Computer chess (English Wikipedia)

Schrittwieser, Julian; Antonoglou, Ioannis; Hubert, Thomas; Simonyan, Karen; Sifre, Laurent; Schmitt, Simon; Guez, Arthur; Lockhart, Edward; Hassabis, Demis; Graepel, Thore; Lillicrap, Timothy (2020). "Mastering Atari, Go, chess and shogi by planning with a learned model". Nature. 588 (7839): 604–609. arXiv:1911.08265. Bibcode:2020Natur.588..604S. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03051-4. PMID 33361790. S2CID 208158225.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

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arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

Monroe, Daniel; Chalmers, Philip A. (2024-10-28), Mastering Chess with a Transformer Model, arXiv:2409.12272
Dominik Klein (2022), Neural Networks for Chess, p. 49, arXiv:2209.01506
Lai, Matthew (4 September 2015), Giraffe: Using Deep Reinforcement Learning to Play Chess, arXiv:1509.01549v1
Silver, David; Hubert, Thomas; Schrittwieser, Julian; Antonoglou, Ioannis; Lai, Matthew; Guez, Arthur; Lanctot, Marc; Sifre, Laurent; Kumaran, Dharshan; Graepel, Thore; Lillicrap, Timothy; Simonyan, Karen; Hassabis, Demis (2017). "Mastering Chess and Shogi by Self-Play with a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithm". arXiv:1712.01815 [cs.AI].
Schrittwieser, Julian; Antonoglou, Ioannis; Hubert, Thomas; Simonyan, Karen; Sifre, Laurent; Schmitt, Simon; Guez, Arthur; Lockhart, Edward; Hassabis, Demis; Graepel, Thore; Lillicrap, Timothy (2020). "Mastering Atari, Go, chess and shogi by planning with a learned model". Nature. 588 (7839): 604–609. arXiv:1911.08265. Bibcode:2020Natur.588..604S. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03051-4. PMID 33361790. S2CID 208158225.

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Dennis Ritchie (June 2001). "Ken, Unix and Games". ICGA Journal. 24 (2).

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Hapgood, Fred (23–30 December 1982). "Computer chess bad-human chess worse". New Scientist. pp. 827–830. Retrieved 22 January 2015.^{[permanent dead link]}
Eames, Charles; Eames, Ray (1990). A Computer Perspective: Background to the Computer Age. Harvard University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-674-15626-5.

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Stinson, Craig (Jan 1982). "Chess Championship: Machines Play, People Watch". Softline. p. 6. Retrieved 13 July 2014.

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"Who wins from this? (chess puzzle)" An example chess position found from the Lomonosov chess tablebase.
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chessbase.com

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ChessBase. (2024). How the AI revolution impacted chess (1/2). ChessBase. ChessBase.com. Accessed 2025 Feb 11.

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"CoffeeHouse: The Internet Chess Club Java Interface". Archived from the original on 1997-06-20. Retrieved 2019-07-08.

chessdom.com (Global: 8,244^th place; English: 6,994^th place)

ccrl.chessdom.com

CCRL, http://ccrl.chessdom.com/ Archived 2022-01-21 at the Wayback Machine, 14 November 2021

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chessok.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

tb7.chessok.com

http://tb7.chessok.com Lomonosov website allowing registered user to access 7-piece tablebase, and a forum with positions found.

chesstempo.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Chess Tactics". Archived from the original on 2007-06-13. Retrieved 2007-06-13.

chessvibes.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

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cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

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computer-shogi.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

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Yu Nasu (April 28, 2018). "Efficiently Updatable Neural-Network-based Evaluation Function for computer Shogi" (PDF) (in Japanese).

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702^nd place; English: 1,789^th place)

archive.computerhistory.org

(Shannon 1950) Shannon, Claude E. (1950), "Programming a Computer for Playing Chess" (PDF), Philosophical Magazine, Ser.7, Vol. 41 (314), archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2010, retrieved 21 June 2009
The size of the state space and game tree for chess were first estimated in Claude Shannon (1950), "Programming a Computer for Playing Chess" (PDF), Philosophical Magazine, 41 (314), archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2010, retrieved 30 December 2008 Shannon gave estimates of 10⁴³ and 10¹²⁰ respectively, smaller than the estimates in the Game complexity table, which are from Victor Allis's thesis. See Shannon number for details.

computerhistory.org

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computerschach.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

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ddj.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Computer Chess: The Drosophila of AI October 30, 2002

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Ensmenger, N. (2012). "Is chess the drosophila of artificial intelligence? A social history of an algorithm". Social Studies of Science. 42 (1): 5–30. doi:10.1177/0306312711424596. PMID 22530382. S2CID 968033.
Simon, H.A.; Newell, A. (1958). "Heuristic problem solving: The next advance in operations research" (PDF). Operations Research. 6 (1): 7. doi:10.1287/opre.6.1.1. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Schrittwieser, Julian; Antonoglou, Ioannis; Hubert, Thomas; Simonyan, Karen; Sifre, Laurent; Schmitt, Simon; Guez, Arthur; Lockhart, Edward; Hassabis, Demis; Graepel, Thore; Lillicrap, Timothy (2020). "Mastering Atari, Go, chess and shogi by planning with a learned model". Nature. 588 (7839): 604–609. arXiv:1911.08265. Bibcode:2020Natur.588..604S. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03051-4. PMID 33361790. S2CID 208158225.
Aviezri Fraenkel; D. Lichtenstein (1981), "Computing a perfect strategy for n×n chess requires time exponential in n", J. Combin. Theory Ser. A, 31 (2): 199–214, doi:10.1016/0097-3165(81)90016-9
Duca Iliescu, DM (2020). "The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Chess World". JMIR Serious Games. 8 (4) e24049. doi:10.2196/24049. PMC 7759436. PMID 33300493.

dw.com (Global: 205^th place; English: 320^th place)

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https://www.facebook.com/chessstudioapp/ ^{[user-generated source]}

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"FICS - Free Internet Chess Server". Archived from the original on 1998-12-12. Retrieved 2019-07-08.

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Yu Nasu (2018). ƎUИИ Efficiently Updatable Neural-Network based Evaluation Functions for Computer Shogi. Ziosoft Computer Shogi Club, pdf (Japanese with English abstract)

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Stanislav Tsukrov, Pocket Fritz author. Pocket Fritz 4 searches less than 20,000 positions per second.

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nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

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Ensmenger, N. (2012). "Is chess the drosophila of artificial intelligence? A social history of an algorithm". Social Studies of Science. 42 (1): 5–30. doi:10.1177/0306312711424596. PMID 22530382. S2CID 968033.
Schrittwieser, Julian; Antonoglou, Ioannis; Hubert, Thomas; Simonyan, Karen; Sifre, Laurent; Schmitt, Simon; Guez, Arthur; Lockhart, Edward; Hassabis, Demis; Graepel, Thore; Lillicrap, Timothy (2020). "Mastering Atari, Go, chess and shogi by planning with a learned model". Nature. 588 (7839): 604–609. arXiv:1911.08265. Bibcode:2020Natur.588..604S. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03051-4. PMID 33361790. S2CID 208158225.
Duca Iliescu, DM (2020). "The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Chess World". JMIR Serious Games. 8 (4) e24049. doi:10.2196/24049. PMC 7759436. PMID 33300493.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Duca Iliescu, DM (2020). "The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Chess World". JMIR Serious Games. 8 (4) e24049. doi:10.2196/24049. PMC 7759436. PMID 33300493.

npr.org (Global: 114^th place; English: 75^th place)

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"Stockfish FAQ: Can Stockfish use my GPU?". Stockfish. January 2025. Retrieved 19 January 2025.

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rybkachess.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

International Paderborn Computer Chess Championship 2005

rybkaforum.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

The Rybka Lounge / Computer Chess / Tablebase sizes, http://rybkaforum.net/cgi-bin/rybkaforum/topic_show.pl?tid=9380 Archived 2017-06-27 at the Wayback Machine, 19th June 2012

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Ensmenger, N. (2012). "Is chess the drosophila of artificial intelligence? A social history of an algorithm". Social Studies of Science. 42 (1): 5–30. doi:10.1177/0306312711424596. PMID 22530382. S2CID 968033.
Schrittwieser, Julian; Antonoglou, Ioannis; Hubert, Thomas; Simonyan, Karen; Sifre, Laurent; Schmitt, Simon; Guez, Arthur; Lockhart, Edward; Hassabis, Demis; Graepel, Thore; Lillicrap, Timothy (2020). "Mastering Atari, Go, chess and shogi by planning with a learned model". Nature. 588 (7839): 604–609. arXiv:1911.08265. Bibcode:2020Natur.588..604S. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03051-4. PMID 33361790. S2CID 208158225.

shredderchess.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Play Chess Online - Shredder Chess". Archived from the original on 2006-12-05. Retrieved 2006-12-05.

sourceforge.net (Global: 1,842^nd place; English: 1,520^th place)

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temphost.nl (Global: low place; English: low place)

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thenewatlantis.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Kahn, J. (2019). Can Chess Survive Artificial Intelligence? The New Atlantis, (58), 16-35. https://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/can-chess-survive-artificial-intelligence

theweekinchess.com (Global: 4,856^th place; English: 3,805^th place)

"Pocket Fritz 4 wins Copa Mercosur". Chess.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2010-04-03.

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van den Herik, H.J.; Herschberg, I. S. (1992). "The 7th World Computer-Chess Championship: Report on the tournament, Madrid, Spain, November 23-27, 1992". ICCA Journal. 15 (4): 208–209.

u-picardie.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

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Simon, H.A.; Newell, A. (1958). "Heuristic problem solving: The next advance in operations research" (PDF). Operations Research. 6 (1): 7. doi:10.1287/opre.6.1.1. Retrieved 10 February 2018.

uab.edu (Global: low place; English: 8,801^st place)

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web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Chess Assistant Chess Website:: About Us". www.convekta.com. Archived from the original on August 20, 2008.
http://www.exachess.com ExaChess for Mac
"Pocket Fritz 4 wins Copa Mercosur". Chess.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
(Shannon 1950) Shannon, Claude E. (1950), "Programming a Computer for Playing Chess" (PDF), Philosophical Magazine, Ser.7, Vol. 41 (314), archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2010, retrieved 21 June 2009
The Rybka Lounge / Computer Chess / Tablebase sizes, http://rybkaforum.net/cgi-bin/rybkaforum/topic_show.pl?tid=9380 Archived 2017-06-27 at the Wayback Machine, 19th June 2012
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CCRL, http://ccrl.chessdom.com/ Archived 2022-01-21 at the Wayback Machine, 14 November 2021
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https://cd.tcecbeta.club/archive.html?season=15&div=sf&game=1 Archived 2019-09-04 at the Wayback Machine TCEC season 15
"World Microcomputer Chess Championship (ICGA Tournaments)". www.game-ai-forum.org. Archived from the original on 2021-06-22. Retrieved 2026-02-19.
"World Microcomputer Chess Championship (ICGA Tournaments)". www.game-ai-forum.org. Archived from the original on 2021-06-22. Retrieved 2026-02-19.
"More DOS oldies". Archived from the original on 2018-12-03. Retrieved 2018-12-02.
"Dr. Robert Hyatt's home page". Cis.uab.edu. 2004-02-01. Archived from the original on 2014-04-16. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
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"CoffeeHouse: The Internet Chess Club Java Interface". Archived from the original on 1997-06-20. Retrieved 2019-07-08.
"FICS - Free Internet Chess Server". Archived from the original on 1998-12-12. Retrieved 2019-07-08.
"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2004-08-31. Retrieved 2004-08-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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"Play Chess Online for Free". play.chessbase.com. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
"Chess Tactics Server". Archived from the original on 2006-04-08. Retrieved 2006-04-08.
"Chess Tactics". Archived from the original on 2007-06-13. Retrieved 2007-06-13.
"Chess Puzzles - Improve Your Chess by Solving Tactics". Archived from the original on 2008-02-18. Retrieved 2008-02-18.
"Chess Tactics Online". Archived from the original on 2015-05-04.
"Chessbase Online, Searching a high quality database of Chessgames. Free Chess Games.ChessBase-Online". www.chessbase-online.com. Archived from the original on 11 May 2000. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
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wired.com (Global: 254^th place; English: 178^th place)

Poindexter, Owen. "8 Best Chess Sites and Websites". Wired.

xs4all.nl (Global: 3,773^rd place; English: 3,965^th place)

"Open chess diary 301–320". Xs4all.nl. Retrieved 2010-04-03.

Computer chess (English Wikipedia)

aaai.org (Global: low place; English: 6,393rd place)

adamsccpages.blogspot.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 49th place; English: 31st place)

bell-labs.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

bosjo.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

ssdf.bosjo.net

cgwmuseum.org (Global: 3,576th place; English: 1,852nd place)

chess.com (Global: 2,237th place; English: 1,478th place)

chessbase-online.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

chessbase.com (Global: 1,748th place; English: 1,521st place)

chessbase.com

play.chessbase.com

training.chessbase.com

fritz.chessbase.com

mygames.chessbase.com

en.chessbase.com

chessclub.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

chessdom.com (Global: 8,244th place; English: 6,994th place)

ccrl.chessdom.com

chessgames.com (Global: 2,192nd place; English: 2,062nd place)

chesslab.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

chessok.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

tb7.chessok.com

chesstempo.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

chessvibes.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

cnn.com (Global: 36th place; English: 26th place)

computer-shogi.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

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computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702nd place; English: 1,789th place)

archive.computerhistory.org

computerhistory.org

computerschach.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

convekta.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

ddj.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

dw.com (Global: 205th place; English: 320th place)

dynomight.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

emrald.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

chess.emrald.net

facebook.com (Global: 78th place; English: 91st place)

fastgm.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

freechess.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

game-ai-forum.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

github.com (Global: 380th place; English: 337th place)

hiarcs.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

husvankempen.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

iccf-webchess.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

ieee.org (Global: 912th place; English: 722nd place)

spectrum.ieee.org

indiatimes.com (Global: 31st place; English: 19th place)

mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com

inwoba.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

ismenio.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

kalab.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

kirill-kryukov.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

lichess.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

neurips.cc (Global: low place; English: 9,062nd place)

proceedings.neurips.cc

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

npr.org (Global: 114th place; English: 75th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; English: 7th place)

official-stockfish.github.io (Global: low place; English: low place)

pdx.edu (Global: 8,114th place; English: 5,016th place)

web.cecs.pdx.edu

rebel.nl (Global: low place; English: low place)

rebel13.nl (Global: low place; English: low place)

rybkachess.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

rybkaforum.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

shredderchess.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

sourceforge.net (Global: 1,842nd place; English: 1,520th place)

scid.sourceforge.net

aaai.org (Global: low place; English: 6,393^rd place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

cgwmuseum.org (Global: 3,576^th place; English: 1,852^nd place)

chess.com (Global: 2,237^th place; English: 1,478^th place)

chessbase.com (Global: 1,748^th place; English: 1,521^st place)

chessdom.com (Global: 8,244^th place; English: 6,994^th place)

chessgames.com (Global: 2,192^nd place; English: 2,062^nd place)

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702^nd place; English: 1,789^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

dw.com (Global: 205^th place; English: 320^th place)

facebook.com (Global: 78^th place; English: 91^st place)

github.com (Global: 380^th place; English: 337^th place)

ieee.org (Global: 912^th place; English: 722^nd place)

indiatimes.com (Global: 31^st place; English: 19^th place)

neurips.cc (Global: low place; English: 9,062^nd place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

npr.org (Global: 114^th place; English: 75^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

pdx.edu (Global: 8,114^th place; English: 5,016^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

sourceforge.net (Global: 1,842^nd place; English: 1,520^th place)

springer.com (Global: 182^nd place; English: 172^nd place)

theweekinchess.com (Global: 4,856^th place; English: 3,805^th place)

uab.edu (Global: low place; English: 8,801^st place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wired.com (Global: 254^th place; English: 178^th place)

xs4all.nl (Global: 3,773^rd place; English: 3,965^th place)