Gay-Lussac; Thenard (1809). "Extrait des mémoires lus à l'Institut national, depuis le 7 mars 1808 jusqu'au 27 février 1809" [Extracts from memoirs read at the national Institute, from 7 March 1808 to 27 February 1809]. Mémoires de Physique et de Chimie de la Société d'Arcueil. 2: 295–358. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2018. See: §
De la nature et des propriétés de l'acide muriatique et de l'acide muriatique oxigéné (On the nature and properties of muriatic acid and of oxidized muriatic acid), pp. 339–58. From pp. 357–58: "Le gaz muriatique oxigéné n'est pas, en effect, décomposé … comme un corps composé." ("In fact, oxygenated muriatic acid is not decomposed by charcoal, and it might be supposed, from this fact and those that are communicated in this Memoir, that this gas is a simple body. The phenomena that it presents can be explained well enough on this hypothesis; we shall not seek to defend it, however, as it appears to us that they are still better explained by regarding oxygenated muriatic acid as a compound body.") For a full English translation of this section, see: Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard, "On the nature and the properties of muriatic acid and of oxygenated muriatic acid" (Lemoyne College, Syracuse, New York)Archived 2008-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
"Disinfection with chloramine". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Atlanta, Georgia. Archived from the original on 2015-02-15. Retrieved 2019-01-20.
Karpenko, Vladimír; Norris, John A. (2002). "Vitriol in the History of Chemistry". Chemické listy. 96 (12): 997–1005. Archived from the original on 2021-12-18. Retrieved 2021-02-09. p. 1002.
Ambrose, D; Hall, D.J; Lee, D.A; Lewis, G.B; Mash, C.J (1979). "The vapour pressure of chlorine". The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics. 11: 1089–1094. doi:10.1016/0021-9614(79)90139-3.
Snelders, H. A. M. (1971). "J. S. C. Schweigger: His Romanticism and His Crystal Electrical Theory of Matter". Isis. 62 (3): 328–38. doi:10.1086/350763. JSTOR229946. S2CID170337569.
Bouvet, Maurice (1950). "Les grands pharmaciens: Labarraque (1777–1850)" [The great pharmacists: Labarraque (1777–1850)]. Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie (in French). 38 (128): 97–107. doi:10.3406/pharm.1950.8662.
M. Sheppard and M. Herod (2012). "Variation in background concentrations and specific activities of 36Cl, 129I and U/Th-series radionuclides in surface waters". Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 106: 27–34. doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.10.015. PMID22304997.
M. Rossberg et al. "Chlorinated Hydrocarbons" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_233.pub2
Gribble, G. W. (1996). "Naturally occurring organohalogen compounds – A comprehensive survey". Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products. 68 (10): 1–423. doi:10.1021/np50088a001. PMID8795309.
Schmittinger, Peter et al. (2006) "Chlorine" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co., doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_399.pub2
Rezayat, C.; Widmann, W. D.; Hardy, M. A. (2006). "Henry Drysdale Dakin: More Than His Solution". Current Surgery. 63 (3): 194–96. doi:10.1016/j.cursur.2006.04.009. PMID16757372.
Richardson, Susan D.; Plewa, Michael J.; Wagner, Elizabeth D.; Schoeny, Rita; DeMarini, David M. (2007). "Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: A review and roadmap for research". Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research. 636 (1–3): 178–242. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.09.001. PMID17980649.
"Lab report on chlorine gas usage"(PDF). Kurdistan Region Security Council. March 14, 2015. Archived(PDF) from the original on December 30, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
Scheele, Carl Wilhelm (1774). "Om Brunsten, eller Magnesia, och dess Egenskaper" [On braunstein [i.e., pyrolusite, manganese dioxide], or magnesia, and its properties]. Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar [Proceedings of the Royal Scientific Academy] (in Swedish). 35: 89–116, 177–94. Archived from the original on 2020-04-23. Retrieved 2018-02-19. In section 6 on pp. 93–94 of his paperArchived 2021-12-18 at the Wayback Machine, Scheele described how chlorine was produced when a mixture of hydrochloric acid and manganese dioxide (Brunsten) was heated: "6) (a) På 1/2 uns fint rifven Brunsten slogs 1 uns ren Spiritus salis. … samt lukten fo̊rsvunnen." ( 6) (a) On one half ounce of finely ground Braunstein [pyrolusite] was poured one ounce of pure spiritus salis [spirit of salt, hydrogen chloride]. After this mixture had been standing in the cold for one hour, the acid had assumed a dark brown colour. One part of this solution was poured into a glass, which was placed over the fire. The solution gave off an odour like warm aqua regia and after one quarter's hour duration, it was as clear and colourless as water, and the smell had disappeared.) For an English translation of the relevant passages of this article, see: The Early History of Chlorine : Papers by Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1774), C. L. Berthollet (1785), Guyton de Morveau (1787), J. L. Gay-Lussac and L. J. Thenard (1809) (Edinburgh, Scotland: Alembic Club, 1912), pp. 5–10.Archived 2021-12-18 at the Wayback Machine
Schweigger, J.S.C. (1811). "Nachschreiben des Herausgebers, die neue Nomenclatur betreffend" [Postscript of the editor concerning the new nomenclature]. Journal für Chemie und Physik (in German). 3 (2): 249–55. Archived from the original on 2020-04-23. Retrieved 2018-02-19. On p. 251, Schweigger proposed the word "halogen": "Man sage dafür lieber mit richter Wortbildung Halogen (da schon in der Mineralogie durch Werner's Halit-Geschlecht dieses Wort nicht fremd ist) von αλς Salz und dem alten γενειν (dorisch γενεν) zeugen." (One should say instead, with proper morphology, "halogen" (this word is not strange since [it's] already in mineralogy via Werner's "halite" species) from αλς [als] "salt" and the old γενειν [genein] (Doric γενεν) "to beget".)
In 1826, Berzelius coined the terms Saltbildare (salt-formers) and Corpora Halogenia (salt-making substances) for the elements chlorine, iodine, and fluorine. See: Berzelius, Jacob (1826). "Årsberättelser om Framstegen i Physik och Chemie" [Annual Report on Progress in Physics and Chemistry]. Arsb. Vetensk. Framsteg (in Swedish). 6. Stockholm, Sweden: P.A. Norstedt & Söner: 187. Archived from the original on 2020-04-23. Retrieved 2018-02-19. From p. 187: "De förre af dessa, d. ä. de electronegativa, dela sig i tre klasser: 1) den första innehåller kroppar, som förenade med de electropositiva, omedelbart frambringa salter, hvilka jag derför kallar Saltbildare (Corpora Halogenia). Desse utgöras af chlor, iod och fluor *)." (The first of them [i.e., elements], i.e., the electronegative [ones], are divided into three classes: 1) The first includes substances which, [when] united with electropositive [elements], immediately produce salts, and which I therefore name "salt-formers" (salt-producing substances). These are chlorine, iodine, and fluorine *).)
Snelders, H. A. M. (1971). "J. S. C. Schweigger: His Romanticism and His Crystal Electrical Theory of Matter". Isis. 62 (3): 328–38. doi:10.1086/350763. JSTOR229946. S2CID170337569.
lemoyne.edu
web.lemoyne.edu
Gay-Lussac; Thenard (1809). "Extrait des mémoires lus à l'Institut national, depuis le 7 mars 1808 jusqu'au 27 février 1809" [Extracts from memoirs read at the national Institute, from 7 March 1808 to 27 February 1809]. Mémoires de Physique et de Chimie de la Société d'Arcueil. 2: 295–358. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2018. See: §
De la nature et des propriétés de l'acide muriatique et de l'acide muriatique oxigéné (On the nature and properties of muriatic acid and of oxidized muriatic acid), pp. 339–58. From pp. 357–58: "Le gaz muriatique oxigéné n'est pas, en effect, décomposé … comme un corps composé." ("In fact, oxygenated muriatic acid is not decomposed by charcoal, and it might be supposed, from this fact and those that are communicated in this Memoir, that this gas is a simple body. The phenomena that it presents can be explained well enough on this hypothesis; we shall not seek to defend it, however, as it appears to us that they are still better explained by regarding oxygenated muriatic acid as a compound body.") For a full English translation of this section, see: Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard, "On the nature and the properties of muriatic acid and of oxygenated muriatic acid" (Lemoyne College, Syracuse, New York)Archived 2008-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
M. Sheppard and M. Herod (2012). "Variation in background concentrations and specific activities of 36Cl, 129I and U/Th-series radionuclides in surface waters". Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 106: 27–34. doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.10.015. PMID22304997.
Gribble, G. W. (1996). "Naturally occurring organohalogen compounds – A comprehensive survey". Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products. 68 (10): 1–423. doi:10.1021/np50088a001. PMID8795309.
Rezayat, C.; Widmann, W. D.; Hardy, M. A. (2006). "Henry Drysdale Dakin: More Than His Solution". Current Surgery. 63 (3): 194–96. doi:10.1016/j.cursur.2006.04.009. PMID16757372.
Richardson, Susan D.; Plewa, Michael J.; Wagner, Elizabeth D.; Schoeny, Rita; DeMarini, David M. (2007). "Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: A review and roadmap for research". Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research. 636 (1–3): 178–242. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.09.001. PMID17980649.
Snelders, H. A. M. (1971). "J. S. C. Schweigger: His Romanticism and His Crystal Electrical Theory of Matter". Isis. 62 (3): 328–38. doi:10.1086/350763. JSTOR229946. S2CID170337569.
O'Connor J. J.; Robertson E. F. "Michael Faraday". School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland. Archived from the original on 2010-02-20. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
Karpenko, Vladimír; Norris, John A. (2002). "Vitriol in the History of Chemistry". Chemické listy. 96 (12): 997–1005. Archived from the original on 2021-12-18. Retrieved 2021-02-09. p. 1002.
Scheele, Carl Wilhelm (1774). "Om Brunsten, eller Magnesia, och dess Egenskaper" [On braunstein [i.e., pyrolusite, manganese dioxide], or magnesia, and its properties]. Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar [Proceedings of the Royal Scientific Academy] (in Swedish). 35: 89–116, 177–94. Archived from the original on 2020-04-23. Retrieved 2018-02-19. In section 6 on pp. 93–94 of his paperArchived 2021-12-18 at the Wayback Machine, Scheele described how chlorine was produced when a mixture of hydrochloric acid and manganese dioxide (Brunsten) was heated: "6) (a) På 1/2 uns fint rifven Brunsten slogs 1 uns ren Spiritus salis. … samt lukten fo̊rsvunnen." ( 6) (a) On one half ounce of finely ground Braunstein [pyrolusite] was poured one ounce of pure spiritus salis [spirit of salt, hydrogen chloride]. After this mixture had been standing in the cold for one hour, the acid had assumed a dark brown colour. One part of this solution was poured into a glass, which was placed over the fire. The solution gave off an odour like warm aqua regia and after one quarter's hour duration, it was as clear and colourless as water, and the smell had disappeared.) For an English translation of the relevant passages of this article, see: The Early History of Chlorine : Papers by Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1774), C. L. Berthollet (1785), Guyton de Morveau (1787), J. L. Gay-Lussac and L. J. Thenard (1809) (Edinburgh, Scotland: Alembic Club, 1912), pp. 5–10.Archived 2021-12-18 at the Wayback Machine
"17 Chlorine". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. Archived from the original on 2010-01-23. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
Gay-Lussac; Thenard (1809). "Extrait des mémoires lus à l'Institut national, depuis le 7 mars 1808 jusqu'au 27 février 1809" [Extracts from memoirs read at the national Institute, from 7 March 1808 to 27 February 1809]. Mémoires de Physique et de Chimie de la Société d'Arcueil. 2: 295–358. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2018. See: §
De la nature et des propriétés de l'acide muriatique et de l'acide muriatique oxigéné (On the nature and properties of muriatic acid and of oxidized muriatic acid), pp. 339–58. From pp. 357–58: "Le gaz muriatique oxigéné n'est pas, en effect, décomposé … comme un corps composé." ("In fact, oxygenated muriatic acid is not decomposed by charcoal, and it might be supposed, from this fact and those that are communicated in this Memoir, that this gas is a simple body. The phenomena that it presents can be explained well enough on this hypothesis; we shall not seek to defend it, however, as it appears to us that they are still better explained by regarding oxygenated muriatic acid as a compound body.") For a full English translation of this section, see: Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard, "On the nature and the properties of muriatic acid and of oxygenated muriatic acid" (Lemoyne College, Syracuse, New York)Archived 2008-07-25 at the Wayback Machine
Schweigger, J.S.C. (1811). "Nachschreiben des Herausgebers, die neue Nomenclatur betreffend" [Postscript of the editor concerning the new nomenclature]. Journal für Chemie und Physik (in German). 3 (2): 249–55. Archived from the original on 2020-04-23. Retrieved 2018-02-19. On p. 251, Schweigger proposed the word "halogen": "Man sage dafür lieber mit richter Wortbildung Halogen (da schon in der Mineralogie durch Werner's Halit-Geschlecht dieses Wort nicht fremd ist) von αλς Salz und dem alten γενειν (dorisch γενεν) zeugen." (One should say instead, with proper morphology, "halogen" (this word is not strange since [it's] already in mineralogy via Werner's "halite" species) from αλς [als] "salt" and the old γενειν [genein] (Doric γενεν) "to beget".)
In 1826, Berzelius coined the terms Saltbildare (salt-formers) and Corpora Halogenia (salt-making substances) for the elements chlorine, iodine, and fluorine. See: Berzelius, Jacob (1826). "Årsberättelser om Framstegen i Physik och Chemie" [Annual Report on Progress in Physics and Chemistry]. Arsb. Vetensk. Framsteg (in Swedish). 6. Stockholm, Sweden: P.A. Norstedt & Söner: 187. Archived from the original on 2020-04-23. Retrieved 2018-02-19. From p. 187: "De förre af dessa, d. ä. de electronegativa, dela sig i tre klasser: 1) den första innehåller kroppar, som förenade med de electropositiva, omedelbart frambringa salter, hvilka jag derför kallar Saltbildare (Corpora Halogenia). Desse utgöras af chlor, iod och fluor *)." (The first of them [i.e., elements], i.e., the electronegative [ones], are divided into three classes: 1) The first includes substances which, [when] united with electropositive [elements], immediately produce salts, and which I therefore name "salt-formers" (salt-producing substances). These are chlorine, iodine, and fluorine *).)
O'Connor J. J.; Robertson E. F. "Michael Faraday". School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland. Archived from the original on 2010-02-20. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
"Bleaching". Encyclopædia Britannica (9th Edition (1875) and 10th Edition (1902) ed.). Archived from the original on 2012-05-24. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
"Chlorine Story". americanchemistry. Archived from the original on 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2008-07-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
"Disinfection with chloramine". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Atlanta, Georgia. Archived from the original on 2015-02-15. Retrieved 2019-01-20.
"Lab report on chlorine gas usage"(PDF). Kurdistan Region Security Council. March 14, 2015. Archived(PDF) from the original on December 30, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
"Facts About Chlorine". www.bt.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 2016-04-23. Retrieved 2016-04-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
