Climate (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Climate" in English language version.

Last modified: 16:53:33, 27 August 2026 (UTC)

Ref.Un. Ref.Website

Global rank English rank

2928web.archive.org

1^st place

1313doi.org

2^nd place

77adsabs.harvard.edu

14^th place

9^th place

77nih.gov

5^th place

44wmo.int

2,179^th place

2,367^th place

33worldcat.org

4^th place

33semanticscholar.org

15^th place

8^th place

22nationalgeographic.org

4,068^th place

3,365^th place

22allenpress.com

5,987^th place

5,682^nd place

22grida.no

9,066^th place

low place

22hdl.handle.net

66^th place

34^th place

21ipcc.ch

1,841^st place

1,511^th place

22nasa.gov

12^th place

73^rd place

22noaa.gov

111^th place

78^th place

11jstor.org

23^rd place

15^th place

11unc.edu

1,577^th place

913^th place

11britannica.com

37^th place

64^th place

11cell.com

2,821^st place

4,262^nd place

11metoffice.gov.uk

3,449^th place

2,287^th place

11loc.gov

63^rd place

47^th place

11pik-potsdam.de

low place

11enhr2007rotterdam.nl

low place

11un.org

117^th place

160^th place

11usda.gov

512^th place

322^nd place

11aip.org

2,273^rd place

1,697^th place

11osti.gov

2,098^th place

1,146^th place

11arxiv.org

49^th place

31^st place

11duke.edu

1,851^st place

1,041^st place

11metoffice.cloud

low place

11globalchange.gov

low place

11nsidc.org

low place

11nytimes.com

7^th place

11nerc.ac.uk

9,366^th place

5,310^th place

11state.il.us

5,114^th place

2,573^rd place

11bbc.com

26^th place

23^rd place

11cerfacs.fr

low place

11climateprediction.net

low place

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Thornthwaite, C. W. (1948). "An Approach Toward a Rational Classification of Climate" (PDF). Geographical Review. 38 (1): 55–94. Bibcode:1948GeoRv..38...55T. doi:10.2307/210739. JSTOR 210739. Archived from the original (PDF) on Jan 24, 2012. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
Ledley, T.S.; Sundquist, E. T.; Schwartz, S. E.; Hall, D. K.; Fellows, J. D.; Killeen, T. L. (1999). "Climate change and greenhouse gases". EOS. 80 (39): 453. Bibcode:1999EOSTr..80Q.453L. doi:10.1029/99EO00325. hdl:2060/19990109667.
Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; Wood, Eric F. (30 October 2018). "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". Scientific Data. 5 180214. Bibcode:2018NatSD...580214B. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.214. ISSN 2052-4463. PMC 6207062. PMID 30375988.
Scafetta, Nicola (May 15, 2010). "Empirical evidence for a celestial origin of the climate oscillations" (PDF). Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 72 (13): 951–970. arXiv:1005.4639. Bibcode:2010JASTP..72..951S. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2010.04.015. S2CID 1626621. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
von Schuckman, K.; Palmer, M. D.; Trenberth, K. E.; Cazenave, A.; Chambers, D.; Champollion, N.; Hansen, J.; Josey, S. A.; Loeb, N; Mathieu, P. P.; Meyssignac, B.; Wild, N. (27 January 2016). "An imperative to monitor Earth's energy imbalance" (PDF). Nature Climate Change. 6 (2): 138–144. Bibcode:2016NatCC...6..138V. doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE2876.
Joos, Fortunat; Spahni, Renato (2008-02-05). "Rates of change in natural and anthropogenic radiative forcing over the past 20,000 years". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (5): 1425–1430. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.1425J. doi:10.1073/pnas.0707386105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2234160. PMID 18252830.
Karger, D.; Conrad, O.; Böhner, J.; Kawohl, T.; Kreft, H.; Soria-Auza, R.W.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Linder, P.; Kessler, M. (2017). "Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth land surface areas". Scientific Data. 4 (4 170122): 170122. Bibcode:2017NatSD...470122K. doi:10.1038/sdata.2017.122. PMC 5584396. PMID 28872642. S2CID 3750792.

aip.org (Global: 2,273^rd place; English: 1,697^th place)

Weart, Spencer. "The Modern Temperature Trend". American Institute of Physics. Archived from the original on 2020-09-22. Retrieved 2007-06-01.

allenpress.com (Global: 5,987^th place; English: 5,682^nd place)

amsglossary.allenpress.com

"Climate". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
"Thornthwaite Moisture Index". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2008-05-21.

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

Scafetta, Nicola (May 15, 2010). "Empirical evidence for a celestial origin of the climate oscillations" (PDF). Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 72 (13): 951–970. arXiv:1005.4639. Bibcode:2010JASTP..72..951S. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2010.04.015. S2CID 1626621. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2011.

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

"World's first year-long breach of key 1.5C warming limit". 2024-02-08. Retrieved 2024-02-10.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"paleoclimatology | science". Britannica. Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2022-09-01.

cell.com (Global: 2,821^st place; English: 4,262^nd place)

Hughes, Leslie (1 February 2000). "Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already apparent?". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 15 (2): 56–61. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01764-4. PMID 10652556. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved November 17, 2016.

cerfacs.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

Eric Maisonnave. Climate Variability. Retrieved on 2008-05-02. Archived June 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

climateprediction.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Climateprediction.net. Modelling the climate. Archived 2009-02-04 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008-05-02.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Gough, William A.; Leung, Andrew C. W. (2022). "Do Airports Have Their Own Climate?". Meteorology. 1 (2): 171–182. doi:10.3390/meteorology1020012. ISSN 2674-0494.
Thornthwaite, C. W. (1948). "An Approach Toward a Rational Classification of Climate" (PDF). Geographical Review. 38 (1): 55–94. Bibcode:1948GeoRv..38...55T. doi:10.2307/210739. JSTOR 210739. Archived from the original (PDF) on Jan 24, 2012. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
Hughes, Leslie (1 February 2000). "Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already apparent?". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 15 (2): 56–61. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01764-4. PMID 10652556. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
Ledley, T.S.; Sundquist, E. T.; Schwartz, S. E.; Hall, D. K.; Fellows, J. D.; Killeen, T. L. (1999). "Climate change and greenhouse gases". EOS. 80 (39): 453. Bibcode:1999EOSTr..80Q.453L. doi:10.1029/99EO00325. hdl:2060/19990109667.
Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; Wood, Eric F. (30 October 2018). "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". Scientific Data. 5 180214. Bibcode:2018NatSD...580214B. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.214. ISSN 2052-4463. PMC 6207062. PMID 30375988.
Vose, R. S.; Schmoyer, R. L.; Steurer, P. M.; Peterson, T. C.; Heim, R.; Karl, T. R.; Eischeid, J. K. (1992-07-01). The Global Historical Climatology Network: Long-term monthly temperature, precipitation, sea level pressure, and station pressure data. U.S. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information. doi:10.2172/10178730. OSTI 10178730.
Scafetta, Nicola (May 15, 2010). "Empirical evidence for a celestial origin of the climate oscillations" (PDF). Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 72 (13): 951–970. arXiv:1005.4639. Bibcode:2010JASTP..72..951S. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2010.04.015. S2CID 1626621. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
USGCRP Chapter 3 2017 Figure 3.1 panel 2 Archived 2018-04-09 at the Wayback Machine, Figure 3.3 panel 5 . Knutson, T.; Kossin, J.P.; Mears, C.; Perlwitz, J.; Wehner, M.F (2017). Wuebbles, D.J; Fahey, D.W; Hibbard, K.A; Dokken, D.J; Stewart, B.C; Maycock, T.K (eds.). Ch. 3: Detection and Attribution of Climate Change (PDF). doi:10.7930/J01834ND. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2022-09-05.
von Schuckman, K.; Palmer, M. D.; Trenberth, K. E.; Cazenave, A.; Chambers, D.; Champollion, N.; Hansen, J.; Josey, S. A.; Loeb, N; Mathieu, P. P.; Meyssignac, B.; Wild, N. (27 January 2016). "An imperative to monitor Earth's energy imbalance" (PDF). Nature Climate Change. 6 (2): 138–144. Bibcode:2016NatCC...6..138V. doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE2876.
Joos, Fortunat; Spahni, Renato (2008-02-05). "Rates of change in natural and anthropogenic radiative forcing over the past 20,000 years". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (5): 1425–1430. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.1425J. doi:10.1073/pnas.0707386105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2234160. PMID 18252830.
Dipankar, A.; Heinze, Rieke; Moseley, Christopher; Stevens, Bjorn; Zängl, Günther; Brdar, Slavko (2015). "A Large Eddy Simulation Version of ICON (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic): Model Description and Validation". Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems. 7. doi:10.1002/2015MS000431. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-9A35-F. S2CID 56394756.
Karger, D.; Conrad, O.; Böhner, J.; Kawohl, T.; Kreft, H.; Soria-Auza, R.W.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Linder, P.; Kessler, M. (2017). "Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth land surface areas". Scientific Data. 4 (4 170122): 170122. Bibcode:2017NatSD...470122K. doi:10.1038/sdata.2017.122. PMC 5584396. PMID 28872642. S2CID 3750792.
Karger, D.N.; Lange, S.; Hari, C.; Reyer, C.P.O.; Zimmermann, N.E. (2021). "CHELSA-W5E5 v1.0: W5E5 v1.0 downscaled with CHELSA v2.0". ISIMIP Repository. doi:10.48364/ISIMIP.836809.

duke.edu (Global: 1,851^st place; English: 1,041^st place)

fel.duke.edu

Scafetta, Nicola (May 15, 2010). "Empirical evidence for a celestial origin of the climate oscillations" (PDF). Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 72 (13): 951–970. arXiv:1005.4639. Bibcode:2010JASTP..72..951S. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2010.04.015. S2CID 1626621. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2011.

enhr2007rotterdam.nl (Global: low place; English: low place)

de Werk, Gertjan; Mulder, Karel (2007). "Heat Absorption Cooling For Sustainable Air Conditioning of Households" (PDF). Sustainable Urban Areas Rotterdam. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-27. Retrieved 2008-05-02.

globalchange.gov (Global: low place; English: low place)

science2017.globalchange.gov

USGCRP Chapter 3 2017 Figure 3.1 panel 2 Archived 2018-04-09 at the Wayback Machine, Figure 3.3 panel 5 . Knutson, T.; Kossin, J.P.; Mears, C.; Perlwitz, J.; Wehner, M.F (2017). Wuebbles, D.J; Fahey, D.W; Hibbard, K.A; Dokken, D.J; Stewart, B.C; Maycock, T.K (eds.). Ch. 3: Detection and Attribution of Climate Change (PDF). doi:10.7930/J01834ND. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-09-20. Retrieved 2022-09-05.

grida.no (Global: 9,066^th place; English: low place)

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Appendix I: Glossary. Archived 2017-01-26 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
"Glossary". Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2001-01-20. Archived from the original on 2017-01-26. Retrieved 2008-05-22.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Ledley, T.S.; Sundquist, E. T.; Schwartz, S. E.; Hall, D. K.; Fellows, J. D.; Killeen, T. L. (1999). "Climate change and greenhouse gases". EOS. 80 (39): 453. Bibcode:1999EOSTr..80Q.453L. doi:10.1029/99EO00325. hdl:2060/19990109667.
Dipankar, A.; Heinze, Rieke; Moseley, Christopher; Stevens, Bjorn; Zängl, Günther; Brdar, Slavko (2015). "A Large Eddy Simulation Version of ICON (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic): Model Description and Validation". Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems. 7. doi:10.1002/2015MS000431. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-9A35-F. S2CID 56394756.

ipcc.ch (Global: 1,841^st place; English: 1,511^th place)

Matthews, J.B. Robin; Möller, Vincent; van Diemen, Renée; Fuglestvedt, Jan S.; Masson-Delmotte, Valérie; Méndez, Carlos; Semenov, Sergey; Reisinger, Andy (2021). "Annex VII. Glossary: IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" (PDF). IPCC Sixth Assessment Report. p. 2222. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-06-05. Retrieved 2022-05-18.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Thornthwaite, C. W. (1948). "An Approach Toward a Rational Classification of Climate" (PDF). Geographical Review. 38 (1): 55–94. Bibcode:1948GeoRv..38...55T. doi:10.2307/210739. JSTOR 210739. Archived from the original (PDF) on Jan 24, 2012. Retrieved 2010-12-13.

loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)

webarchive.loc.gov

"Climate Data and Data Related Products". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 1 October 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2015.

metoffice.cloud (Global: low place; English: low place)

climate.metoffice.cloud

Sources for data and graphic:
- Annual global mean surface temperature data from: "Global temperature / Get the data / Global mean temperature / NOAAGlobalTemp / Download as CSV". Met Office (UK). 2026. Archived from the original on 18 January 2026.

metoffice.gov.uk (Global: 3,449^th place; English: 2,287^th place)

"Climate averages". Met Office. Archived from the original on 2008-07-06. Retrieved 2008-05-17.

nasa.gov (Global: 12^th place; English: 73^rd place)

nasa.gov

Shepherd, J. Marshall; Shindell, Drew; O'Carroll, Cynthia M. (1 February 2005). "What's the Difference Between Weather and Climate?". NASA. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2015.

data.giss.nasa.gov

"GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (v4)". NASA. Archived from the original on 2019-08-27. Retrieved 12 January 2024.

nationalgeographic.org (Global: 4,068^th place; English: 3,365^th place)

education.nationalgeographic.org

"All About Climate". Education | National Geographic Society. Retrieved 2023-09-25.
"Climate Change | National Geographic Society". Education | National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2022-07-30. Retrieved 2022-06-28.

nerc.ac.uk (Global: 9,366^th place; English: 5,310^th place)

nora.nerc.ac.uk

von Schuckman, K.; Palmer, M. D.; Trenberth, K. E.; Cazenave, A.; Chambers, D.; Champollion, N.; Hansen, J.; Josey, S. A.; Loeb, N; Mathieu, P. P.; Meyssignac, B.; Wild, N. (27 January 2016). "An imperative to monitor Earth's energy imbalance" (PDF). Nature Climate Change. 6 (2): 138–144. Bibcode:2016NatCC...6..138V. doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE2876.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hughes, Leslie (1 February 2000). "Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already apparent?". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 15 (2): 56–61. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01764-4. PMID 10652556. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; Wood, Eric F. (30 October 2018). "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". Scientific Data. 5 180214. Bibcode:2018NatSD...580214B. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.214. ISSN 2052-4463. PMC 6207062. PMID 30375988.
Joos, Fortunat; Spahni, Renato (2008-02-05). "Rates of change in natural and anthropogenic radiative forcing over the past 20,000 years". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (5): 1425–1430. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.1425J. doi:10.1073/pnas.0707386105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2234160. PMID 18252830.
Karger, D.; Conrad, O.; Böhner, J.; Kawohl, T.; Kreft, H.; Soria-Auza, R.W.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Linder, P.; Kessler, M. (2017). "Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth land surface areas". Scientific Data. 4 (4 170122): 170122. Bibcode:2017NatSD...470122K. doi:10.1038/sdata.2017.122. PMC 5584396. PMID 28872642. S2CID 3750792.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; Wood, Eric F. (30 October 2018). "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". Scientific Data. 5 180214. Bibcode:2018NatSD...580214B. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.214. ISSN 2052-4463. PMC 6207062. PMID 30375988.
Joos, Fortunat; Spahni, Renato (2008-02-05). "Rates of change in natural and anthropogenic radiative forcing over the past 20,000 years". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (5): 1425–1430. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.1425J. doi:10.1073/pnas.0707386105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2234160. PMID 18252830.
Karger, D.; Conrad, O.; Böhner, J.; Kawohl, T.; Kreft, H.; Soria-Auza, R.W.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Linder, P.; Kessler, M. (2017). "Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth land surface areas". Scientific Data. 4 (4 170122): 170122. Bibcode:2017NatSD...470122K. doi:10.1038/sdata.2017.122. PMC 5584396. PMID 28872642. S2CID 3750792.

noaa.gov (Global: 111^th place; English: 78^th place)

wrh.noaa.gov

National Weather Service Office Tucson, Arizona. Main page. Archived 2017-03-12 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2007-06-01.

ncdc.noaa.gov

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. NOAA Paleoclimatology. Archived 2020-09-22 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2007-06-01.

nsidc.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Arctic Climatology and Meteorology. Climate change. Archived 2010-01-18 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008-05-19.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Gillis, Justin (28 November 2015). "Short Answers to Hard Questions About Climate Change". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2015.

osti.gov (Global: 2,098^th place; English: 1,146^th place)

Vose, R. S.; Schmoyer, R. L.; Steurer, P. M.; Peterson, T. C.; Heim, R.; Karl, T. R.; Eischeid, J. K. (1992-07-01). The Global Historical Climatology Network: Long-term monthly temperature, precipitation, sea level pressure, and station pressure data. U.S. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information. doi:10.2172/10178730. OSTI 10178730.

pik-potsdam.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

Rahmstorf, Stefan. "The Thermohaline Ocean Circulation: A Brief Fact Sheet". Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. Archived from the original on 2013-03-27. Retrieved 2008-05-02.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Scafetta, Nicola (May 15, 2010). "Empirical evidence for a celestial origin of the climate oscillations" (PDF). Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 72 (13): 951–970. arXiv:1005.4639. Bibcode:2010JASTP..72..951S. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2010.04.015. S2CID 1626621. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
Dipankar, A.; Heinze, Rieke; Moseley, Christopher; Stevens, Bjorn; Zängl, Günther; Brdar, Slavko (2015). "A Large Eddy Simulation Version of ICON (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic): Model Description and Validation". Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems. 7. doi:10.1002/2015MS000431. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-9A35-F. S2CID 56394756.
Karger, D.; Conrad, O.; Böhner, J.; Kawohl, T.; Kreft, H.; Soria-Auza, R.W.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Linder, P.; Kessler, M. (2017). "Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth land surface areas". Scientific Data. 4 (4 170122): 170122. Bibcode:2017NatSD...470122K. doi:10.1038/sdata.2017.122. PMC 5584396. PMID 28872642. S2CID 3750792.

state.il.us (Global: 5,114^th place; English: 2,573^rd place)

museum.state.il.us

Illinois State Museum (2002). Ice Ages. Archived 2010-03-26 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2007-05-15.

un.org (Global: 117^th place; English: 160^th place)

What Is Climate Change?

unc.edu (Global: 1,577^th place; English: 913^th place)

Thornthwaite, C. W. (1948). "An Approach Toward a Rational Classification of Climate" (PDF). Geographical Review. 38 (1): 55–94. Bibcode:1948GeoRv..38...55T. doi:10.2307/210739. JSTOR 210739. Archived from the original (PDF) on Jan 24, 2012. Retrieved 2010-12-13.

usda.gov (Global: 512^th place; English: 322^nd place)

usna.usda.gov

United States National Arboretum. USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. Archived 2012-07-04 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2008-03-09

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Matthews, J.B. Robin; Möller, Vincent; van Diemen, Renée; Fuglestvedt, Jan S.; Masson-Delmotte, Valérie; Méndez, Carlos; Semenov, Sergey; Reisinger, Andy (2021). "Annex VII. Glossary: IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" (PDF). IPCC Sixth Assessment Report. p. 2222. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-06-05. Retrieved 2022-05-18.
Shepherd, J. Marshall; Shindell, Drew; O'Carroll, Cynthia M. (1 February 2005). "What's the Difference Between Weather and Climate?". NASA. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
Thornthwaite, C. W. (1948). "An Approach Toward a Rational Classification of Climate" (PDF). Geographical Review. 38 (1): 55–94. Bibcode:1948GeoRv..38...55T. doi:10.2307/210739. JSTOR 210739. Archived from the original (PDF) on Jan 24, 2012. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
"paleoclimatology | science". Britannica. Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2022-09-01.
Hughes, Leslie (1 February 2000). "Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already apparent?". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 15 (2): 56–61. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01764-4. PMID 10652556. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
"Climate". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
"Climate averages". Met Office. Archived from the original on 2008-07-06. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Appendix I: Glossary. Archived 2017-01-26 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
"Commission For Climatology: Over Eighty Years of Service" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. 2011. pp. 6, 8, 10, 21, 26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
"WMO Climatological Normals". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 2022-08-21. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
WMO Guidelines on the Calculation of Climate Normals (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. 2017. ISBN 978-92-63-11203-3. Archived from the original on 2022-08-08. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
National Weather Service Office Tucson, Arizona. Main page. Archived 2017-03-12 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
Rahmstorf, Stefan. "The Thermohaline Ocean Circulation: A Brief Fact Sheet". Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. Archived from the original on 2013-03-27. Retrieved 2008-05-02.
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