via Natural Science Research Laboratory.
Steiner, M.; Fielitz, U. (6 June 2009). "Deer Truffles – The Dominant Source of Radiocaesium Contamination of Wild Boar". Radioprotection. 44 (5): 585–588. doi:10.1051/radiopro/20095108 – via EDP Sciences.
Stäger, Felix; Zok, Dorian; Schiller, Anna-Katharina; Feng, Bin; Steinhauser, Georg (30 August 2023). "Disproportionately High Contributions of 60 Year Old Weapons-137Cs Explain the Persistence of Radioactive Contamination in Bavarian Wild Boars". Environmental Science & Technology. 57 (36): 13601–13611. Bibcode:2023EnST...5713601S. doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c03565. PMC 10501199. PMID 37646445.
Deryabina, T. G.; Kuchmel, S. V.; Nagorskaya, L. L.; Hinton, T. G.; Beasley, J. C.; Lerebours, A.; Smith, J. T. (October 2015). "Long-term census data reveal abundant wildlife populations at Chernobyl". Current Biology. 25 (19): R824 – R826. Bibcode:2015CBio...25.R824D. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.017. PMID 26439334.
Guskova, A. K. (2012). "Medical consequences of the Chernobyl accident: Aftermath and unsolved problems". Atomic Energy. 113 (2): 135–142. doi:10.1007/s10512-012-9607-5. S2CID 95291429.
Furitsu, Katsumi; Ryo, Haruko; Yeliseeva, Klaudiya G.; Thuy, Le Thi Thanh; Kawabata, Hiroaki; Krupnova, Evelina V.; Trusova, Valentina D.; Rzheutsky, Valery A.; Nakajima, Hiroo; Kartel, Nikolai; Nomura, Taisei (2005). "Microsatellite mutations show no increases in the children of the Chernobyl liquidators". Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 581 (1–2): 69–82. Bibcode:2005MRGTE.581...69F. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2004.11.002. PMID 15725606.
Pröhl, Gerhard; Mück, Konrad; Likhtarev, Ilya; Kovgan, Lina; Golikov, Vladislav (February 2002). "Reconstruction of the ingestion doses received by the population evacuated from the settlements in the 30-km zone around the Chernobyl reactor". Health Physics. 82 (2): 173–181. Bibcode:2002HeaPh..82..173P. doi:10.1097/00004032-200202000-00004. PMID 11797892. S2CID 44929090.
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Chesser, Ronald K.; Baker, Robert J. (2006). "Growing Up with Chernobyl: Working in a radioactive zone, two scientists learn tough lessons about politics, bias and the challenges of doing good science". American Scientist. Vol. 94, no. 6. pp. 542–549. doi:10.1511/2006.62.1011. JSTOR 27858869.
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Knudsen, L. B. (1991). "Legally-induced abortions in Denmark after Chernobyl". Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 45 (6): 229–231. doi:10.1016/0753-3322(91)90022-L. PMID 1912378.
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Jargin, Sergei V. (2012). "On the RET Rearrangements in Chernobyl-Related Thyroid Cancer". Journal of Thyroid Research. 2012 373879. doi:10.1155/2012/373879. PMC 3235888. PMID 22175034.
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dtic.mil (Global: 833^rd place; English: 567^th place)

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Medvedev, Grigori (1991). The Truth About Chernobyl. Basic Books. pp. 247–248. ISBN 978-2-226-04031-2. Translated from: Чернобыльская хроника (in Russian), Moscow: VAAP, 1989, also translated as: La Vérité sur Tchernobyl (in French), Paris: Éditions Albin Michel, 1990, ISBN 2-226-04031-5.

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Dyatlov 2003. Dyatlov, Anatoly (2003). Чернобыль. Как это было [Chernobyl. How did it happen / How It Happened] (in Russian). Nauchtechlitizdat, Moscow. ISBN 978-5-93728-006-0. OCLC 539577824. EBSCOhost XISI321014-H (from dataset "ISIS Current Bibliography of History of Science"). See alternatively 2005 online version (accessed 17 November 2025).
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welt.de (Global: 201^st place; English: 1,038^th place)

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wikipedia.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

ru.wikipedia.org

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wiley.com (Global: 222^nd place; English: 297^th place)

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

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world-nuclear.org (Global: 3,446^th place; English: 3,746^th place)

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worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

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Yeager, Meredith; Machiela, Mitchell J.; Kothiyal, Prachi; Dean, Michael; Bodelon, Clara; Suman, Shalabh; Wang, Mingyi; Mirabello, Lisa; Nelson, Chase W.; Zhou, Weiyin; Palmer, Cameron (14 May 2021). "Lack of transgenerational effects of ionizing radiation exposure from the Chernobyl accident". Science. 372 (6543): 725–729. Bibcode:2021Sci...372..725Y. doi:10.1126/science.abg2365. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 9398532. PMID 33888597. S2CID 233371673.

youtube.com (Global: 9^th place; English: 13^th place)

Video footage of Chernobyl disaster on 28 April on YouTube (in Russian).

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"Unfall im japanischen Kernkraftwerk Fukushima". Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics (in German). 24 March 2011. Archived from the original on 19 August 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011.

Chernobyl disaster (English Wikipedia)

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