Climate of Africa (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Climate of Africa" in English language version.

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20web.archive.org

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1tiffindell.co.za

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alertnet.org

Alex Wynter (2009). Ethiopia: March rainy season "critical" for southern pastoralists. Thomson Reuters Foundation. Retrieved on 6 February 2009.

allafrica.com

The Voice (2009). "Botswana: Rainy Season Fills Up Dams". allAfrica.com. Retrieved 6 February 2009.

allenpress.com

ams.allenpress.com

Cook, Kerry H. "Generation of the African Easterly Jet and Its Role in Determining West African Precipitation". Retrieved 8 May 2008.

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thoughtleadership.aonbenfield.com

"Global Catastrophe Recap: First Half of 2019" (PDF). Aon Benfield. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2019.

archive.org

Burt, Christopher C. (2004). Extreme Weather: a guide & record book. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. pp. 24–28. ISBN 978-0-393-32658-1.

asu.edu

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"World Meteorological Organization World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive". Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2013.

bolnews.com

"Malawi Declares 537 Missing Persons Dead After Storm Freddy". BOL News. AP World. Retrieved 31 March 2023.

books.google.com

Godwell Nhamo, Lazarus Chapungu, ed. (2021). The Increasing Risk of Floods and Tornadoes in Southern Africa. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-74192-1. ISSN 2523-3084.

cnn.com

Carrington, Dalsy (2014). "Last chance to see: Disappearing glaciers in the 'Mountains of the Moon'". 3 April 2014 CNN.
Brandon Miller (25 April 2019). "Cyclone Kenneth: Thousands evacuated as Mozambique is hit with the strongest storm in its history". Cable News Network. Retrieved 25 April 2019.

cnr.it

isac.cnr.it

Mngadi, Pearl; Petrus J. M. Visser; Elizabeth Ebert (October 2006). "Southern Africa Satellite Derived Rainfall Estimates Validation" (PDF). International Precipitation Working Group. p. 1. Retrieved 5 January 2010.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

cropscience.org.au

Mebrhatu, Mehari Tesfazgi; M. Tsubo, and Sue Walker (2004). "A Statistical Model for Seasonal Rainfall Forecasting over the Highlands of Eritrea". New directions for a diverse planet: Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress. Retrieved 8 February 2009.

demon.co.uk

gwydir.demon.co.uk

Special Tropical Weather Outlook (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. 11 November 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.

doi.org

Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; Wood, Eric F. (30 October 2018). "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". Scientific Data. 5: 180214. Bibcode:2018NatSD...580214B. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.214. ISSN 2052-4463. PMC 6207062. PMID 30375988.
El Fadli, K. I.; et al. (September 2012). "World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (2): 199–204. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94..199E. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1. (The 136 °F (57.8 °C), claimed by 'Aziziya, Libya, on 13 September 1922, has been officially deemed invalid by the World Meteorological Organization.)
Findlater, J. (1969), A major low-level air current near the Indian Ocean during the northern summer. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 95: 362-380. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709540409
Yang, W., R. Seager, M. A. Cane, and B. Lyon, 2015: The Annual Cycle of East African Precipitation. J. Climate, 28, 2385–2404, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00484.1.
Munday, C., and Coauthors, 2022: Observations of the Turkana Jet and the East African Dry Tropics: The RIFTJet Field Campaign. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 103, E1828–E1842, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0214.1.
Munday, C., Savage, N., Jones, R.G. et al. Valley formation aridifies East Africa and elevates Congo Basin rainfall. Nature 615, 276–279 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05662-5
Nicholson, SE, Klotter, D. The Tropical Easterly Jet over Africa, its representation in six reanalysis products, and its association with Sahel rainfall. Int J Climatol. 2021; 41: 328– 347. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6623
Laux, Patrick; et al. (2008). "Predicting the regional onset of the rainy season in West Africa". International Journal of Climatology. 28 (3): 329–342. Bibcode:2008IJCli..28..329L. doi:10.1002/joc.1542. S2CID 129309284.
Laux, Patrick; et al. (2009). "Modelling daily precipitation features in the Volta Basin of West Africa". International Journal of Climatology. 29 (7): 937–954. Bibcode:2009IJCli..29..937L. doi:10.1002/joc.1852. S2CID 129107711.
Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Tucker, Simon; Marsham, John H.; Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A. (2019). "Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 1794. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9. PMC 6478940. PMID 31015416.
Collins, Jennifer M. (15 July 2011). "Temperature Variability over Africa". Journal of Climate. 24 (14): 3649–3666. Bibcode:2011JCli...24.3649C. doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1.
Conway, Declan; Persechino, Aurelie; Ardoin-Bardin, Sandra; Hamandawana, Hamisai; Dieulin, Claudine; Mahé, Gil (February 2009). "Rainfall and Water Resources Variability in Sub-Saharan Africa during the Twentieth Century". Journal of Hydrometeorology. 10 (1): 41–59. Bibcode:2009JHyMe..10...41C. doi:10.1175/2008JHM1004.1.
Winstanley, D. (September 1970). "The North African flood disaster, September 1969". Weather. 25 (9): 390–403. Bibcode:1970Wthr...25..390W. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1970.tb04128.x.

eib.org

European Investment Bank (6 July 2022). EIB Group Sustainability Report 2021. European Investment Bank. ISBN 978-92-861-5237-5.
European Investment Bank (19 October 2022). Finance in Africa - Navigating the financial landscape in turbulent times. European Investment Bank. ISBN 978-92-861-5382-2.

emdat.be

Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. "EM-DAT: The Emergency Events Database". Université catholique de Louvain.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; Wood, Eric F. (30 October 2018). "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". Scientific Data. 5: 180214. Bibcode:2018NatSD...580214B. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.214. ISSN 2052-4463. PMC 6207062. PMID 30375988.
El Fadli, K. I.; et al. (September 2012). "World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (2): 199–204. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94..199E. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1. (The 136 °F (57.8 °C), claimed by 'Aziziya, Libya, on 13 September 1922, has been officially deemed invalid by the World Meteorological Organization.)
Laux, Patrick; et al. (2008). "Predicting the regional onset of the rainy season in West Africa". International Journal of Climatology. 28 (3): 329–342. Bibcode:2008IJCli..28..329L. doi:10.1002/joc.1542. S2CID 129309284.
Laux, Patrick; et al. (2009). "Modelling daily precipitation features in the Volta Basin of West Africa". International Journal of Climatology. 29 (7): 937–954. Bibcode:2009IJCli..29..937L. doi:10.1002/joc.1852. S2CID 129107711.
Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Tucker, Simon; Marsham, John H.; Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A. (2019). "Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 1794. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9. PMC 6478940. PMID 31015416.
Collins, Jennifer M. (15 July 2011). "Temperature Variability over Africa". Journal of Climate. 24 (14): 3649–3666. Bibcode:2011JCli...24.3649C. doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1.
Conway, Declan; Persechino, Aurelie; Ardoin-Bardin, Sandra; Hamandawana, Hamisai; Dieulin, Claudine; Mahé, Gil (February 2009). "Rainfall and Water Resources Variability in Sub-Saharan Africa during the Twentieth Century". Journal of Hydrometeorology. 10 (1): 41–59. Bibcode:2009JHyMe..10...41C. doi:10.1175/2008JHM1004.1.
Winstanley, D. (September 1970). "The North African flood disaster, September 1969". Weather. 25 (9): 390–403. Bibcode:1970Wthr...25..390W. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1970.tb04128.x.

icrc.org

Vandervort, David (2009). "Darfur: getting ready for the rainy season". International Committee of the Red Cross. Retrieved 6 February 2009.

ipcc.ch

Schneider, S. H.; et al. (2007). "19.3.3 Regional vulnerabilities". In Parry, M. L.; et al. (eds.). Chapter 19: Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK: Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website. ISBN 978-0-521-88010-7. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
Niang, I.; O. C. Ruppel; M. A. Abdrabo; A. Essel; C. Lennard; J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, 2014: Africa. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V. R.; C. B. Field; D. J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1199–1265. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf
Boko, M. (2007). "Executive summary". In Parry, M. L.; et al. (eds.). Chapter 9: Africa. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK: Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website. ISBN 978-0-521-88010-7. Archived from the original on 8 November 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
IPCC (2018). "Global Warming of 1.5°C: an IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty". IPCC. Retrieved 16 February 2020.

report.ipcc.ch

Trisos, Christopher H. "Chapter 9: Africa" (PDF). IPCC Sixth Assessment Report.

jhu.edu

hub.jhu.edu

Hirch, Aurther (November 2017). "Effects of climate change likely to be more deadly in poor African settlements".

kit.edu

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Laux, Patrick; et al. (2008). "Predicting the regional onset of the rainy season in West Africa". International Journal of Climatology. 28 (3): 329–342. Bibcode:2008IJCli..28..329L. doi:10.1002/joc.1542. S2CID 129309284.
Laux, Patrick; et al. (2009). "Modelling daily precipitation features in the Volta Basin of West Africa". International Journal of Climatology. 29 (7): 937–954. Bibcode:2009IJCli..29..937L. doi:10.1002/joc.1852. S2CID 129107711.

libyaobserver.ly

Assad, Abdulkader (17 September 2023). "Yale University: Storm Daniel is the deadliest in recorded African history". The Libya Observer. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.

meteo.fr

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mountainandski.com

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Ndebele, Lenin. "A storm caused devastation in Libya, but politics may be its biggest problem in the aftermath". News24. Retrieved 4 October 2023.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; Wood, Eric F. (30 October 2018). "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". Scientific Data. 5: 180214. Bibcode:2018NatSD...580214B. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.214. ISSN 2052-4463. PMC 6207062. PMID 30375988.
Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Tucker, Simon; Marsham, John H.; Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A. (2019). "Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 1794. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9. PMC 6478940. PMID 31015416.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; Wood, Eric F. (30 October 2018). "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". Scientific Data. 5: 180214. Bibcode:2018NatSD...580214B. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.214. ISSN 2052-4463. PMC 6207062. PMID 30375988.
Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Tucker, Simon; Marsham, John H.; Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A. (2019). "Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 1794. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9. PMC 6478940. PMID 31015416.

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Laux, Patrick; et al. (2008). "Predicting the regional onset of the rainy season in West Africa". International Journal of Climatology. 28 (3): 329–342. Bibcode:2008IJCli..28..329L. doi:10.1002/joc.1542. S2CID 129309284.
Laux, Patrick; et al. (2009). "Modelling daily precipitation features in the Volta Basin of West Africa". International Journal of Climatology. 29 (7): 937–954. Bibcode:2009IJCli..29..937L. doi:10.1002/joc.1852. S2CID 129107711.

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SABCnews.com. "Joburg covered by snow as temperature drops". Archived from the original on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2007.
Schneider, S. H.; et al. (2007). "19.3.3 Regional vulnerabilities". In Parry, M. L.; et al. (eds.). Chapter 19: Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change. Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press (CUP): Cambridge, UK: Print version: CUP. This version: IPCC website. ISBN 978-0-521-88010-7. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
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Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; Wood, Eric F. (30 October 2018). "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". Scientific Data. 5: 180214. Bibcode:2018NatSD...580214B. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.214. ISSN 2052-4463. PMC 6207062. PMID 30375988.
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Godwell Nhamo, Lazarus Chapungu, ed. (2021). The Increasing Risk of Floods and Tornadoes in Southern Africa. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-74192-1. ISSN 2523-3084.

wunderground.com

Masters, Jeff. "Africa's Hurricane Katrina: Tropical Cyclone Idai Causes an Extreme Catastrophe". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
Bob Henson (17 May 2018). "Rare Tropical Storm in Gulf of Aden May Affect Yemen, Somalia, Djibouti". WeatherUnderground. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2021.

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