Christianity in Turkey (English Wikipedia)

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aina.org

In 1895, "the massacres of the Assyrians, genocidal by nature were continuing"... where mass slaughters reached unprecedented levels. "The Assyrian villages and towns were sacked by organized mobs or by Kurdish bands. Tens of thousands were driven from their homes. About 100 thousand Assyrian population of 245 villages forcibly converted to Islam. Their property was plundered. Thousands of Assyrian women and girls were forced into Turkish and Kurdish harems. The massacres were perpetrated as barbarously as possible." [1] Archived October 8, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Sargizov Lev, Druzhba idushchaya iz glubini vekov (Assiriytsi v Armenii) [A Friendship Coming from the Ancient Times (The Assyrians in Armenia)] (Atra, # 4, St. Petersburg, 1992, 71).
On October 3, 1914, Russian vice–Consul in Urmia Vedenski visited Assyrian villages which were already ruined by Kurds and Turks. He wrote: "The consequences of jihad are everywhere. In one village I saw burnt corpses of Assyrians with big sharp stakes in their bellies. The Assyrian houses are burnt and destroyed. The fire is still burning in the neighboring villages". [2] Archived October 8, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Sargizov Lev, Assiriytsi stran Blizhnego i Srednego Vostoka [The Assyrians of the Near and Middle East] (Yerevan, 1979), p. 25–26. The retreat of the Russian army from Urmia in January 1915 had tragic consequences for Assyrians. Turkish troops along with Kurdish detachments organized mass slaughter of the Assyrian population. Only 25,000 people managed to escape death. [3] Yohannan Abraham, The Death of a Nation (New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1916), p. 120.

archive.org

Morgenthau, Henry (1918). Ambassador Morgenthau's Story. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
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armenian-genocide.org

Reports reaching Washington indicate that "about 500,000 Armenians have been slaughtered or lost their lives... During the exodus of Armenians across the deserts they have been fallen upon by Kurds and slaughtered, but some of the Armenian women and girls, in considerable numbers, have been carried off into captivity by the Kurds. [4] Archived September 13, 2018, at the Wayback Machine The New York Times (September 24, 1915)

assyrianchurch.org

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Bardakçı, Mehmet; Freyberg-Inan, Annette; Giesel, Christoph; Leisse, Olaf (2017). "The Ambivalent Situation of Turkey's Armenians: Between Collective Historical Trauma and Psychological Repression, Loyal Citizenship and Minority Status, Social Integration and Discrimination, Assimilation and Self-assertion". Religious Minorities in Turkey: Alevi, Armenians, and Syriacs and the Struggle to Desecuritize Religious Freedom. London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 133−154. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-27026-9_5. ISBN 978-1-137-27026-9. LCCN 2016961241.
Roshwald, Aviel (2013). "Part II. The Emergence of Nationalism: Politics and Power – Nationalism in the Middle East, 1876–1945". In Breuilly, John (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 220–241. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199209194.013.0011. ISBN 9780191750304. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
William G. Rusch (2013). The Witness of Bartholomew I, Ecumenical Patriarch. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-8028-6717-9. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2018. Constantinople has been the seat of an archiepiscopal see since the fourth century; its ruling hierarch has had the title of"Ecumenical Patriarch" ...
Erwin Fahlbusch; Geoffrey William Bromiley (2001). The Encyclopedia of Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 978-90-04-11695-5. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2018. The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople is the ranking church within the communion of ... Between the 4th and 15th centuries, the activities of the patriarchate took place within the context of an empire that not only was ...
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Runciman, Steven (1965). The Fall of Constantinople 1453. Cambridge University Press. pp. 145–148. ISBN 978-0-521-39832-9. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1979). The End of the Byzantine Empire. London: Edward Arnold. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-7131-6250-9. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
Runciman, Steven (1965). The Fall of Constantinople 1453. Cambridge University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-521-39832-9. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
Roger Crowley (August 6, 2009). Constantinople: The Last Great Siege, 1453. Faber & Faber. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-571-25079-0. The vast majority of the ordinary citizens - about 30,000 - were marched off to the slave markets of Edirne, Bursa and Ankara.
M.J Akbar (May 3, 2002). The Shade of Swords: Jihad and the Conflict Between Islam and Christianity. Routledge. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-134-45259-0. Archived from the original on October 12, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2020. Some 30,000 Christians were either enslaved or sold.
Jim Bradbury (1992). The Medieval Siege. Boydell & Brewer. p. 322. ISBN 978-0-85115-312-4. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
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Page 152, The last dragoman: the Swedish orientalist Johannes Kolmodin as scholar, Elisabeth Özdalga
Page 153, The last dragoman: the Swedish orientalist Johannes Kolmodin as scholar, Elisabeth Özdalga
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doi.org

Bardakçı, Mehmet; Freyberg-Inan, Annette; Giesel, Christoph; Leisse, Olaf (2017). "The Ambivalent Situation of Turkey's Armenians: Between Collective Historical Trauma and Psychological Repression, Loyal Citizenship and Minority Status, Social Integration and Discrimination, Assimilation and Self-assertion". Religious Minorities in Turkey: Alevi, Armenians, and Syriacs and the Struggle to Desecuritize Religious Freedom. London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 133−154. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-27026-9_5. ISBN 978-1-137-27026-9. LCCN 2016961241.
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Smith, Roger W. (Spring 2015). "Introduction: The Ottoman Genocides of Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks". Genocide Studies International. 9 (1). Toronto: University of Toronto Press: 1–9. doi:10.3138/GSI.9.1.01. ISSN 2291-1855. JSTOR 26986011. S2CID 154145301.
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Özyürek, Esra (January 2009). "Convert Alert: German Muslims and Turkish Christians as Threats to Security in the New Europe". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 51 (1). Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for Comparative Study of Society and History: 91–116. doi:10.1017/S001041750900005X. ISSN 1475-2999. S2CID 145237055.

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handle.net

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Khalil, Mohammad H.; Bilici, Mucahit (2007). "Conversion Out of Islam: A Study of Conversion Narratives of Former Muslims" (PDF). The Muslim World. 97 (1). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell: 111–124. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2007.00161.x. hdl:2027.42/72141. ISSN 0027-4909. Archived from the original on September 28, 2024. Retrieved January 15, 2025.

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[https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/church-in-ancient-city-to-open-to-tourism-202316 Church in ancient city to open to tourism ]
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Smith, Roger W. (Spring 2015). "Introduction: The Ottoman Genocides of Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks". Genocide Studies International. 9 (1). Toronto: University of Toronto Press: 1–9. doi:10.3138/GSI.9.1.01. ISSN 2291-1855. JSTOR 26986011. S2CID 154145301.
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Bardakçı, Mehmet; Freyberg-Inan, Annette; Giesel, Christoph; Leisse, Olaf (2017). "The Ambivalent Situation of Turkey's Armenians: Between Collective Historical Trauma and Psychological Repression, Loyal Citizenship and Minority Status, Social Integration and Discrimination, Assimilation and Self-assertion". Religious Minorities in Turkey: Alevi, Armenians, and Syriacs and the Struggle to Desecuritize Religious Freedom. London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 133−154. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-27026-9_5. ISBN 978-1-137-27026-9. LCCN 2016961241.

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"Fearing a new holy empire: Just when Turks are worried about Christians, here comes the Pope". Maclean's. December 4, 2006. Archived from the original on July 19, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2022. More tangibly, figures published in January 2004 in Turkey's mainstream Milliyet newspaper claimed that 35,000 Muslims, the vast majority of them in Istanbul, had converted to Christianity in 2003. While impossible to confirm (the Turkish government does not release these figures), the rate of conversion, according to Christian leaders in Turkey, is on the rise.

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