Concubinage (English Wikipedia)

"Concubines of Ancient China". Beijing Made Easy. 2012. Archived from the original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
"Concubines of Ancient China". Beijing Made Easy. 2012. Archived from the original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Broadbridge 2018, pp. 74, 92 Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018). Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-63662-9.
Peter Jackson (May 2014). The Mongols and the West 1221–1410. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317878988.
Wilson, Nigel Guy (2006). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. Psychology Press. pp. 158–. ISBN 978-0-415-97334-2.
MacLachlan, Bonnie (31 May 2012). Women in Ancient Greece: A Sourcebook. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 74–. ISBN 978-1-4411-0964-4.
Kiefer 2012, p. 50. Kiefer, O. (2012). Sexual Life in Ancient Rome. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-18198-6.
McClynn, Frank (2015). Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy. Hachette Books. p. 117. ISBN 978-0306823961.
Robert Parkin (2020). South Asia in Transition An Introduction to the Social Anthropology of a Subcontinent. Lexington books. p. 127. ISBN 9781793611796.
Nath, Y. V. S. (1960). Bhils of Ratanmal: An Analysis of the Social Structure of a Western Indian Community. New Delhi, India, Asia: Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. pp. 62: in Pipergota, a ruler is having a Dhanaki concubine for a number of years. But he does not live with her. He accepts no food from her. So his purity is unaffected and be remains a member of the higher society. Quite a few Bhilala land holders have Naika woman their concubines and in Baria, such relations are said to exist between the Koli Thakurs and Bhil women.
Singh, Sabita (27 May 2019). The Politics of Marriage in India: Gender and Alliance in Rajasthan. Oxford University Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-19-909828-6. In medieval Rajasthan, there seems to have been different categories of concubines. The pardayat was given chuda (bangles) by the Rani almost accepting her as a co-wife. Also, the Rajputs could keep woman of any caste as pardayat but not a Charan, Brahmin, or a Rajput woman.
Wyatt, David R. (2009). Slaves and Warriors in Medieval Britain and Ireland: 800–1200. Brill. p. 124. ISBN 978-90-04-17533-4.
Dolfini, Andrea; Crellin, Rachel J.; Horn, Christian; Uckelmann, Marion (2018). Prehistoric Warfare and Violence: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Springer. p. 349. ISBN 978-3-319-78828-9.
Amott, Teresa L.; Matthaei, Julie A. (1996). Race, Gender, and Work: A Multi-cultural Economic History of Women in the United States. South End Press. ISBN 9780896085374.
William Foster (2009). Gender, Mastery and Slavery From European to Atlantic World Frontiers. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 30. ISBN 9781350307438.

borel-barbey.ch (Global: low place; English: low place)

Jennifer (3 September 2024). "The Swiss Supreme Court decides what a "concubinage" is". Borel Barbey. Retrieved 4 November 2025.

brepolsonline.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Raffield, Ben; Price, Neil; Collard, Mark (2017). "Polygyny, Concubinage, and the Social Lives of Women in Viking-Age Scandinavia". Viking and Medieval Scandinavia. 13: 165–209. doi:10.1484/J.VMS.5.114355. ISSN 1782-7183.

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; English: 58^th place)

"Concubinage". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 October 2021.

case.law (Global: low place; English: low place)

cite.case.law

See, for instance, Succession of Jahraus, 114 La. 456, 38 So. 417 (1905) and Succession of Lannes, 174 So. 94, 187 La. 17 (1936)

china-underground.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

China-Underground (8 May 2016). "Dream of the Red Chamber". China Underground. Retrieved 20 October 2021.

collinsdictionary.com (Global: 1,053^rd place; English: 701^st place)

"Definition of 'concubine'". Collins Dictionary. Retrieved 1 November 2021.

ctext.org (Global: 3,313^th place; English: 3,698^th place)

Nei Ze. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Hagemann, Rose & Dudink 2020, p. 320. Hagemann, Karen; Rose, Sonya O.; Dudink, Stefan (2020). Hagemann, Karen; Dudink, Stefan; Rose, Sonya O. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Gender, War, and the Western World since 1600. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199948710.001.0001. ISBN 9780199948710.
Stocquart 1907, p. 304. Stocquart, Emile (March 1907). Sherman, Charles Phineas (ed.). "Marriage in Roman law". Yale Law Journal. 16 (5). Translated by Bierkan, Andrew T.: 303–27. doi:10.2307/785389. JSTOR 785389. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
Lerner 2008 Lerner, Gerda (2008). "Women and slavery". Slavery & Abolition. 4 (3): 173–198. doi:10.1080/01440398308574858.
Stocquart 1907, p. 309: "[marriage] seems to have had a double object, first, to establish between husband and wife, perfect equality of rank, of condition and of dignity, honor, dignitas; it is this which distinguishes it precisely from concubinatus, called as well inaequale conjugium." Stocquart, Emile (March 1907). Sherman, Charles Phineas (ed.). "Marriage in Roman law". Yale Law Journal. 16 (5). Translated by Bierkan, Andrew T.: 303–27. doi:10.2307/785389. JSTOR 785389. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
Stocquart 1907, p. 304: "Marriage implied the intention of the husband to have a legal wife, to raise her to his rank, to make her his equal, and the corresponding intent of the wife; this was called the affectio maritalis ('marital affection')." Stocquart, Emile (March 1907). Sherman, Charles Phineas (ed.). "Marriage in Roman law". Yale Law Journal. 16 (5). Translated by Bierkan, Andrew T.: 303–27. doi:10.2307/785389. JSTOR 785389. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
Treggiari 1981, p. 58. Treggiari, Susan (1981). "Contubernales". Phoenix. 35 (1). CAC: 42–69. doi:10.2307/1087137. JSTOR 1087137.
Treggiari 1981, p. 59. Treggiari, Susan (1981). "Contubernales". Phoenix. 35 (1). CAC: 42–69. doi:10.2307/1087137. JSTOR 1087137.
Treggiari 1981, pp. 69–70, citing CIL VI 1906. Treggiari, Susan (1981). "Contubernales". Phoenix. 35 (1). CAC: 42–69. doi:10.2307/1087137. JSTOR 1087137.
McGinn 1991, pp. 359–366. McGinn, Thomas A. J. (1991). "Concubinage and the Lex Iulia on Adultery". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 121: 335–375. doi:10.2307/284457. JSTOR 284457.
Treggiari 1981b, p. 60. Treggiari, Susan (1981b). "Concubinae". Papers of the British School at Rome. 49: 59–81. doi:10.1017/S0068246200008473.
McGinn 1991, p. 333–375. McGinn, Thomas A. J. (1991). "Concubinage and the Lex Iulia on Adultery". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 121: 335–375. doi:10.2307/284457. JSTOR 284457.
Treggiari 1981b, p. 71–74. Treggiari, Susan (1981b). "Concubinae". Papers of the British School at Rome. 49: 59–81. doi:10.1017/S0068246200008473.
Rawson 1974, p. 288, especially n. 30. Rawson, Beryl (1974). "Roman Concubinage and Other De Facto Marriages". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 104. JHUP: 279–305. doi:10.2307/2936094. JSTOR 2936094.
Treggiari 1981, p. 53. Treggiari, Susan (1981). "Contubernales". Phoenix. 35 (1). CAC: 42–69. doi:10.2307/1087137. JSTOR 1087137.
Rawson 1974, p. 289. Rawson, Beryl (1974). "Roman Concubinage and Other De Facto Marriages". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 104. JHUP: 279–305. doi:10.2307/2936094. JSTOR 2936094.
Rawson 1974, p. 291, especially n. 44. Rawson, Beryl (1974). "Roman Concubinage and Other De Facto Marriages". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 104. JHUP: 279–305. doi:10.2307/2936094. JSTOR 2936094.
Treggiari 1981, p. 58, noting that intention (affectio maritalis), though at times hard to determine, was the basis of a valid marriage. Treggiari, Susan (1981). "Contubernales". Phoenix. 35 (1). CAC: 42–69. doi:10.2307/1087137. JSTOR 1087137.
Raffield, Ben; Price, Neil; Collard, Mark (2017). "Polygyny, Concubinage, and the Social Lives of Women in Viking-Age Scandinavia". Viking and Medieval Scandinavia. 13: 165–209. doi:10.1484/J.VMS.5.114355. ISSN 1782-7183.
Poser, Charles M. (1994). "The dissemination of multiple sclerosis: A Viking saga? A historical essay". Annals of Neurology. 36 (S2): S231–43. doi:10.1002/ana.410360810. ISSN 1531-8249. PMID 7998792. S2CID 36410898.
Raffield, Ben; Price, Neil; Collard, Mark (1 May 2017). "Male-biased operational sex ratios and the Viking phenomenon: an evolutionary anthropological perspective on Late Iron Age Scandinavian raiding". Evolution and Human Behavior. 38 (3): 315–24. Bibcode:2017EHumB..38..315R. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.10.013. hdl:2164/8759. ISSN 1090-5138.
Jenco, Idris & Thomas 2019, pp. 291–292 Jenco, Leigh K.; Idris, Murad; Thomas, Megan C. (2019). Jenco, Leigh K.; Idris, Murad; Thomas, Megan C. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Political Theory. Oxford University Press. pp. 291–292. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190253752.001.0001. ISBN 9780190253752.
Karahasan, Devrim (July 2008). Métissage in New France and Canada, 1508 to 1886 (PDF) (Thesis). European University Institute. doi:10.2870/11337.

etymonline.com (Global: 287^th place; English: 321^st place)

"Etymology: concubine (n.), concubinage (n.)". Century Dictionary. Retrieved 1 November 2021.

eui.eu (Global: low place; English: 8,389^th place)

cadmus.eui.eu

Karahasan, Devrim (July 2008). Métissage in New France and Canada, 1508 to 1886 (PDF) (Thesis). European University Institute. doi:10.2870/11337.

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Helen Bush Caver and Mary T. Williams, "Creoles" Archived 13 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Multicultural America, Countries and Their Cultures Website. Retrieved 3 February 2009

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hdl.handle.net

Raffield, Ben; Price, Neil; Collard, Mark (1 May 2017). "Male-biased operational sex ratios and the Viking phenomenon: an evolutionary anthropological perspective on Late Iron Age Scandinavian raiding". Evolution and Human Behavior. 38 (3): 315–24. Bibcode:2017EHumB..38..315R. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.10.013. hdl:2164/8759. ISSN 1090-5138.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Raffield, Ben; Price, Neil; Collard, Mark (1 May 2017). "Male-biased operational sex ratios and the Viking phenomenon: an evolutionary anthropological perspective on Late Iron Age Scandinavian raiding". Evolution and Human Behavior. 38 (3): 315–24. Bibcode:2017EHumB..38..315R. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.10.013. hdl:2164/8759. ISSN 1090-5138.

highbeam.com (Global: 405^th place; English: 256^th place)

Suzanne Glass, "The Concubine Connection" Archived 3 January 2013 at archive.today, The Independent, London 20 October 1996

hrw.org (Global: 729^th place; English: 650^th place)

Long, Scott (2006). Family, unvalued: discrimination, denial, and the fate of binational same-sex couples under U.S. law. New York: Human Rights Watch. ISBN 9781564323361. Retrieved 29 November 2021.

islamicstudies.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

Muhammad Shafi' Deobandi. "Maarif ul Quran". Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
"Surah Al-Baqara 2:177-177 – Maariful Quran – Maarif ul Quran – Quran Translation and Commentary". Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2016.

jewishencyclopedia.com (Global: 1,019^th place; English: 784^th place)

"PILEGESH (Hebrew; comp. Greek, παλλακίς).". Jewish Encyclopedia. JewishEncyclopedia.com. 2002–2011. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
"PILEGESH (Hebrew; comp. Greek, παλλακίς)". Jewish Virtual Library.

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"Concubine". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 14 February 2019.

jpost.com (Global: 544^th place; English: 387^th place)

Wagner, Matthew (16 March 2006). "Kosher sex without marriage". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2012.

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Stocquart 1907, p. 304. Stocquart, Emile (March 1907). Sherman, Charles Phineas (ed.). "Marriage in Roman law". Yale Law Journal. 16 (5). Translated by Bierkan, Andrew T.: 303–27. doi:10.2307/785389. JSTOR 785389. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
Stocquart 1907, p. 309: "[marriage] seems to have had a double object, first, to establish between husband and wife, perfect equality of rank, of condition and of dignity, honor, dignitas; it is this which distinguishes it precisely from concubinatus, called as well inaequale conjugium." Stocquart, Emile (March 1907). Sherman, Charles Phineas (ed.). "Marriage in Roman law". Yale Law Journal. 16 (5). Translated by Bierkan, Andrew T.: 303–27. doi:10.2307/785389. JSTOR 785389. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
Stocquart 1907, p. 304: "Marriage implied the intention of the husband to have a legal wife, to raise her to his rank, to make her his equal, and the corresponding intent of the wife; this was called the affectio maritalis ('marital affection')." Stocquart, Emile (March 1907). Sherman, Charles Phineas (ed.). "Marriage in Roman law". Yale Law Journal. 16 (5). Translated by Bierkan, Andrew T.: 303–27. doi:10.2307/785389. JSTOR 785389. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
Treggiari 1981, p. 58. Treggiari, Susan (1981). "Contubernales". Phoenix. 35 (1). CAC: 42–69. doi:10.2307/1087137. JSTOR 1087137.
Treggiari 1981, p. 59. Treggiari, Susan (1981). "Contubernales". Phoenix. 35 (1). CAC: 42–69. doi:10.2307/1087137. JSTOR 1087137.
Treggiari 1981, pp. 69–70, citing CIL VI 1906. Treggiari, Susan (1981). "Contubernales". Phoenix. 35 (1). CAC: 42–69. doi:10.2307/1087137. JSTOR 1087137.
McGinn 1991, pp. 359–366. McGinn, Thomas A. J. (1991). "Concubinage and the Lex Iulia on Adultery". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 121: 335–375. doi:10.2307/284457. JSTOR 284457.
McGinn 1991, p. 333–375. McGinn, Thomas A. J. (1991). "Concubinage and the Lex Iulia on Adultery". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 121: 335–375. doi:10.2307/284457. JSTOR 284457.
Rawson 1974, p. 288, especially n. 30. Rawson, Beryl (1974). "Roman Concubinage and Other De Facto Marriages". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 104. JHUP: 279–305. doi:10.2307/2936094. JSTOR 2936094.
Treggiari 1981, p. 53. Treggiari, Susan (1981). "Contubernales". Phoenix. 35 (1). CAC: 42–69. doi:10.2307/1087137. JSTOR 1087137.
Rawson 1974, p. 289. Rawson, Beryl (1974). "Roman Concubinage and Other De Facto Marriages". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 104. JHUP: 279–305. doi:10.2307/2936094. JSTOR 2936094.
Rawson 1974, p. 291, especially n. 44. Rawson, Beryl (1974). "Roman Concubinage and Other De Facto Marriages". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 104. JHUP: 279–305. doi:10.2307/2936094. JSTOR 2936094.
Treggiari 1981, p. 58, noting that intention (affectio maritalis), though at times hard to determine, was the basis of a valid marriage. Treggiari, Susan (1981). "Contubernales". Phoenix. 35 (1). CAC: 42–69. doi:10.2307/1087137. JSTOR 1087137.
Khanna, Priyanka. Embodying Royal Concubinage: Some Aspects of Concubinage in Royal Rajput Household of Marwar, (Western Rajasthan) C. 16 Th–18 Th Centuries. Indian History Congress. p. 338. JSTOR 44146726.
Karras, Ruth Mazo (1990). "Concubinage and Slavery in the Viking Age". Scandinavian Studies. 62 (2): 141–62. ISSN 0036-5637. JSTOR 40919117.

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"Concubinage in Asia". Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2016.

legifrance.gouv.fr (Global: 265^th place; English: 1,095^th place)

Article 515-8 of the Civil Code defines "concubinage" as "a de facto union, characterized by a shared life and a character of stability and continuity, between two persons of different or same sex, who live as a couple" ("une union de fait, caractérisée par une vie commune présentant un caractère de stabilité et de continuité, entre deux personnes, de sexe différent ou de même sexe, qui vivent en couple"). See also Concubinage en France (in French).

livescience.com (Global: 1,190^th place; English: 959^th place)

Choi, Charles Q. (8 November 2016). "The Real Reason for Viking Raids: Shortage of Eligible Women?". Live Science. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.

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Ettedgui, Sarah (20 September 2018). "Concubinage and the Law in France". Retrieved 27 October 2021.

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"Definition: concubine (n.)". Merriams-Webster. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
"Definition: concubinage (n.)". Merriams-Webster. Retrieved 1 November 2021.

monticello.org (Global: 7,574^th place; English: 4,352^nd place)

"Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account" Archived 30 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Monticello Website, Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved 22 June 2011. Quote: "Ten years later [referring to its 2000 report], TJF and most historians now believe that, years after his wife's death, Thomas Jefferson was the father of the six children of Sally Hemings mentioned in Jefferson's records, including Beverly, Harriet, Madison and Eston Hemings...Since then, a committee commissioned by the Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society, after reviewing essentially the same material, reached different conclusions, namely that Sally Hemings was only a minor figure in Thomas Jefferson's life and that it is very unlikely he fathered any of her children. This committee also suggested in its report, issued in April 2001 and revised in 2011, that Jefferson's younger brother Randolph (1755–1815) was more likely the father of at least some of Sally Hemings's children."

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 344^th place; English: 296^th place)

"Kinder, Gentler Vikings? Not According to Their Slaves". National Geographic News. 28 December 2015. Archived from the original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.

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Poser, Charles M. (1994). "The dissemination of multiple sclerosis: A Viking saga? A historical essay". Annals of Neurology. 36 (S2): S231–43. doi:10.1002/ana.410360810. ISSN 1531-8249. PMID 7998792. S2CID 36410898.

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INC., SANKEI DIGITAL (3 June 2015). "【九転十起の女（２７）】女盛りもとうに過ぎ…夫とお手伝いの間に子供". Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.

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Hrala, Josh (14 November 2016). "Vikings Might Have Started Raiding Because There Was a Shortage of Single Women". ScienceAlert. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.

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Poser, Charles M. (1994). "The dissemination of multiple sclerosis: A Viking saga? A historical essay". Annals of Neurology. 36 (S2): S231–43. doi:10.1002/ana.410360810. ISSN 1531-8249. PMID 7998792. S2CID 36410898.

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 30^th place; English: 24^th place)

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"Concubinage in Asia". Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
Nei Ze. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
"Concubines of Ancient China". Beijing Made Easy. 2012. Archived from the original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
"Concubines of Ancient China". Beijing Made Easy. 2012. Archived from the original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
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INC., SANKEI DIGITAL (3 June 2015). "【九転十起の女（２７）】女盛りもとうに過ぎ…夫とお手伝いの間に子供". Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
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Hrala, Josh (14 November 2016). "Vikings Might Have Started Raiding Because There Was a Shortage of Single Women". ScienceAlert. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
Choi, Charles Q. (8 November 2016). "The Real Reason for Viking Raids: Shortage of Eligible Women?". Live Science. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
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Lawler, Andrew (15 April 2016). "Vikings may have first taken to seas to find women, slaves". Science. AAAS. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019.
Viegas, Jennifer (17 September 2008). "Viking Age triggered by shortage of wives?". MSNBC. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
Knapton, Sarah (5 November 2016). "Viking raiders were only trying to win their future wives' hearts". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
"New Viking Study Points to "Love and Marriage" as the Main Reason for their Raids". The Vintage News. 22 October 2018. Archived from the original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
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"Surah Al-Baqara 2:177-177 – Maariful Quran – Maarif ul Quran – Quran Translation and Commentary". Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
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"Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account" Archived 30 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Monticello Website, Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved 22 June 2011. Quote: "Ten years later [referring to its 2000 report], TJF and most historians now believe that, years after his wife's death, Thomas Jefferson was the father of the six children of Sally Hemings mentioned in Jefferson's records, including Beverly, Harriet, Madison and Eston Hemings...Since then, a committee commissioned by the Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society, after reviewing essentially the same material, reached different conclusions, namely that Sally Hemings was only a minor figure in Thomas Jefferson's life and that it is very unlikely he fathered any of her children. This committee also suggested in its report, issued in April 2001 and revised in 2011, that Jefferson's younger brother Randolph (1755–1815) was more likely the father of at least some of Sally Hemings's children."
Helen Bush Caver and Mary T. Williams, "Creoles" Archived 13 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Multicultural America, Countries and Their Cultures Website. Retrieved 3 February 2009
Wagner, Matthew (16 March 2006). "Kosher sex without marriage". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2012.

wikipedia.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

fr.wikipedia.org

Article 515-8 of the Civil Code defines "concubinage" as "a de facto union, characterized by a shared life and a character of stability and continuity, between two persons of different or same sex, who live as a couple" ("une union de fait, caractérisée par une vie commune présentant un caractère de stabilité et de continuité, entre deux personnes, de sexe différent ou de même sexe, qui vivent en couple"). See also Concubinage en France (in French).

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Raffield, Ben; Price, Neil; Collard, Mark (2017). "Polygyny, Concubinage, and the Social Lives of Women in Viking-Age Scandinavia". Viking and Medieval Scandinavia. 13: 165–209. doi:10.1484/J.VMS.5.114355. ISSN 1782-7183.
Karras, Ruth Mazo (1990). "Concubinage and Slavery in the Viking Age". Scandinavian Studies. 62 (2): 141–62. ISSN 0036-5637. JSTOR 40919117.
Poser, Charles M. (1994). "The dissemination of multiple sclerosis: A Viking saga? A historical essay". Annals of Neurology. 36 (S2): S231–43. doi:10.1002/ana.410360810. ISSN 1531-8249. PMID 7998792. S2CID 36410898.
Raffield, Ben; Price, Neil; Collard, Mark (1 May 2017). "Male-biased operational sex ratios and the Viking phenomenon: an evolutionary anthropological perspective on Late Iron Age Scandinavian raiding". Evolution and Human Behavior. 38 (3): 315–24. Bibcode:2017EHumB..38..315R. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.10.013. hdl:2164/8759. ISSN 1090-5138.
Knapton, Sarah (5 November 2016). "Viking raiders were only trying to win their future wives' hearts". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
Raphael, Marc Lee (1999). Agendas for the Study of Midrash in the Twenty-first Century. Department of Religion, College of William and Mary. p. 136. OCLC 607184334.

worldhistory.org (Global: 2,220^th place; English: 1,461^st place)

"Women in Ancient Egypt". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17 March 2020.

yale.edu (Global: 565^th place; English: 460^th place)

digitalcommons.law.yale.edu

Stocquart 1907, p. 304. Stocquart, Emile (March 1907). Sherman, Charles Phineas (ed.). "Marriage in Roman law". Yale Law Journal. 16 (5). Translated by Bierkan, Andrew T.: 303–27. doi:10.2307/785389. JSTOR 785389. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
Stocquart 1907, p. 309: "[marriage] seems to have had a double object, first, to establish between husband and wife, perfect equality of rank, of condition and of dignity, honor, dignitas; it is this which distinguishes it precisely from concubinatus, called as well inaequale conjugium." Stocquart, Emile (March 1907). Sherman, Charles Phineas (ed.). "Marriage in Roman law". Yale Law Journal. 16 (5). Translated by Bierkan, Andrew T.: 303–27. doi:10.2307/785389. JSTOR 785389. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
Stocquart 1907, p. 304: "Marriage implied the intention of the husband to have a legal wife, to raise her to his rank, to make her his equal, and the corresponding intent of the wife; this was called the affectio maritalis ('marital affection')." Stocquart, Emile (March 1907). Sherman, Charles Phineas (ed.). "Marriage in Roman law". Yale Law Journal. 16 (5). Translated by Bierkan, Andrew T.: 303–27. doi:10.2307/785389. JSTOR 785389. Retrieved 15 September 2020.

openyls.law.yale.edu

Borrillo, Daniel (2005). "Who is Breaking with Tradition? The Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Partnership in France and the Question of Modernity" (PDF). Yale Journal of Law and Feminism. 17: 91.

Concubinage (English Wikipedia)

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