Columbian exchange (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Columbian exchange" in English language version.

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24doi.org

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Crosby 1972. Crosby, Alfred W. (1972). The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-8371-5821-1.
Carney, Judith (2001). Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas. United States of America: Harvard University Press. pp. 4–5.
Collingham, Lizzie (2006). "Vindaloo: the Portuguese and the chili pepper". Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 47–73. ISBN 978-0-19-988381-3.
Knapp, Seaman Ashahel (1900). Rice culture in the United States (Public domain ed.). U.S. Department of Agriculture. pp. 6–.
Crosby 1972, p. 212. Crosby, Alfred W. (1972). The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-8371-5821-1.
Carney, Judith (2001). Black Rice. Harvard University Press. pp. 2–8.

asm.org

Hemarjata, Peera (June 17, 2019). "Revisiting the Great Imitator: The Origin and History of Syphilis". American Society for Microbiology. Retrieved November 27, 2023.

billofrightsinstitute.org

Christensen, Mark. "Columbian Exchange". Bill of Rights Institute. Retrieved October 3, 2024.

biodiversitylibrary.org

McCue, George Allen (1952). "The History of the Use of the Tomato: An Annotated Bibliography". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 39 (4): 291–292. doi:10.2307/2399094. JSTOR 2399094.

books.google.com

Francis, John Michael, ed. (2006). "Columbian Exchange—Livestock". Iberia and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 303–308. ISBN 978-1-85109-421-9.

britannica.com

McNeill, J. R.; Sampaolo, Marco; Wallenfeldt, Jeff (September 30, 2019) [28 September 2019]. "Columbian Exchange". Encyclopædia Britannica. Edinburgh: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on April 21, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2021.

cbc.ca

CBC News Staff (January 2008). "Study traces origins of syphilis in Europe to New World". Archived from the original on June 7, 2008. Retrieved January 15, 2008.

columbia.edu

afe.easia.columbia.edu

"China's Population: Readings and Maps". Columbia University, East Asian Curriculum Project. September 24, 2009. Archived from the original on September 24, 2009.

countrystudies.us

Merrill, Tim L.; Miro, Ramon (1996). Mexico: A Country Study. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress.

doi.org

Erickson, D. L.; Smith, B. D.; Clarke, A. C.; Sandweiss, D. H.; Tuross, N. (2005). "An Asian origin for a 10,000-year-old domesticated plant in the Americas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (51): 18315–20. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10218315E. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509279102. PMC 1311910. PMID 16352716.
Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2011). "The Potato's Contribution to Population and Urbanization: Evidence from a Historical Experiment". Quarterly Journal of Economics. 126 (2): 593–650. doi:10.1093/qje/qjr009. hdl:10.1093/qje/qjr009. PMID 22073408.
Nunn & Qian 2010 Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2010). "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 (2): 163–188. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.232.9242. doi:10.1257/jep.24.2.163. JSTOR 25703506. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Drenth, André; Guest, David I. (August 4, 2016). "Fungal and Oomycete Diseases of Tropical Tree Fruit Crops". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 54 (1). Annual Reviews: 373–395. doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-095944. PMID 27491435.
Carney, Judith A. (2001). "African Rice in the Columbian Exchange". The Journal of African History. 42 (3): 377–396. doi:10.1017/s0021853701007940. JSTOR 3647168. PMID 18551802. S2CID 37074402.
Amano, Noel; Bankoff, Greg; Findley, David Max; Barretto-Tesoro, Grace; Roberts, Patrick (February 2021). "Archaeological and historical insights into the ecological impacts of pre-colonial and colonial introductions into the Philippine Archipelago". The Holocene. 31 (2): 313–330. Bibcode:2021Holoc..31..313A. doi:10.1177/0959683620941152.
McCue, George Allen (1952). "The History of the Use of the Tomato: An Annotated Bibliography". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 39 (4): 291–292. doi:10.2307/2399094. JSTOR 2399094.
Torrejón, Fernando; Cisternas, Marco; Araneda, Alberto (2004). "Efectos ambientales de la colonización española desde el río Maullín al archipiélago de Chiloé, sur de Chile" [Environmental effects of the Spanish colonization from de Maullín river to the Chiloé archipelago, southern Chile]. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural (in Spanish). 77 (4): 661–677. doi:10.4067/s0716-078x2004000400009.
Hou, Z.-C.; Yang, F.-X.; Qu, L.-J.; Zheng, J.-X.; Brun, J.-M.; Basso, B.; Pitel, F.; Yang, N.; Xu, G.-Y. (September 23, 2011). "Genetic structure of Eurasian and North American mallard ducks based on mtDNA data". Animal Genetics. 43 (3). Wiley: 352–355. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02248.x. PMID 22486512.
Kent, M.E.; Romanelli, F. (February 2008). "Reexamining syphilis: an update on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management". Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 42 (2): 226–236. doi:10.1345/aph.1K086. PMID 18212261. S2CID 23899851.
Farhi, D.; Dupin, N. (September–October 2010). "Origins of syphilis and management in the immunocompetent patient: facts and controversies". Clinics in Dermatology. 28 (5): 533–558. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.011. PMID 20797514.
Franzen, C. (December 2008). "Syphilis in composers and musicians—Mozart, Beethoven, Paganini, Schubert, Schumann, Smetana". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 27 (12): 1151–1157. doi:10.1007/s10096-008-0571-x. PMID 18592279. S2CID 947291.
Harper, Kristin; et al. (January 2008). "On the Origin of the Treponematoses: A Phylogenetic Approach". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2 (1): e148. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000148. PMC 2217670. PMID 18235852.
Nunn & Qian 2010, p. 165. Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2010). "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 (2): 163–188. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.232.9242. doi:10.1257/jep.24.2.163. JSTOR 25703506. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Denevan, William M. (October 1983). "Demographic Collapse: Indian Peru, 1520-1630 by Noble David Cook". The Americas. 40 (2): 281–284. doi:10.2307/980770. JSTOR 980770. S2CID 148174483. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
Nunn & Qian 2010, pp. 164–165. Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2010). "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 (2): 163–188. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.232.9242. doi:10.1257/jep.24.2.163. JSTOR 25703506. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Chippaux, Jean-Philippe; Chippaux, Alain (August 25, 2018). "Yellow fever in Africa and the Americas: a historical and epidemiological perspective". The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases. 24 (1): 20. doi:10.1186/s40409-018-0162-y. PMC 6109282. PMID 30158957.
Nunn & Qian 2010, p. 164. Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2010). "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 (2): 163–188. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.232.9242. doi:10.1257/jep.24.2.163. JSTOR 25703506. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Martin, D. L.; Goodman, A. H. (2002). "Health conditions before Columbus: paleopathology of native North Americans". Western Journal of Medicine. 176 (1): 65–68. doi:10.1136/ewjm.176.1.65. PMC 1071659. PMID 11788545.
Emmer, Pieter (February 2003). "The Myth of Early Globalization: The Atlantic Economy, 1500–1800". European Review. 11 (1): 46. doi:10.1017/S106279870300005X.
Pennock, Caroline (June 1, 2020). "Aztecs Abroad? Uncovering the Early Indigenous Atlantic". The American Historical Review. 125 (3): 787–814. doi:10.1093/ahr/rhaa237.
Nunn & Qian 2010, p. 181. Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2010). "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 (2): 163–188. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.232.9242. doi:10.1257/jep.24.2.163. JSTOR 25703506. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Nunn & Qian 2010, p. 183. Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2010). "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 (2): 163–188. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.232.9242. doi:10.1257/jep.24.2.163. JSTOR 25703506. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2018.

dx.doi.org

Pennock, Caroline (June 1, 2020). "Aztecs Abroad? Uncovering the Early Indigenous Atlantic". The American Historical Review. 125 (3): 787–814. doi:10.1093/ahr/rhaa237.

eh.net

Esposito, Elena (Summer 2015). "Side Effects of Immunities: the African Slave Trade" (PDF). European University Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 12, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2018.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2011). "The Potato's Contribution to Population and Urbanization: Evidence from a Historical Experiment". Quarterly Journal of Economics. 126 (2): 593–650. doi:10.1093/qje/qjr009. hdl:10.1093/qje/qjr009. PMID 22073408.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Erickson, D. L.; Smith, B. D.; Clarke, A. C.; Sandweiss, D. H.; Tuross, N. (2005). "An Asian origin for a 10,000-year-old domesticated plant in the Americas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (51): 18315–20. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10218315E. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509279102. PMC 1311910. PMID 16352716.
Amano, Noel; Bankoff, Greg; Findley, David Max; Barretto-Tesoro, Grace; Roberts, Patrick (February 2021). "Archaeological and historical insights into the ecological impacts of pre-colonial and colonial introductions into the Philippine Archipelago". The Holocene. 31 (2): 313–330. Bibcode:2021Holoc..31..313A. doi:10.1177/0959683620941152.

heritage.nf.ca

"The Norse in the North Atlantic". Heritage: Newfoundland & Labrador. Retrieved July 15, 2021.

jstor.org

Nunn & Qian 2010 Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2010). "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 (2): 163–188. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.232.9242. doi:10.1257/jep.24.2.163. JSTOR 25703506. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Carney, Judith A. (2001). "African Rice in the Columbian Exchange". The Journal of African History. 42 (3): 377–396. doi:10.1017/s0021853701007940. JSTOR 3647168. PMID 18551802. S2CID 37074402.
McCue, George Allen (1952). "The History of the Use of the Tomato: An Annotated Bibliography". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 39 (4): 291–292. doi:10.2307/2399094. JSTOR 2399094.
Nunn & Qian 2010, p. 165. Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2010). "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 (2): 163–188. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.232.9242. doi:10.1257/jep.24.2.163. JSTOR 25703506. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Denevan, William M. (October 1983). "Demographic Collapse: Indian Peru, 1520-1630 by Noble David Cook". The Americas. 40 (2): 281–284. doi:10.2307/980770. JSTOR 980770. S2CID 148174483. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
Nunn & Qian 2010, pp. 164–165. Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2010). "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 (2): 163–188. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.232.9242. doi:10.1257/jep.24.2.163. JSTOR 25703506. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Nunn & Qian 2010, p. 164. Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2010). "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 (2): 163–188. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.232.9242. doi:10.1257/jep.24.2.163. JSTOR 25703506. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Nunn & Qian 2010, p. 181. Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2010). "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 (2): 163–188. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.232.9242. doi:10.1257/jep.24.2.163. JSTOR 25703506. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Nunn & Qian 2010, p. 183. Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2010). "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 (2): 163–188. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.232.9242. doi:10.1257/jep.24.2.163. JSTOR 25703506. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2018.

nationalhumanitiescenter.org

Crosby 2001 ————— (December 2001). "The Columbian Exchange: Plants, Animals, and Disease between the Old and New Worlds". National Humanities Center.

ncpedia.org

McNeill, J.R. "The Columbian Exchange". NCpedia. State Library of North Carolina. Retrieved October 23, 2018.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Erickson, D. L.; Smith, B. D.; Clarke, A. C.; Sandweiss, D. H.; Tuross, N. (2005). "An Asian origin for a 10,000-year-old domesticated plant in the Americas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (51): 18315–20. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10218315E. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509279102. PMC 1311910. PMID 16352716.
Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2011). "The Potato's Contribution to Population and Urbanization: Evidence from a Historical Experiment". Quarterly Journal of Economics. 126 (2): 593–650. doi:10.1093/qje/qjr009. hdl:10.1093/qje/qjr009. PMID 22073408.
Drenth, André; Guest, David I. (August 4, 2016). "Fungal and Oomycete Diseases of Tropical Tree Fruit Crops". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 54 (1). Annual Reviews: 373–395. doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-095944. PMID 27491435.
Carney, Judith A. (2001). "African Rice in the Columbian Exchange". The Journal of African History. 42 (3): 377–396. doi:10.1017/s0021853701007940. JSTOR 3647168. PMID 18551802. S2CID 37074402.
Hou, Z.-C.; Yang, F.-X.; Qu, L.-J.; Zheng, J.-X.; Brun, J.-M.; Basso, B.; Pitel, F.; Yang, N.; Xu, G.-Y. (September 23, 2011). "Genetic structure of Eurasian and North American mallard ducks based on mtDNA data". Animal Genetics. 43 (3). Wiley: 352–355. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02248.x. PMID 22486512.
Kent, M.E.; Romanelli, F. (February 2008). "Reexamining syphilis: an update on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management". Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 42 (2): 226–236. doi:10.1345/aph.1K086. PMID 18212261. S2CID 23899851.
Farhi, D.; Dupin, N. (September–October 2010). "Origins of syphilis and management in the immunocompetent patient: facts and controversies". Clinics in Dermatology. 28 (5): 533–558. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.011. PMID 20797514.
Franzen, C. (December 2008). "Syphilis in composers and musicians—Mozart, Beethoven, Paganini, Schubert, Schumann, Smetana". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 27 (12): 1151–1157. doi:10.1007/s10096-008-0571-x. PMID 18592279. S2CID 947291.
Harper, Kristin; et al. (January 2008). "On the Origin of the Treponematoses: A Phylogenetic Approach". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2 (1): e148. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000148. PMC 2217670. PMID 18235852.
Chippaux, Jean-Philippe; Chippaux, Alain (August 25, 2018). "Yellow fever in Africa and the Americas: a historical and epidemiological perspective". The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases. 24 (1): 20. doi:10.1186/s40409-018-0162-y. PMC 6109282. PMID 30158957.
Martin, D. L.; Goodman, A. H. (2002). "Health conditions before Columbus: paleopathology of native North Americans". Western Journal of Medicine. 176 (1): 65–68. doi:10.1136/ewjm.176.1.65. PMC 1071659. PMID 11788545.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Erickson, D. L.; Smith, B. D.; Clarke, A. C.; Sandweiss, D. H.; Tuross, N. (2005). "An Asian origin for a 10,000-year-old domesticated plant in the Americas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (51): 18315–20. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10218315E. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509279102. PMC 1311910. PMID 16352716.
Harper, Kristin; et al. (January 2008). "On the Origin of the Treponematoses: A Phylogenetic Approach". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2 (1): e148. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000148. PMC 2217670. PMID 18235852.
Chippaux, Jean-Philippe; Chippaux, Alain (August 25, 2018). "Yellow fever in Africa and the Americas: a historical and epidemiological perspective". The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases. 24 (1): 20. doi:10.1186/s40409-018-0162-y. PMC 6109282. PMID 30158957.
Martin, D. L.; Goodman, A. H. (2002). "Health conditions before Columbus: paleopathology of native North Americans". Western Journal of Medicine. 176 (1): 65–68. doi:10.1136/ewjm.176.1.65. PMC 1071659. PMID 11788545.

osu.edu

researchnews.osu.edu

"Super-Sized Cassava Plants May Help Fight Hunger In Africa". Ohio State University. Archived from the original on December 8, 2013.

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Gunderman, Richard (February 23, 2019). "How smallpox devastated the Aztecs -- and helped Spain conquer an American civilization 500 years ago". PBS. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
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Nunn & Qian 2010 Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2010). "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 (2): 163–188. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.232.9242. doi:10.1257/jep.24.2.163. JSTOR 25703506. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Nunn & Qian 2010, p. 165. Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2010). "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 (2): 163–188. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.232.9242. doi:10.1257/jep.24.2.163. JSTOR 25703506. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Nunn & Qian 2010, pp. 164–165. Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2010). "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 (2): 163–188. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.232.9242. doi:10.1257/jep.24.2.163. JSTOR 25703506. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Nunn & Qian 2010, p. 164. Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2010). "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 (2): 163–188. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.232.9242. doi:10.1257/jep.24.2.163. JSTOR 25703506. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Nunn & Qian 2010, p. 181. Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2010). "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 (2): 163–188. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.232.9242. doi:10.1257/jep.24.2.163. JSTOR 25703506. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Nunn & Qian 2010, p. 183. Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2010). "The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 (2): 163–188. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.232.9242. doi:10.1257/jep.24.2.163. JSTOR 25703506. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2018.

qz.com

Smith, Tara C. (December 23, 2015). "Thanks Columbus! The true story of how syphilis spread to Europe". Quartz. Retrieved September 1, 2016. The first cases of the disease in the Old World were described in 1493.

researchgate.net

Stahl, Peter W. (April 6, 2008). "Animal Domestication in South America". In Silverman, Helaine; Isbell, William (eds.). Handbook of South American Archaeology. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 121–130. ISBN 978-0-387-74907-5.

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Dunham, Will (July 8, 2020). "Study shows ancient contact between Polynesian and South American peoples". Reuters. Retrieved July 15, 2021.

scielo.cl

Torrejón, Fernando; Cisternas, Marco; Araneda, Alberto (2004). "Efectos ambientales de la colonización española desde el río Maullín al archipiélago de Chiloé, sur de Chile" [Environmental effects of the Spanish colonization from de Maullín river to the Chiloé archipelago, southern Chile]. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural (in Spanish). 77 (4): 661–677. doi:10.4067/s0716-078x2004000400009.
Dillehy, Tom (2016). "Reflections on Araucanian/Mapuche Resilience, Independence, and Ethnomorphosis in Colonial (and Present-day) Chile". Chungará (Arica). 48 (4). Retrieved April 27, 2024.

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Nield, David (January 18, 2018). "Study Shows That Humans Domesticated Turkeys For Worshipping, Not Eating". sciencealert.com. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2018.

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Choi, Charles Q. (December 27, 2011). "Case Closed? Columbus Introduced Syphilis to Europe". Scientific American. Retrieved September 1, 2016.

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"Maize Streak Virus-Resistant Transgenic Maize: an African solution to an African Problem". Scitizen. August 7, 2007.

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Carney, Judith A. (2001). "African Rice in the Columbian Exchange". The Journal of African History. 42 (3): 377–396. doi:10.1017/s0021853701007940. JSTOR 3647168. PMID 18551802. S2CID 37074402.
Kent, M.E.; Romanelli, F. (February 2008). "Reexamining syphilis: an update on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management". Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 42 (2): 226–236. doi:10.1345/aph.1K086. PMID 18212261. S2CID 23899851.
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