Christianity in Turkey (English Wikipedia)

ACN (May 4, 2022). "Turkey: A "church with open doors" in an Islamic society". ACN International. Archived from the original on November 15, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2022.

aina.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

In 1895, "the massacres of the Assyrians, genocidal by nature were continuing"... where mass slaughters reached unprecedented levels. "The Assyrian villages and towns were sacked by organized mobs or by Kurdish bands. Tens of thousands were driven from their homes. About 100 thousand Assyrian population of 245 villages forcibly converted to Islam. Their property was plundered. Thousands of Assyrian women and girls were forced into Turkish and Kurdish harems. The massacres were perpetrated as barbarously as possible." [1] Archived October 8, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Sargizov Lev, Druzhba idushchaya iz glubini vekov (Assiriytsi v Armenii) [A Friendship Coming from the Ancient Times (The Assyrians in Armenia)] (Atra, # 4, St. Petersburg, 1992, 71).
On October 3, 1914, Russian vice–Consul in Urmia Vedenski visited Assyrian villages which were already ruined by Kurds and Turks. He wrote: "The consequences of jihad are everywhere. In one village I saw burnt corpses of Assyrians with big sharp stakes in their bellies. The Assyrian houses are burnt and destroyed. The fire is still burning in the neighboring villages". [2] Archived October 8, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Sargizov Lev, Assiriytsi stran Blizhnego i Srednego Vostoka [The Assyrians of the Near and Middle East] (Yerevan, 1979), p. 25–26. The retreat of the Russian army from Urmia in January 1915 had tragic consequences for Assyrians. Turkish troops along with Kurdish detachments organized mass slaughter of the Assyrian population. Only 25,000 people managed to escape death. [3] Yohannan Abraham, The Death of a Nation (New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1916), p. 120.

ancientist.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

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Morgenthau, Henry (1918). Ambassador Morgenthau's Story. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
Hastings, Ed (December 21, 2000). The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought. Oxford University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-19-860024-4. Retrieved July 25, 2018.

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Reports reaching Washington indicate that "about 500,000 Armenians have been slaughtered or lost their lives... During the exodus of Armenians across the deserts they have been fallen upon by Kurds and slaughtered, but some of the Armenian women and girls, in considerable numbers, have been carried off into captivity by the Kurds. [4] Archived September 13, 2018, at the Wayback Machine The New York Times (September 24, 1915)

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"His Holiness Mar Dinkha IV, Catholicos-Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East Participates in Middle East Peace Conference (2012)". Archived from the original on September 19, 2020. Retrieved December 26, 2020.

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Bardakçı, Mehmet; Freyberg-Inan, Annette; Giesel, Christoph; Leisse, Olaf (2017). "The Ambivalent Situation of Turkey's Armenians: Between Collective Historical Trauma and Psychological Repression, Loyal Citizenship and Minority Status, Social Integration and Discrimination, Assimilation and Self-assertion". Religious Minorities in Turkey: Alevi, Armenians, and Syriacs and the Struggle to Desecuritize Religious Freedom. London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 133−154. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-27026-9_5. ISBN 978-1-137-27026-9. LCCN 2016961241.
Roshwald, Aviel (2013). "Part II. The Emergence of Nationalism: Politics and Power – Nationalism in the Middle East, 1876–1945". In Breuilly, John (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 220–241. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199209194.013.0011. ISBN 9780191750304. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
William G. Rusch (2013). The Witness of Bartholomew I, Ecumenical Patriarch. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-8028-6717-9. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2018. Constantinople has been the seat of an archiepiscopal see since the fourth century; its ruling hierarch has had the title of"Ecumenical Patriarch" ...
Erwin Fahlbusch; Geoffrey William Bromiley (2001). The Encyclopedia of Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 978-90-04-11695-5. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2018. The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople is the ranking church within the communion of ... Between the 4th and 15th centuries, the activities of the patriarchate took place within the context of an empire that not only was ...
Kurian, George Thomas; Lamport, Mark A. (November 10, 2016). Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-4432-0. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
Runciman, Steven (1965). The Fall of Constantinople 1453. Cambridge University Press. pp. 145–148. ISBN 978-0-521-39832-9. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1979). The End of the Byzantine Empire. London: Edward Arnold. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-7131-6250-9. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
Runciman, Steven (1965). The Fall of Constantinople 1453. Cambridge University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-521-39832-9. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
Roger Crowley (August 6, 2009). Constantinople: The Last Great Siege, 1453. Faber & Faber. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-571-25079-0. The vast majority of the ordinary citizens - about 30,000 - were marched off to the slave markets of Edirne, Bursa and Ankara.
M.J Akbar (May 3, 2002). The Shade of Swords: Jihad and the Conflict Between Islam and Christianity. Routledge. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-134-45259-0. Archived from the original on October 12, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2020. Some 30,000 Christians were either enslaved or sold.
Jim Bradbury (1992). The Medieval Siege. Boydell & Brewer. p. 322. ISBN 978-0-85115-312-4. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
Arat, Zehra F. Kabasakal (January 1, 2011). "4. The Human Rights Condition of the Orthodox Rum". Human Rights in Turkey. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0114-7. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
Trask, Roger R. (October 1, 2013). ""Unnamed Christianity": The American Educational Effort". The United States Response to Turkish Nationalism and Reform, 1914–1939. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-1-299-94386-5. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
Tambar, Kabir (2014). "3. Anatolian Modern". The Reckoning of Pluralism: Political Belonging and the Demands of History in Turkey. Redwood City, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-9118-2. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
Bilotta, Emilio; Flora, Alessandro; Lirer, Stefania; Viggiani, Carlo (May 10, 2013). Geotechnical Engineering for the Preservation of Monuments and Historic Sites. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-315-88749-4. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
White, Jenny (April 27, 2014). Muslim Nationalism and the New Turks – Jenny White. Princeton, Massachusetts: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400851256. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
Abazov, Rafis (2009). "2. Thoughts and Religions". Culture and Customs of Turkey. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-34215-8. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
Page 152, The last dragoman: the Swedish orientalist Johannes Kolmodin as scholar, Elisabeth Özdalga
Page 153, The last dragoman: the Swedish orientalist Johannes Kolmodin as scholar, Elisabeth Özdalga
Curta, Florin; Holt, Andrew (November 28, 2016). Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-566-4. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
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Sluglett, Peter; Weber, Stefan (2010). Syria and Bilad Al-Sham Under Ottoman Rule: Essays in Honour of Abdul Karim Rafeq. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-18193-9. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
Winter, Jay (January 8, 2004). America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-45018-8. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
Chakmakjian, Hagop A. (1965). Armenian Christology and Evangelization of Islam: A Survey of the Relevance of the Christology of the Armenian Apostolic Church to Armenian Relations with Its Muslim Environment. Brill Archive. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2018.

bpb.de (Global: 1,752^nd place; English: 5,699^th place)

"Christen in der islamischen Welt – Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte" (PDF). 2008. Archived from the original on May 2, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
"Christen in der islamischen Welt | bpb" (in German). Bpb.de. December 6, 2008. Archived from the original on December 6, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.

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"Turkish Protestants still face "long path" to religious freedom". christiancentury.org. Archived from the original on October 17, 2014. Retrieved November 3, 2014.
Jonathan Luxmoore (March 4, 2011). "Turkish Protestants still face "long path" to religious freedom". The Christian Century. Archived from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.

churchofjesuschrist.org (Global: 1,837^th place; English: 1,046^th place)

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churchtimes.co.uk (Global: low place; English: 6,728^th place)

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AA, Daily Sabah with (October 4, 2023). "Türkiye's 1st Orthodox church built in post-republic era set to open". Daily Sabah. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
"Rock-carved Çakırkaya monastery in Black Sea region to open to tourists". Daily Sabah. Anadolu Agency. March 17, 2020. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2020.

demokratgundem.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Türkiye'de Hristiyan nüfusu ve kilise sayısı - Demokrat Gündem - Haberler - Son Dakika Haberleri". demokratgundem.com (in Turkish). June 19, 2023. Retrieved August 23, 2024.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Bardakçı, Mehmet; Freyberg-Inan, Annette; Giesel, Christoph; Leisse, Olaf (2017). "The Ambivalent Situation of Turkey's Armenians: Between Collective Historical Trauma and Psychological Repression, Loyal Citizenship and Minority Status, Social Integration and Discrimination, Assimilation and Self-assertion". Religious Minorities in Turkey: Alevi, Armenians, and Syriacs and the Struggle to Desecuritize Religious Freedom. London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 133−154. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-27026-9_5. ISBN 978-1-137-27026-9. LCCN 2016961241.
Erol, Su (2015). "The Syriacs of Turkey: A Religious Community on the Path of Recognition". Archives de sciences sociales des religions (171). Paris, France: Éditions de l'EHESS: 59–80. doi:10.4000/assr.27027. ISBN 9782713224706. ISSN 1777-5825. Archived from the original on June 26, 2019.
Gutman, David (2019). "The thirty year genocide: Turkey's destruction of its Christian minorities, 1894–1924". Turkish Studies. 21 (1). London and New York: Routledge on behalf of the Global Research in International Affairs Center: 1–3. doi:10.1080/14683849.2019.1644170. eISSN 1743-9663. ISSN 1468-3849. S2CID 201424062.
Smith, Roger W. (Spring 2015). "Introduction: The Ottoman Genocides of Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks". Genocide Studies International. 9 (1). Toronto: University of Toronto Press: 1–9. doi:10.3138/GSI.9.1.01. ISSN 2291-1855. JSTOR 26986011. S2CID 154145301.
Roshwald, Aviel (2013). "Part II. The Emergence of Nationalism: Politics and Power – Nationalism in the Middle East, 1876–1945". In Breuilly, John (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 220–241. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199209194.013.0011. ISBN 9780191750304. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
Üngör, Uğur Ümit (June 2008). "Seeing like a nation-state: Young Turk social engineering in Eastern Turkey, 1913–50". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1). London and New York: Routledge: 15–39. doi:10.1080/14623520701850278. ISSN 1469-9494. OCLC 260038904. S2CID 71551858.
İçduygu, Ahmet; Toktaş, Şule; Ali Soner, B. (February 2008). "The politics of population in a nation-building process: Emigration of non-Muslims from Turkey". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 31 (2). London and New York: Routledge: 358–389. doi:10.1080/01419870701491937. hdl:11729/308. ISSN 1466-4356. OCLC 40348219. S2CID 143541451. Archived from the original on March 25, 2020. Retrieved August 2, 2020 – via Academia.edu.
Khalil, Mohammad H.; Bilici, Mucahit (2007). "Conversion Out of Islam: A Study of Conversion Narratives of Former Muslims" (PDF). The Muslim World. 97 (1). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell: 111–124. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2007.00161.x. hdl:2027.42/72141. ISSN 0027-4909. Archived from the original on September 28, 2024. Retrieved January 15, 2025.
Teule, Herman G. B. (2014). "Christianity in Western Asia". The Oxford Handbook of Christianity in Asia. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199329069.013.0001. ISBN 9780199329069. Archived from the original on June 5, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
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Inalcik, Halil (1969). "The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 23/24: 229–249. doi:10.2307/1291293. ISSN 0070-7546. JSTOR 1291293. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
Özyürek, Esra (January 2009). "Convert Alert: German Muslims and Turkish Christians as Threats to Security in the New Europe". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 51 (1). Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for Comparative Study of Society and History: 91–116. doi:10.1017/S001041750900005X. ISSN 1475-2999. S2CID 145237055.

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Bulut, Uzay (August 30, 2024). "Turkey: Ongoing Violations against Greek Christians". The European Conservative. Budapest, Brussels, Rome, Vienna: Center for European Renewal. ISSN 2590-2008. Archived from the original on August 30, 2024. Retrieved August 30, 2024.

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Morris, Benny; Ze'evi, Dror (November 4, 2021). "Then Came the Chance the Turks Have Been Waiting For: To Get Rid of Christians Once and for All". Haaretz. Tel Aviv. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

hdl.handle.net

İçduygu, Ahmet; Toktaş, Şule; Ali Soner, B. (February 2008). "The politics of population in a nation-building process: Emigration of non-Muslims from Turkey". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 31 (2). London and New York: Routledge: 358–389. doi:10.1080/01419870701491937. hdl:11729/308. ISSN 1466-4356. OCLC 40348219. S2CID 143541451. Archived from the original on March 25, 2020. Retrieved August 2, 2020 – via Academia.edu.
Khalil, Mohammad H.; Bilici, Mucahit (2007). "Conversion Out of Islam: A Study of Conversion Narratives of Former Muslims" (PDF). The Muslim World. 97 (1). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell: 111–124. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2007.00161.x. hdl:2027.42/72141. ISSN 0027-4909. Archived from the original on September 28, 2024. Retrieved January 15, 2025.

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Smith, Cyril J. (1974). "History of Rape and Rape Laws". Women Law Journal. No. 60. p. 188. Archived from the original on April 26, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2020.

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"Christians in Turkey subjected to rising hate speech: Protestant Church report". Hürriyet Daily News. February 2017. Archived from the original on November 29, 2017. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
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St George Church to elevate Cappadocia’s tourism appeal
Historic underground monastery in Nevşehir set for revival as tourism hub
Monastery sheds light on Byzantine life
Floor coverings found in church at Ayasuluk Hill
Church in ancient city to open to tourism
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Mosaic Panel on Refrigerium from Sinop Balatlar Church and its Place in Byzantine Iconography

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Smith, Roger W. (Spring 2015). "Introduction: The Ottoman Genocides of Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks". Genocide Studies International. 9 (1). Toronto: University of Toronto Press: 1–9. doi:10.3138/GSI.9.1.01. ISSN 2291-1855. JSTOR 26986011. S2CID 154145301.
Inalcik, Halil (1969). "The Policy of Mehmed II toward the Greek Population of Istanbul and the Byzantine Buildings of the City". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 23/24: 229–249. doi:10.2307/1291293. ISSN 0070-7546. JSTOR 1291293. Archived from the original on October 17, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2020.

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Bardakçı, Mehmet; Freyberg-Inan, Annette; Giesel, Christoph; Leisse, Olaf (2017). "The Ambivalent Situation of Turkey's Armenians: Between Collective Historical Trauma and Psychological Repression, Loyal Citizenship and Minority Status, Social Integration and Discrimination, Assimilation and Self-assertion". Religious Minorities in Turkey: Alevi, Armenians, and Syriacs and the Struggle to Desecuritize Religious Freedom. London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 133−154. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-27026-9_5. ISBN 978-1-137-27026-9. LCCN 2016961241.

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"Fearing a new holy empire: Just when Turks are worried about Christians, here comes the Pope". Maclean's. December 4, 2006. Archived from the original on July 19, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2022. More tangibly, figures published in January 2004 in Turkey's mainstream Milliyet newspaper claimed that 35,000 Muslims, the vast majority of them in Istanbul, had converted to Christianity in 2003. While impossible to confirm (the Turkish government does not release these figures), the rate of conversion, according to Christian leaders in Turkey, is on the rise.

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Kenyon, Peter (December 3, 2013). "Some Turkish Churches Get Makeovers — As Mosques". NPR.org. Archived from the original on December 6, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2018.

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Timur, Safak; Bubola, Emma (January 28, 2024). "Two Masked Attackers Kill 1 in Shooting at Istanbul Church". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 9, 2024.

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In 1895, "the massacres of the Assyrians, genocidal by nature were continuing"... where mass slaughters reached unprecedented levels. "The Assyrian villages and towns were sacked by organized mobs or by Kurdish bands. Tens of thousands were driven from their homes. About 100 thousand Assyrian population of 245 villages forcibly converted to Islam. Their property was plundered. Thousands of Assyrian women and girls were forced into Turkish and Kurdish harems. The massacres were perpetrated as barbarously as possible." [1] Archived October 8, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Sargizov Lev, Druzhba idushchaya iz glubini vekov (Assiriytsi v Armenii) [A Friendship Coming from the Ancient Times (The Assyrians in Armenia)] (Atra, # 4, St. Petersburg, 1992, 71).
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On October 3, 1914, Russian vice–Consul in Urmia Vedenski visited Assyrian villages which were already ruined by Kurds and Turks. He wrote: "The consequences of jihad are everywhere. In one village I saw burnt corpses of Assyrians with big sharp stakes in their bellies. The Assyrian houses are burnt and destroyed. The fire is still burning in the neighboring villages". [2] Archived October 8, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Sargizov Lev, Assiriytsi stran Blizhnego i Srednego Vostoka [The Assyrians of the Near and Middle East] (Yerevan, 1979), p. 25–26. The retreat of the Russian army from Urmia in January 1915 had tragic consequences for Assyrians. Turkish troops along with Kurdish detachments organized mass slaughter of the Assyrian population. Only 25,000 people managed to escape death. [3] Yohannan Abraham, The Death of a Nation (New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1916), p. 120.
Reports reaching Washington indicate that "about 500,000 Armenians have been slaughtered or lost their lives... During the exodus of Armenians across the deserts they have been fallen upon by Kurds and slaughtered, but some of the Armenian women and girls, in considerable numbers, have been carried off into captivity by the Kurds. [4] Archived September 13, 2018, at the Wayback Machine The New York Times (September 24, 1915)
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