References analysis of the Wikipedia article "Common sense" in the English version

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van Holthoorn & Olson (1987, p. 9) van Holthoorn; Olson (1987), "Introduction", in van Holthoon; Olson (eds.), Common Sense: The Foundations for Social Science, University Press of America, ISBN 9780819165046

Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary: "sound and prudent judgment based on a simple perception of the situation or facts"; Cambridge Dictionary: "the basic level of practical knowledge and judgment that we all need to help us live in a reasonable and safe way". C.S. Lewis (1967, p. 146) wrote that what common sense "often means" is "the elementary mental outfit of the normal man." Lewis, C. S. (1967), Studies in words, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521398312

Hundert (1987) Hundert (1987), "Enlightenment and the decay of common sense", in van Holthoon; Olson (eds.), Common Sense: The Foundations for Social Science, University Press of America, ISBN 9780819165046

See for example Rosenfeld (2011, p. 282); Wierzbicka (2010); and van Kessel (1987, p. 117): "today the Anglo-Saxon concept prevails almost everywhere". Rosenfeld, Sophia (2011), Common Sense: A Political History, Harvard University Press, ISBN 9780674061286 Wierzbicka, Anna (2010), Experience, Evidence, and Sense: The Hidden Cultural Legacy of English, Oxford University Press van Kessel (1987), "Common Sense between Bacon and Vico: Scepticism in England and Italy", in van Holthoon; Olson (eds.), Common Sense: The Foundations for Social Science, University Press of America, ISBN 9780819165046

Heller-Roazen (2008, p. 36) Heller-Roazen, Daniel (2008), Nichols; Kablitz; Calhoun (eds.), Rethinking the Medieval Senses, Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 9780801887369

Gregorić (2007, p. 12) Gregorić, Pavel (2007), Aristotle on the Common Sense, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780191608490

There are other places in the works of Aristotle uses the same two words together: De memoria et reminiscentia 1450a, De Partibus Animalium IV.10 686a, Metaphysics I.1 981b, Historia Animalium I.3 489a. See Gregorić (2007). Gregorić, Pavel (2007), Aristotle on the Common Sense, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780191608490

Aristotle lists change, shape, magnitude, number and unity, but he notes that we perceive shape, magnitude, and the rest by first being able to perceive change or movement (Greek uses one word for both: κῑ́νησῐς, kī́nēsis), and number is perceived by perceiving a lack of unity. (De Anima 425a16, just before the famous mention of "common sense".) As Lee (2011) explains, Aristotle is talking about what Robert Boyle and John Locke referred to as "primary qualities" (not to be confused with Aristotle's use of the term "primary qualities"). Plato is not so clear. In the equivalent passage in Plato's Theaetetus 185c–d, he talks about what is common in all things, and in specific things, and by which we say that things for example "are" versus "are not"; are "similar" versus "dissimilar"; are the "same" versus being "different"; being one or a higher number; odd or even. Lee, Mi-Kyoung (2011), "The distinction between primary and secondary qualities in ancient Greek philosophy", in Nolan, Lawrence (ed.), Primary and Secondary Qualities: The Historical and Ongoing Debate, Oxford, ISBN 978-0-19-955615-1

These "common sensibles" or koiná are in other words one Platonic-Aristotelian version of what are today called "universals", although Aristotle distinguishes the koiná perceived by common sense, from the forms or ideas seen by the noûs (νοῦς). See for example Anagnostopoulos, Georgios, ed. (2013), A Companion to Aristotle, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-1118610633.

Gregorić (2007) Gregorić, Pavel (2007), Aristotle on the Common Sense, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780191608490

Gregorić (2007), Introduction. Gregorić, Pavel (2007), Aristotle on the Common Sense, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780191608490

Heller-Roazen (2008, p. 42). Heller-Roazen, Daniel (2008), Nichols; Kablitz; Calhoun (eds.), Rethinking the Medieval Senses, Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 9780801887369

Gregorić (2007, p. 125) Gregorić, Pavel (2007), Aristotle on the Common Sense, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780191608490

Gregorić (2007, pp. 5–6). Gregorić, Pavel (2007), Aristotle on the Common Sense, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780191608490

Gregorić (2007), Part II, chapter 3, which concerns a passage in De Partibus Animalium IV, but also refers to other passages in the corpus. See footnote 28. Gregorić, Pavel (2007), Aristotle on the Common Sense, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780191608490

Gregorić (2007, p. 10). The "cogitative" or "estimative" capacity, vis aestimativa, "enables the animal to extract vital information about its environment from the form processed by the common sense and imagination." Gregorić, Pavel (2007), Aristotle on the Common Sense, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780191608490

Gregorić (2007, p. 11). See below concerning Descartes. Gregorić, Pavel (2007), Aristotle on the Common Sense, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780191608490

Bugter (1987, p. 84). Bugter (1987), "Sensus Communis in the works of M. Tullius Cicero", in van Holthoon; Olson (eds.), Common Sense: The Foundations for Social Science, University Press of America, ISBN 9780819165046

Dyson, Henry (2009), Prolepsis and Ennoia in the Early Stoa, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3110212297

Hans-Georg Gadamer saw Aristotle's rhetorical work as having formed a continuity with his ethical and political work, all sharing a focus upon phrónēsis (φρόνησῐς, lit. ''practical wisdom''), and a connection to what Vico saw in the concept of common sense. See Arthos, John (2011), "Gadamer's dialogical imperative: Linking Socratic dialogue to Aristotle's PHRONESIS", in Wierciński, Andrzej (ed.), Gadamer's Hermeneutics and the Art of Conversation, LIT Verlag Münster, ISBN 978-3643111722 and Schaeffer (1990, p. 113). Schaeffer (1990), Sensus Communis: Vico, Rhetoric, and the Limits of Relativism, Duke University Press, ISBN 978-0822310266

Bugter (1987, p. 90). Bugter (1987), "Sensus Communis in the works of M. Tullius Cicero", in van Holthoon; Olson (eds.), Common Sense: The Foundations for Social Science, University Press of America, ISBN 9780819165046

Heller-Roazen (2008, p. 33). Heller-Roazen, Daniel (2008), Nichols; Kablitz; Calhoun (eds.), Rethinking the Medieval Senses, Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 9780801887369

Bugter (1987, pp. 91–92). Bugter (1987), "Sensus Communis in the works of M. Tullius Cicero", in van Holthoon; Olson (eds.), Common Sense: The Foundations for Social Science, University Press of America, ISBN 9780819165046

Bugter (1987, p. 93). Bugter (1987), "Sensus Communis in the works of M. Tullius Cicero", in van Holthoon; Olson (eds.), Common Sense: The Foundations for Social Science, University Press of America, ISBN 9780819165046

Heller-Roazen (2008, p. 32). Heller-Roazen, Daniel (2008), Nichols; Kablitz; Calhoun (eds.), Rethinking the Medieval Senses, Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 9780801887369

Lewis (1967, p. 146) Lewis, C. S. (1967), Studies in words, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521398312

van Holthoon (1987), chapter 9. van Holthoon (1987), "The common sense of Rousseau", in van Holthoon; Olson (eds.), Common Sense: The Foundations for Social Science, University Press of America, ISBN 9780819165046

See Leijenhorst, Cees (2002), The Mechanisation of Aristotelianism: The Late Aristotelian Setting of Thomas Hobbes' Natural Philosophy, Brill, p. 83, ISBN 978-9004117297. Hobbes (like Gassendi) wrote scornfully of the complex old distinctions, and in particular the medieval concept of sensible "species" (a concept derived from Aristotle's perceptibles):

Some say the Senses receive the Species of things, and deliver them to the Common-sense; and the Common Sense delivers them over to the Fancy, and the Fancy to the Memory, and the Memory to the Judgement, like handing of things from one to another, with many words making nothing understood. (Hobbes, Thomas, "II.: of imagination", The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury; Now First Collected and Edited by Sir William Molesworth, Bart., 11 vols., vol. 3 (Leviathan), London: Bohn).

Spruit (1995, pp. 403–404). Spruit, Leen (1995), Species Intelligibilis: From Perception to Knowledge. II. Renaissance controversies, later scholasticism, and the elimination of the intelligible species in modern philosophy, Brill, ISBN 978-9004103962

Gilson, Etienne (1925), "Première Partie; Commentaire Historique", Discours de la méthode, p. 82, ISBN 9782711601806

Heller-Roazen (2008, p. 30) Heller-Roazen, Daniel (2008), Nichols; Kablitz; Calhoun (eds.), Rethinking the Medieval Senses, Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 9780801887369

van Kessel (1987) van Kessel (1987), "Common Sense between Bacon and Vico: Scepticism in England and Italy", in van Holthoon; Olson (eds.), Common Sense: The Foundations for Social Science, University Press of America, ISBN 9780819165046

Schaeffer (1990, p. 52). Schaeffer (1990), Sensus Communis: Vico, Rhetoric, and the Limits of Relativism, Duke University Press, ISBN 978-0822310266

Gilson (1939), chapter 1. Gilson, Etienne (1939), Thomist Realism and the Critique of Knowledge, Ignatius Press, ISBN 9781586176853

Zhang, Longxi (2011-12-07), The Concept of Humanity in an Age of Globalization, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, p. 131, ISBN 9783862349180

Schaeffer (1990, p. 3). Schaeffer (1990), Sensus Communis: Vico, Rhetoric, and the Limits of Relativism, Duke University Press, ISBN 978-0822310266

Schaeffer (1990), chapter 3. Schaeffer (1990), Sensus Communis: Vico, Rhetoric, and the Limits of Relativism, Duke University Press, ISBN 978-0822310266

Bayer (1990), "Vico's principle of sensus communis and forensic eloquence" (PDF), Chicago-Kent Law Review, 83 (3), archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-21, retrieved 2013-07-25. Also see Schaeffer (1990), p. 3, and Gadamer. Schaeffer (1990), Sensus Communis: Vico, Rhetoric, and the Limits of Relativism, Duke University Press, ISBN 978-0822310266

Cuneo; Woudenberg, eds. (2004), The Cambridge companion to Thomas Reid, Cambridge University Press, p. 85, ISBN 9780521012089

Bernstein, Richard (1983), Beyond Objectivism and Relativism: Science, Hermeneutics, and Praxis, University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 978-0812205503, p. 120.

van Haute; Birmingham, eds. (1995), Dissensus Communis: Between Ethics and Politics, Kok Pharos, ISBN 9789039004036

Benjamin, Andrew, ed. (1992), Judging Lyotard, Routledge, ISBN 9781134940622

Mootz (2011-06-16), "Gadamer's Rhetorical Conception of Hermeneutics as the key to developing a Critical Hermeneutics", in Mootz III, Francis J.; Taylor, George H. (eds.), Gadamer and Ricoeur: Critical Horizons for Contemporary Hermeneutics, A&C Black, p. 84, ISBN 9781441175991

Stiver, Dan (2001), Theology After Ricoeur: New Directions in Hermeneutical Theology, Westminster John Knox Press, p. 149, ISBN 9780664222437

Vessey (2011-06-16), "Paul Ricoeur's and Hans-Georg Gadamer's diverging reflections on recognition", in Mootz III, Francis J.; Taylor, George H. (eds.), Gadamer and Ricoeur: Critical Horizons for Contemporary Hermeneutics, A&C Black, ISBN 9781441175991

Dauenhauer, Bernard (1998), Paul Ricoeur: The Promise and Risk of Politics, Rowman and Littlefield, ISBN 9780585177724

Schaeffer (1990), chapters 5–7. Schaeffer (1990), Sensus Communis: Vico, Rhetoric, and the Limits of Relativism, Duke University Press, ISBN 978-0822310266

Aran Murphy, Francesca (2004), Art and Intellect in the Philosophy of Etienne Gilson, University of Missouri Press, ISBN 9780826262387

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Descartes (1901) Part I of the Discourse on Method. Note: The term in French is "bon sens" sometimes translated as "good sense". The opening lines in English translation read:

"Good Sense is, of all things among men, the most equally distributed; for every one thinks himself so abundantly provided with it, that those even who are the most difficult to satisfy in everything else, do not usually desire a larger measure of this quality than they already possess. And in this it is not likely that all are mistaken: the conviction is rather to be held as testifying that the power of judging aright and of distinguishing Truth from Error, which is properly what is called Good Sense or Reason, is by nature equal in all men; and that the diversity of our opinions, consequently, does not arise from some being endowed with a larger share of Reason than others, but solely from this, that we conduct our thoughts along different ways, and do not fix our attention on the same objects. For to be possessed of a vigorous mind is not enough; the prime requisite is rightly to apply it. The greatest minds, as they are capable of the highest excellencies, are open likewise to the greatest aberrations; and those who travel very slowly may yet make far greater progress, provided they keep always to the straight road, than those who, while they run, forsake it."

Descartes, Réné (1901), The Method, Meditations and Philosophy of Descartes, translated from the Original Texts, with a new introductory Essay, Historical and Critical by John Veitch and a Special Introduction by Frank Sewall, Washington: M. Walter Dunne, retrieved 2013-07-25

Cooper (2001), volume I, part III, section I, first footnote. Cooper, Anthony Ashley (2001), den Uyl, Douglas (ed.), Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund

Descartes (1901) Chapter: MEDITATION II.: Of the Nature of the Human Mind; and that It is More Easily Known than the Body. Descartes, Réné (1901), The Method, Meditations and Philosophy of Descartes, translated from the Original Texts, with a new introductory Essay, Historical and Critical by John Veitch and a Special Introduction by Frank Sewall, Washington: M. Walter Dunne, retrieved 2013-07-25

Descartes (1901) Chapter: MEDITATION VI.: Of the Existence of Material Things, and of the Real Distinction Between the Mind and Body of Man. Descartes, Réné (1901), The Method, Meditations and Philosophy of Descartes, translated from the Original Texts, with a new introductory Essay, Historical and Critical by John Veitch and a Special Introduction by Frank Sewall, Washington: M. Walter Dunne, retrieved 2013-07-25

Some say the Senses receive the Species of things, and deliver them to the Common-sense; and the Common Sense delivers them over to the Fancy, and the Fancy to the Memory, and the Memory to the Judgement, like handing of things from one to another, with many words making nothing understood. (Hobbes, Thomas, "II.: of imagination", The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury; Now First Collected and Edited by Sir William Molesworth, Bart., 11 vols., vol. 3 (Leviathan), London: Bohn).

Hume (1987) Chapter: ESSAY XVIII: THE SCEPTIC Hume, David (1987), Essays Moral, Political, Literary, edited and with a Foreword, Notes, and Glossary by Eugene F. Miller, with an appendix of variant readings from the 1889 edition by T.H. Green and T.H. Grose, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, retrieved 2013-07-25

Cooper (2001), Volume I, Part III, section 1. Cooper, Anthony Ashley (2001), den Uyl, Douglas (ed.), Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund

Hutcheson, Francis (2002), "section i: A general Account of our several Senses and Desires, Selfish or Publick", An Essay on the Nature and Conduct of the Passions and Affections, with Illustrations on the Moral Sense, ed. Aaron Garrett, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, retrieved 2013-07-25.

Chapter II, "OF PRINCIPLES ADVERSE TO THAT OF UTILITY", in "An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation".

Kant (1914). Key German terms are added in square brackets. See German text. Kant, Immanuel (1914), "§ 40.: Of Taste as a kind of sensus communis", Kant's Critique of Judgement, translated with Introduction and Notes by J.H. Bernard (2nd ed. revised), London: Macmillan, retrieved 2013-07-25

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