Chlorine (English Wikipedia)

"Bleaching". Encyclopædia Britannica (9th Edition (1875) and 10th Edition (1902) ed.). Archived from the original on 2012-05-24. Retrieved 2012-05-02.

acs.org (Global: 865^th place; English: 887^th place)

pubs.acs.org

Wheeler, Ralph A.; Hoffmann, Roald. (October 1986). "A new magic cluster electron count and metal-metal multiple bonding". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 108 (21): 6605–6610. Bibcode:1986JAChS.108.6605W. doi:10.1021/ja00281a025. ISSN 0002-7863. Archived from the original on 2023-03-10. Retrieved 2023-11-08.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements. XVII. The halogen family". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (11): 1915. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1915W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1915.
Davy, Humphry (1811). "The Bakerian Lecture. On some of the combinations of oxymuriatic gas and oxygene, and on the chemical relations of these principles, to inflammable bodies". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 101: 1–35. Bibcode:1811RSPT..101....1D. doi:10.1098/rstl.1811.0001. Archived from the original on 2020-04-23. Retrieved 2018-02-19. Davy named chlorine on p. 32: (Archived 2021-12-18 at the Wayback Machine). "After consulting some of the most eminent chemical philosophers in this country, it has been judged most proper to suggest a name founded upon one of its obvious and characteristic properties – its colour, and to call it Chlorine, or Chloric gas.* *From χλωρος."
Faraday, M. (1823). "On fluid chlorine". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 113: 160–64. Bibcode:1823RSPT..113..160F. doi:10.1098/rstl.1823.0016. Archived from the original on 2020-04-23. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
Cameron, A. G. W. (1973). "Abundance of the Elements in the Solar System" (PDF). Space Science Reviews. 15 (1): 121–46. Bibcode:1973SSRv...15..121C. doi:10.1007/BF00172440. S2CID 120201972. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-21.
Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
M. Zreda; et al. (1991). "Cosmogenic chlorine-36 production rates in terrestrial rocks". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 105 (1–3): 94–109. Bibcode:1991E&PSL.105...94Z. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(91)90123-Y.
Wheeler, Ralph A.; Hoffmann, Roald. (October 1986). "A new magic cluster electron count and metal-metal multiple bonding". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 108 (21): 6605–6610. Bibcode:1986JAChS.108.6605W. doi:10.1021/ja00281a025. ISSN 0002-7863. Archived from the original on 2023-03-10. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
Zhang, Weiwei; Oganov, Artem R.; Goncharov, Alexander F.; Zhu, Qiang; Boulfelfel, Salah Eddine; Lyakhov, Andriy O.; Stavrou, Elissaios; Somayazulu, Maddury; Prakapenka, Vitali B.; Konôpková, Zuzana (2013-12-20). "Unexpected Stable Stoichiometries of Sodium Chlorides". Science. 342 (6165): 1502–1505. arXiv:1211.3644. Bibcode:2013Sci...342.1502Z. doi:10.1126/science.1244989. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 24357316. Archived from the original on 2023-09-07. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
Kjeld C. Engvild (1986). "Chlorine-Containing Natural Compounds in Higher Plants". Phytochemistry. 25 (4): 7891–91. Bibcode:1986PChem..25..781E. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(86)80002-4.
Gribble, G. W. (1994). "The Natural production of chlorinated compounds". Environmental Science and Technology. 28 (7): 310A–319A. Bibcode:1994EnST...28..310G. doi:10.1021/es00056a712. PMID 22662801.
Winder, Chris (2001). "The Toxicology of Chlorine". Environmental Research. 85 (2): 105–14. Bibcode:2001ER.....85..105W. doi:10.1006/enrs.2000.4110. PMID 11161660.
Richardson, Susan D.; Plewa, Michael J.; Wagner, Elizabeth D.; Schoeny, Rita; DeMarini, David M. (2007). "Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: A review and roadmap for research". Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research. 636 (1–3): 178–242. Bibcode:2007MRRMR.636..178R. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.09.001. PMID 17980649.

airliquide.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

encyclopedia.airliquide.com

Chlorine, Gas Encyclopaedia, Air Liquide

americanchemistry.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

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antiquity.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The earliest salt production in the world: an early Neolithic exploitation in Poiana Slatinei-Lunca, Romania". Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 2008-07-10. See Lunca in Vânători-Neamț, Romania.

aps.org (Global: 1,264^th place; English: 951^st place)

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archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Aspin, Chris (1981). The Cotton Industry. Shire Publications Ltd. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-85263-545-2.

archives-ouvertes.fr (Global: 1,143^rd place; English: 973^rd place)

hal.archives-ouvertes.fr

Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

Zhang, Weiwei; Oganov, Artem R.; Goncharov, Alexander F.; Zhu, Qiang; Boulfelfel, Salah Eddine; Lyakhov, Andriy O.; Stavrou, Elissaios; Somayazulu, Maddury; Prakapenka, Vitali B.; Konôpková, Zuzana (2013-12-20). "Unexpected Stable Stoichiometries of Sodium Chlorides". Science. 342 (6165): 1502–1505. arXiv:1211.3644. Bibcode:2013Sci...342.1502Z. doi:10.1126/science.1244989. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 24357316. Archived from the original on 2023-09-07. Retrieved 2023-11-08.

bayer.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

tecci.bayer.de

"Chlorine: Product Datasheet" (PDF). Bayer MaterialScience AG. 2008-04-21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 2013-12-17.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

"'Chlorine bomb' hits Iraq village". BBC News. 2007-05-17. Archived from the original on 2007-05-26. Retrieved 2007-05-17.

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

"Syrian forces 'drop chlorine' on Aleppo". BBC News. 2016-09-07. Archived from the original on 2017-05-13. Retrieved 2017-05-10.
"Syrian air force behind 2018 chlorine attack on Saraqeb, OPCW finds" Archived 2021-12-18 at the Wayback Machine BBC News. 12 April 2021.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

van Helmont, Joannis Baptistae (1682). Opera omnia [All Works] (in Latin). Frankfurt-am-Main, (Germany): Johann Just Erythropel. From "Complexionum atque mistionum elementalium figmentum." (Formation of combinations and of mixtures of elements), §37, p. 105: Archived 2023-12-30 at the Wayback Machine "Accipe salis petrae, vitrioli, & alumnis partes aequas: exsiccato singula, & connexis simul, distilla aquam. Quae nil aliud est, quam merum sal volatile. Hujus accipe uncias quatuor, salis armeniaci unciam junge, in forti vitro, alembico, per caementum (ex cera, colophonia, & vitri pulverre) calidissime affusum, firmato; mox, etiam in frigore, Gas excitatur, & vas, utut forte, dissilit cum fragore." (Take equal parts of saltpeter [i.e., sodium nitrate], vitriol [i.e., concentrated sulfuric acid], and alum: dry each and combine simultaneously; distill off the water [i.e., liquid]. That [distillate] is nothing else than pure volatile salt [i.e., spirit of nitre, nitric acid]. Take four ounces of this [viz, nitric acid], add one ounce of Armenian salt [i.e., ammonium chloride], [place it] in a strong glass alembic sealed by cement ([made] from wax, rosin, and powdered glass) [that has been] poured very hot; soon, even in the cold, gas is stimulated, and the vessel, however strong, bursts into fragments.) From "De Flatibus" (On gases), p. 408 Archived 2023-12-30 at the Wayback Machine: "Sal armeniacus enim, & aqua chrysulca, quae singula per se distillari, possunt, & pati calorem: sin autem jungantur, & intepescant, non possunt non, quin statim in Gas sylvestre, sive incoercibilem flatum transmutentur." (Truly Armenian salt [i.e., ammonium chloride] and nitric acid, each of which can be distilled by itself, and submitted to heat; but if, on the other hand, they be combined and become warm, they cannot but be changed immediately into carbon dioxide [note: van Helmont's identification of the gas is mistaken] or an incondensable gas.)
See also:
- Helmont, Johannes (Joan) Baptista Van, Encyclopedia.Com Archived 2021-12-18 at the
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- Gay-Lussac; Thenard (1809). "Extrait des mémoires lus à l'Institut national, depuis le 7 mars 1808 jusqu'au 27 février 1809" [Extracts from memoirs read at the national Institute, from 7 March 1808 to 27 February 1809]. Mémoires de Physique et de Chimie de la Société d'Arcueil. 2: 295–358. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2018. See: § De la nature et des propriétés de l'acide muriatique et de l'acide muriatique oxigéné (On the nature and properties of muriatic acid and of oxidised muriatic acid), pp. 339–58. From pp. 357–58: "Le gaz muriatique oxigéné n'est pas, en effect, décomposé ... comme un corps composé." ("In fact, oxygenated muriatic acid is not decomposed by charcoal, and it might be supposed, from this fact and those that are communicated in this Memoir, that this gas is a simple body. The phenomena that it presents can be explained well enough on this hypothesis; we shall not seek to defend it, however, as it appears to us that they are still better explained by regarding oxygenated muriatic acid as a compound body.") For a full English translation of this section, see: Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard, "On the nature and the properties of muriatic acid and of oxygenated muriatic acid" (Lemoyne College, Syracuse, New York) Archived 2008-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
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bris.ac.uk (Global: 5,759^th place; English: 4,110^th place)

chm.bris.ac.uk

Paul May. "Bleach (Sodium Hypochlorite)". University of Bristol. Archived from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.

cdc.gov (Global: 251^st place; English: 248^th place)

cdc.gov

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"Disinfection with chloramine". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Atlanta, Georgia. Archived from the original on 2015-02-15. Retrieved 2019-01-20.
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atsdr.cdc.gov

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bt.cdc.gov

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ciaaw.org (Global: 9,183^rd place; English: low place)

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Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
Ambrose, D; Hall, D.J; Lee, D.A; Lewis, G.B; Mash, C.J (1979). "The vapour pressure of chlorine". The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics. 11: 1089–1094. doi:10.1016/0021-9614(79)90139-3.
Cl₂ is complexed with cobalt(II) in cobalt-bearing sodium Zeolite A; see V. Subramanian; Karl Seff; Tor Ottersen (April 1, 1978). "A molecular chlorine complex of cobalt(II). The crystal structure of a dichlorine sorption complex of dehydrated cobalt(II)-exchanged sodium zeolite A, Co4Na4-A•4Cl2". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 100 (9): 2911–3. doi:10.1021/ja00477a067.
Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997, pp. 789–92 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997, pp. 792–93 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements. XVII. The halogen family". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (11): 1915. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1915W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1915.
Davy, Humphry (1811). "The Bakerian Lecture. On some of the combinations of oxymuriatic gas and oxygene, and on the chemical relations of these principles, to inflammable bodies". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 101: 1–35. Bibcode:1811RSPT..101....1D. doi:10.1098/rstl.1811.0001. Archived from the original on 2020-04-23. Retrieved 2018-02-19. Davy named chlorine on p. 32: (Archived 2021-12-18 at the Wayback Machine). "After consulting some of the most eminent chemical philosophers in this country, it has been judged most proper to suggest a name founded upon one of its obvious and characteristic properties – its colour, and to call it Chlorine, or Chloric gas.* *From χλωρος."
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Bouvet, Maurice (1950). "Les grands pharmaciens: Labarraque (1777–1850)" [The great pharmacists: Labarraque (1777–1850)]. Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie (in French). 38 (128): 97–107. doi:10.3406/pharm.1950.8662.
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Cameron, A. G. W. (1973). "Abundance of the Elements in the Solar System" (PDF). Space Science Reviews. 15 (1): 121–46. Bibcode:1973SSRv...15..121C. doi:10.1007/BF00172440. S2CID 120201972. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-21.
Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
M. Zreda; et al. (1991). "Cosmogenic chlorine-36 production rates in terrestrial rocks". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 105 (1–3): 94–109. Bibcode:1991E&PSL.105...94Z. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(91)90123-Y.
M. Sheppard and M. Herod (2012). "Variation in background concentrations and specific activities of 36Cl, 129I and U/Th-series radionuclides in surface waters". Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 106: 27–34. doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.10.015. PMID 22304997.
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Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997, pp. 809–812 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997, pp. 812–816 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997, pp. 818–819 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997, pp. 821–844 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997, pp. 842–844 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997, pp. 824–828 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
Seidel, Stefan; Seppelt, Konrad (2000-11-03). "The Cl4+ Ion". Angewandte Chemie. 39 (21): 3923–3925. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20001103)39:21<3923::AID-ANIE3923>3.0.CO;2-Y.
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Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997, pp. 828–831 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
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Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997, pp. 844–850 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997, pp. 883–885 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997, pp. 856–870 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
Wheeler, Ralph A.; Hoffmann, Roald. (October 1986). "A new magic cluster electron count and metal-metal multiple bonding". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 108 (21): 6605–6610. Bibcode:1986JAChS.108.6605W. doi:10.1021/ja00281a025. ISSN 0002-7863. Archived from the original on 2023-03-10. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
Zhang, Weiwei; Oganov, Artem R.; Goncharov, Alexander F.; Zhu, Qiang; Boulfelfel, Salah Eddine; Lyakhov, Andriy O.; Stavrou, Elissaios; Somayazulu, Maddury; Prakapenka, Vitali B.; Konôpková, Zuzana (2013-12-20). "Unexpected Stable Stoichiometries of Sodium Chlorides". Science. 342 (6165): 1502–1505. arXiv:1211.3644. Bibcode:2013Sci...342.1502Z. doi:10.1126/science.1244989. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 24357316. Archived from the original on 2023-09-07. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
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Kjeld C. Engvild (1986). "Chlorine-Containing Natural Compounds in Higher Plants". Phytochemistry. 25 (4): 7891–91. Bibcode:1986PChem..25..781E. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(86)80002-4.
Gribble, G. W. (1994). "The Natural production of chlorinated compounds". Environmental Science and Technology. 28 (7): 310A–319A. Bibcode:1994EnST...28..310G. doi:10.1021/es00056a712. PMID 22662801.
Gribble, G. W. (1996). "Naturally occurring organohalogen compounds – A comprehensive survey". Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products. 68 (10): 1–423. doi:10.1021/np50088a001. PMID 8795309.
Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997, p. 795 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997, pp. 796–800 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
Schmittinger, Peter et al. (2006) "Chlorine" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_399.pub2
Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997, p. 798. Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997, p. 793. Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
Lewis, Kenneth A. (2010). "Ch. 9 Hypochlorination – Sodium Hypochlorite" (PDF). White's Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p. 452. doi:10.1002/9780470561331.ch9. ISBN 978-0-470-56133-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.^{[permanent dead link]}
Rezayat, C.; Widmann, W. D.; Hardy, M. A. (2006). "Henry Drysdale Dakin: More Than His Solution". Current Surgery. 63 (3): 194–96. doi:10.1016/j.cursur.2006.04.009. PMID 16757372.
Koski T. A.; Stuart L. S.; Ortenzio L. F. (1966). "Comparison of chlorine, bromine, iodine as disinfectants for swimming pool water". Applied Microbiology. 14 (2): 276–79. doi:10.1128/AEM.14.2.276-279.1966. PMC 546668. PMID 4959984.
Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997, p. 860. Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
Lavie, CJ; Crocker, EF; Key, KJ; Ferguson, TG (October 1986). "Marked hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis with severe compensatory hypoventilation". South. Med. J. 79 (10): 1296–99. doi:10.1097/00007611-198610000-00025. PMID 3764530.
Levitin, H; Branscome, W; Epstein, FH (December 1958). "The pathogenesis of hypochloremia in respiratory acidosis". J. Clin. Invest. 37 (12): 1667–75. doi:10.1172/JCI103758. PMC 1062852. PMID 13611033.
Cambier, C; Detry, B; Beerens, D; et al. (October 1998). "Effects of hyperchloremia on blood oxygen binding in healthy calves". J. Appl. Physiol. 85 (4): 1267–72. doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.85.4.1267. PMID 9760315.
Winder, Chris (2001). "The Toxicology of Chlorine". Environmental Research. 85 (2): 105–14. Bibcode:2001ER.....85..105W. doi:10.1006/enrs.2000.4110. PMID 11161660.
Richardson, Susan D.; Plewa, Michael J.; Wagner, Elizabeth D.; Schoeny, Rita; DeMarini, David M. (2007). "Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: A review and roadmap for research". Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research. 636 (1–3): 178–242. Bibcode:2007MRRMR.636..178R. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.09.001. PMID 17980649.

drcordas.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Chlorine – History" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 2008-07-10.

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encyclopedia.com (Global: 457^th place; English: 342^nd place)

van Helmont, Joannis Baptistae (1682). Opera omnia [All Works] (in Latin). Frankfurt-am-Main, (Germany): Johann Just Erythropel. From "Complexionum atque mistionum elementalium figmentum." (Formation of combinations and of mixtures of elements), §37, p. 105: Archived 2023-12-30 at the Wayback Machine "Accipe salis petrae, vitrioli, & alumnis partes aequas: exsiccato singula, & connexis simul, distilla aquam. Quae nil aliud est, quam merum sal volatile. Hujus accipe uncias quatuor, salis armeniaci unciam junge, in forti vitro, alembico, per caementum (ex cera, colophonia, & vitri pulverre) calidissime affusum, firmato; mox, etiam in frigore, Gas excitatur, & vas, utut forte, dissilit cum fragore." (Take equal parts of saltpeter [i.e., sodium nitrate], vitriol [i.e., concentrated sulfuric acid], and alum: dry each and combine simultaneously; distill off the water [i.e., liquid]. That [distillate] is nothing else than pure volatile salt [i.e., spirit of nitre, nitric acid]. Take four ounces of this [viz, nitric acid], add one ounce of Armenian salt [i.e., ammonium chloride], [place it] in a strong glass alembic sealed by cement ([made] from wax, rosin, and powdered glass) [that has been] poured very hot; soon, even in the cold, gas is stimulated, and the vessel, however strong, bursts into fragments.) From "De Flatibus" (On gases), p. 408 Archived 2023-12-30 at the Wayback Machine: "Sal armeniacus enim, & aqua chrysulca, quae singula per se distillari, possunt, & pati calorem: sin autem jungantur, & intepescant, non possunt non, quin statim in Gas sylvestre, sive incoercibilem flatum transmutentur." (Truly Armenian salt [i.e., ammonium chloride] and nitric acid, each of which can be distilled by itself, and submitted to heat; but if, on the other hand, they be combined and become warm, they cannot but be changed immediately into carbon dioxide [note: van Helmont's identification of the gas is mistaken] or an incondensable gas.)
See also:
- Helmont, Johannes (Joan) Baptista Van, Encyclopedia.Com Archived 2021-12-18 at the

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Lewis, Kenneth A. (2010). "Ch. 9 Hypochlorination – Sodium Hypochlorite" (PDF). White's Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p. 452. doi:10.1002/9780470561331.ch9. ISBN 978-0-470-56133-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.^{[permanent dead link]}

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babel.hathitrust.org

Scheele, Carl Wilhelm (1774). "Om Brunsten, eller Magnesia, och dess Egenskaper" [On braunstein [i.e., pyrolusite, manganese dioxide], or magnesia, and its properties]. Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar [Proceedings of the Royal Scientific Academy] (in Swedish). 35: 89–116, 177–94. Archived from the original on 2020-04-23. Retrieved 2018-02-19. In section 6 on pp. 93–94 of his paper Archived 2021-12-18 at the Wayback Machine, Scheele described how chlorine was produced when a mixture of hydrochloric acid and manganese dioxide (Brunsten) was heated: "6) (a) På 1/2 uns fint rifven Brunsten slogs 1 uns ren Spiritus salis. ... samt lukten fo̊rsvunnen." ( 6) (a) On one half ounce of finely ground Braunstein [pyrolusite] was poured one ounce of pure spiritus salis [spirit of salt, hydrogen chloride]. After this mixture had been standing in the cold for one hour, the acid had assumed a dark brown colour. One part of this solution was poured into a glass, which was placed over the fire. The solution gave off an odour like warm aqua regia and after one quarter's hour duration, it was as clear and colourless as water, and the smell had disappeared.) For an English translation of the relevant passages of this article, see: The Early History of Chlorine : Papers by Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1774), C. L. Berthollet (1785), Guyton de Morveau (1787), J. L. Gay-Lussac and L. J. Thenard (1809) (Edinburgh, Scotland: Alembic Club, 1912), pp. 5–10. Archived 2021-12-18 at the Wayback Machine
Davy, Humphry (1811). "The Bakerian Lecture. On some of the combinations of oxymuriatic gas and oxygene, and on the chemical relations of these principles, to inflammable bodies". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 101: 1–35. Bibcode:1811RSPT..101....1D. doi:10.1098/rstl.1811.0001. Archived from the original on 2020-04-23. Retrieved 2018-02-19. Davy named chlorine on p. 32: (Archived 2021-12-18 at the Wayback Machine). "After consulting some of the most eminent chemical philosophers in this country, it has been judged most proper to suggest a name founded upon one of its obvious and characteristic properties – its colour, and to call it Chlorine, or Chloric gas.* *From χλωρος."
Schweigger, J.S.C. (1811). "Nachschreiben des Herausgebers, die neue Nomenclatur betreffend" [Postscript of the editor concerning the new nomenclature]. Journal für Chemie und Physik (in German). 3 (2): 249–55. Archived from the original on 2020-04-23. Retrieved 2018-02-19. On p. 251, Schweigger proposed the word "halogen": "Man sage dafür lieber mit richter Wortbildung Halogen (da schon in der Mineralogie durch Werner's Halit-Geschlecht dieses Wort nicht fremd ist) von αλς Salz und dem alten γενειν (dorisch γενεν) zeugen." (One should say instead, with proper morphology, "halogen" (this word is not strange since [it's] already in mineralogy via Werner's "halite" species) from αλς [als] "salt" and the old γενειν [genein] (Doric γενεν) "to beget".)
In 1826, Berzelius coined the terms Saltbildare (salt-formers) and Corpora Halogenia (salt-making substances) for the elements chlorine, iodine, and fluorine. See: Berzelius, Jacob (1826). "Årsberättelser om Framstegen i Physik och Chemie" [Annual Report on Progress in Physics and Chemistry]. Arsb. Vetensk. Framsteg (in Swedish). 6. Stockholm, Sweden: P.A. Norstedt & Söner: 187. Archived from the original on 2020-04-23. Retrieved 2018-02-19. From p. 187: "De förre af dessa, d. ä. de electronegativa, dela sig i tre klasser: 1) den första innehåller kroppar, som förenade med de electropositiva, omedelbart frambringa salter, hvilka jag derför kallar Saltbildare (Corpora Halogenia). Desse utgöras af chlor, iod och fluor *)." (The first of them [i.e., elements], i.e., the electronegative [ones], are divided into three classes: 1) The first includes substances which, [when] united with electropositive [elements], immediately produce salts, and which I therefore name "salt-formers" (salt-producing substances). These are chlorine, iodine, and fluorine *).)
Faraday, M. (1823). "On fluid chlorine". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 113: 160–64. Bibcode:1823RSPT..113..160F. doi:10.1098/rstl.1823.0016. Archived from the original on 2020-04-23. Retrieved 2018-02-19.

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Snelders, H. A. M. (1971). "J. S. C. Schweigger: His Romanticism and His Crystal Electrical Theory of Matter". Isis. 62 (3): 328–38. doi:10.1086/350763. JSTOR 229946. S2CID 170337569.

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Gay-Lussac; Thenard (1809). "Extrait des mémoires lus à l'Institut national, depuis le 7 mars 1808 jusqu'au 27 février 1809" [Extracts from memoirs read at the national Institute, from 7 March 1808 to 27 February 1809]. Mémoires de Physique et de Chimie de la Société d'Arcueil. 2: 295–358. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2018. See: § De la nature et des propriétés de l'acide muriatique et de l'acide muriatique oxigéné (On the nature and properties of muriatic acid and of oxidised muriatic acid), pp. 339–58. From pp. 357–58: "Le gaz muriatique oxigéné n'est pas, en effect, décomposé ... comme un corps composé." ("In fact, oxygenated muriatic acid is not decomposed by charcoal, and it might be supposed, from this fact and those that are communicated in this Memoir, that this gas is a simple body. The phenomena that it presents can be explained well enough on this hypothesis; we shall not seek to defend it, however, as it appears to us that they are still better explained by regarding oxygenated muriatic acid as a compound body.") For a full English translation of this section, see: Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard, "On the nature and the properties of muriatic acid and of oxygenated muriatic acid" (Lemoyne College, Syracuse, New York) Archived 2008-07-25 at the Wayback Machine

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Zhang, Weiwei; Oganov, Artem R.; Goncharov, Alexander F.; Zhu, Qiang; Boulfelfel, Salah Eddine; Lyakhov, Andriy O.; Stavrou, Elissaios; Somayazulu, Maddury; Prakapenka, Vitali B.; Konôpková, Zuzana (2013-12-20). "Unexpected Stable Stoichiometries of Sodium Chlorides". Science. 342 (6165): 1502–1505. arXiv:1211.3644. Bibcode:2013Sci...342.1502Z. doi:10.1126/science.1244989. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 24357316. Archived from the original on 2023-09-07. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
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van Helmont, Joannis Baptistae (1682). Opera omnia [All Works] (in Latin). Frankfurt-am-Main, (Germany): Johann Just Erythropel. From "Complexionum atque mistionum elementalium figmentum." (Formation of combinations and of mixtures of elements), §37, p. 105: Archived 2023-12-30 at the Wayback Machine "Accipe salis petrae, vitrioli, & alumnis partes aequas: exsiccato singula, & connexis simul, distilla aquam. Quae nil aliud est, quam merum sal volatile. Hujus accipe uncias quatuor, salis armeniaci unciam junge, in forti vitro, alembico, per caementum (ex cera, colophonia, & vitri pulverre) calidissime affusum, firmato; mox, etiam in frigore, Gas excitatur, & vas, utut forte, dissilit cum fragore." (Take equal parts of saltpeter [i.e., sodium nitrate], vitriol [i.e., concentrated sulfuric acid], and alum: dry each and combine simultaneously; distill off the water [i.e., liquid]. That [distillate] is nothing else than pure volatile salt [i.e., spirit of nitre, nitric acid]. Take four ounces of this [viz, nitric acid], add one ounce of Armenian salt [i.e., ammonium chloride], [place it] in a strong glass alembic sealed by cement ([made] from wax, rosin, and powdered glass) [that has been] poured very hot; soon, even in the cold, gas is stimulated, and the vessel, however strong, bursts into fragments.) From "De Flatibus" (On gases), p. 408 Archived 2023-12-30 at the Wayback Machine: "Sal armeniacus enim, & aqua chrysulca, quae singula per se distillari, possunt, & pati calorem: sin autem jungantur, & intepescant, non possunt non, quin statim in Gas sylvestre, sive incoercibilem flatum transmutentur." (Truly Armenian salt [i.e., ammonium chloride] and nitric acid, each of which can be distilled by itself, and submitted to heat; but if, on the other hand, they be combined and become warm, they cannot but be changed immediately into carbon dioxide [note: van Helmont's identification of the gas is mistaken] or an incondensable gas.)
See also:
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Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
Kraus, Paul (1942–1943). Jâbir ibn Hayyân: Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque. Cairo: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. ISBN 978-3487091150. OCLC 468740510. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) vol. II, pp. 41–42; Multhauf, Robert P. (1966). The Origins of Chemistry. London: Oldbourne. pp. 141–42.
Wheeler, Ralph A.; Hoffmann, Roald. (October 1986). "A new magic cluster electron count and metal-metal multiple bonding". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 108 (21): 6605–6610. Bibcode:1986JAChS.108.6605W. doi:10.1021/ja00281a025. ISSN 0002-7863. Archived from the original on 2023-03-10. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
Zhang, Weiwei; Oganov, Artem R.; Goncharov, Alexander F.; Zhu, Qiang; Boulfelfel, Salah Eddine; Lyakhov, Andriy O.; Stavrou, Elissaios; Somayazulu, Maddury; Prakapenka, Vitali B.; Konôpková, Zuzana (2013-12-20). "Unexpected Stable Stoichiometries of Sodium Chlorides". Science. 342 (6165): 1502–1505. arXiv:1211.3644. Bibcode:2013Sci...342.1502Z. doi:10.1126/science.1244989. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 24357316. Archived from the original on 2023-09-07. Retrieved 2023-11-08.

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nasa.gov (Global: 12^th place; English: 73^rd place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

nj.gov (Global: 1,655^th place; English: 759^th place)

noaa.gov (Global: 111^th place; English: 78^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

openlibrary.org (Global: 185^th place; English: 154^th place)

reuters.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 30^th place)

science.org (Global: 1,007^th place; English: 665^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

sigmaaldrich.com (Global: 774^th place; English: 2,799^th place)

st-andrews.ac.uk (Global: 1,053^rd place; English: 1,274^th place)

statista.com (Global: 1,214^th place; English: 1,277^th place)

umich.edu (Global: 429^th place; English: 307^th place)

vanderkrogt.net (Global: 8,803^rd place; English: low place)

wa.gov (Global: 1,564^th place; English: 741^st place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wiley.com (Global: 150^th place; English: 174^th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)