Continental drift (English Wikipedia)

Lyell, Charles (1872), Principles of Geology ... (11 ed.), John Murray, p. 258, archived from the original on 6 April 2016, retrieved 16 February 2015
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See map based on the work of the American paleontologist Charles Schuchert in Wells, H. G.; Huxley, Julian; Wells, G. P. (1931), The Science of life, p. 445

archive.today

Perry, John (1895) "On the age of the earth", Nature, 51 : 224–227 Archived 17 February 2015 at archive.today, 341–342, 582–585.

awi.de

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Wegener, Alfred (6 January 1912), "Die Herausbildung der Grossformen der Erdrinde (Kontinente und Ozeane), auf geophysikalischer Grundlage" (PDF), Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, 63: 185–195, 253–256, 305–309, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2011.

bbm.me.uk

"Wegener and his proofs". Archived from the original on 5 May 2006.

berkeley.edu

ucmp.berkeley.edu

"Plate Tectonics: The Rocky History of an Idea". Archived from the original on 11 April 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2006. Wegener's inability to provide an adequate explanation of the forces responsible for continental drift and the prevailing belief that the earth was solid and immovable resulted in the scientific dismissal of his theories.
University of California Museum of Paleontology, Alfred Wegener (1880–1930) Archived 8 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 30 April 2015).

books.google.com

Wallace, Alfred Russel (1889), "12", Darwinism …, Macmillan, p. 341
Dana, James D. (1863), Manual of Geology, Theodore Bliss & Co, Philadelphia, p. 732, archived from the original on 15 May 2015, retrieved 16 February 2015
Edward Suess (March 1893) "Are ocean depths permanent?" Archived 5 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Natural Science: A Monthly Review of Scientific Progress (London), 2 : 180- 187. From page 183: "This ocean we designate by the name "Tethys", after the sister and consort of Oceanus. The latest successor of the Tethyan Sea is the present Mediterranean."
Coxworthy, Franklin (1924). Electrical Condition; Or, How and where Our Earth was Created. J.S. Phillips. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
Powell, James Lawrence (2015). Four Revolutions in the Earth Sciences: From Heresy to Truth. Columbia University Press. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-0-231-53845-9. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
R. M. Wood, Coming Apart at the Seams Archived 14 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine, New Scientist, 24 January 1980
Lippsett, Laurence (2006). "Maurice Ewing and the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory". In William Theodore De Bary; Jerry Kisslinger; Tom Mathewson (eds.). Living Legacies at Columbia. Columbia University Press. pp. 277–97. ISBN 978-0-231-13884-0. Retrieved 22 June 2010.

columbia.edu

Lippsett, Laurence (2001). "Maurice Ewing and the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory". Living Legacies. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2008.

doi.org

Romm, James (3 February 1994), "A New Forerunner for Continental Drift", Nature, 367 (6462): 407–408, Bibcode:1994Natur.367..407R, doi:10.1038/367407a0, S2CID 4281585.
Taylor, F.B. (1910), "Bearing of the tertiary mountain belt on the origin of the earth's plan" (PDF), GSA Bulletin, 21 (2): 179–226, Bibcode:1910GSAB...21..179T, doi:10.1130/GSAB-21-179, archived from the original (PDF) on 1 June 2018
Henry R. Frankel, "Wegener and Taylor develop their theories of continental drift", in The Continental Drift Controversy Volume 1: Wegener and the Early Debate, pp. 38–80, Cambridge University Press, 2012. ISBN 9780521875042 doi:10.1017/CBO9780511842368.004
Holmes, Arthur (1931). "Radioactivity and Earth Movements" (PDF). Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow. 18 (3): 559–606. doi:10.1144/transglas.18.3.559. S2CID 122872384. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
Bremer, Hanna (1983). "Albrecht Penck (1858–1945) and Walther Penck (1888–1923), two German geomorphologists". Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 27 (2): 129–138. Bibcode:1983ZGm....27..129B. doi:10.1127/zfg/27/1983/129.
Scheidegger, Adrian E. (1953), "Examination of the physics of theories of orogenesis", GSA Bulletin, 64 (2): 127–150, Bibcode:1953GSAB...64..127S, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1953)64[127:EOTPOT]2.0.CO;2
Holmes, Arthur (1928). "Radioactivity and Earth movements". Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow. 18 (3): 559–606. doi:10.1144/transglas.18.3.559. S2CID 122872384.; see also Holmes, Arthur (1978). Principles of Physical Geology (3 ed.). Wiley. pp. 640–41. ISBN 978-0-471-07251-5. and Frankel, Henry (July 1978). "Arthur Holmes and continental drift". The British Journal for the History of Science. 11 (2): 130–50. doi:10.1017/S0007087400016551. JSTOR 4025726. S2CID 145405854..
Vine, F. J. (1966). "Spreading of the Ocean Floor: New Evidence". Science. 154 (3755): 1405–1415. Bibcode:1966Sci...154.1405V. doi:10.1126/science.154.3755.1405. PMID 17821553. S2CID 44362406.
Heezen, B. (1960). "The rift in the ocean floor". Scientific American. 203 (4): 98–110. Bibcode:1960SciAm.203d..98H. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1060-98.
Mason, Ronald G.; Raff, Arthur D. (1961). "Magnetic survey off the west coast of the United States between 32°N latitude and 42°N latitude". Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. 72 (8): 1259–66. Bibcode:1961GSAB...72.1259M. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[1259:MSOTWC]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606.
Korgen, Ben J. (1995). "A voice from the past: John Lyman and the plate tectonics story". Oceanography. 8 (1): 19–20. doi:10.5670/oceanog.1995.29.
Spiess, Fred; Kuperman, William (2003). "The Marine Physical Laboratory at Scripps". Oceanography. 16 (3): 45–54. doi:10.5670/oceanog.2003.30.
See summary in Heirtzler, James R.; Le Pichon, Xavier; Baron, J. Gregory (1966). "Magnetic anomalies over the Reykjanes Ridge". Deep-Sea Research. 13 (3): 427–32. Bibcode:1966DSRA...13..427H. doi:10.1016/0011-7471(66)91078-3.
Le Pichon, Xavier (15 June 1968). "Sea-floor spreading and continental drift". Journal of Geophysical Research. 73 (12): 3661–97. Bibcode:1968JGR....73.3661L. doi:10.1029/JB073i012p03661.
Mc Kenzie, D.; Parker, R.L. (1967). "The North Pacific: an example of tectonics on a sphere". Nature. 216 (5122): 1276–1280. Bibcode:1967Natur.216.1276M. doi:10.1038/2161276a0. S2CID 4193218.
Barton, Cathy (2002). "Marie Tharp, oceanographic cartographer, and her contributions to the revolution in the Earth sciences". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 192 (1): 215–228. Bibcode:2002GSLSP.192..215B. doi:10.1144/gsl.sp.2002.192.01.11. S2CID 131340403.
Doel, R.E.; Levin, T.J.; Marker, M.K. (2006). "Extending modern cartography to the ocean depths: military patronage, Cold War priorities, and the Heezen-Tharp mapping project, 1952–1959". Journal of Historical Geography. 32 (3): 605–626. doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2005.10.011.
Isacks, Bryan; Oliver, Jack; Sykes, Lynn R. (15 September 1968). "Seismology and the New Global Tectonics". Journal of Geophysical Research. 73 (18): 5855–5899. Bibcode:1968JGR....73.5855I. doi:10.1029/JB073i018p05855.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Scalera, G. (2003), "Roberto Mantovani an Italian defender of the continental drift and planetary expansion", in Scalera, G.; Jacob, K.-H. (eds.), Why expanding Earth? – A book in honour of O.C. Hilgenberg, Rome: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, pp. 71–74, hdl:2122/2017

harvard.edu

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Romm, James (3 February 1994), "A New Forerunner for Continental Drift", Nature, 367 (6462): 407–408, Bibcode:1994Natur.367..407R, doi:10.1038/367407a0, S2CID 4281585.
Pickering, W.H (1907), "The Place of Origin of the Moon – The Volcani Problems", Popular Astronomy, 15: 274–287, Bibcode:1907PA.....15..274P
Taylor, F.B. (1910), "Bearing of the tertiary mountain belt on the origin of the earth's plan" (PDF), GSA Bulletin, 21 (2): 179–226, Bibcode:1910GSAB...21..179T, doi:10.1130/GSAB-21-179, archived from the original (PDF) on 1 June 2018
Bremer, Hanna (1983). "Albrecht Penck (1858–1945) and Walther Penck (1888–1923), two German geomorphologists". Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 27 (2): 129–138. Bibcode:1983ZGm....27..129B. doi:10.1127/zfg/27/1983/129.
Scheidegger, Adrian E. (1953), "Examination of the physics of theories of orogenesis", GSA Bulletin, 64 (2): 127–150, Bibcode:1953GSAB...64..127S, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1953)64[127:EOTPOT]2.0.CO;2
Vine, F. J. (1966). "Spreading of the Ocean Floor: New Evidence". Science. 154 (3755): 1405–1415. Bibcode:1966Sci...154.1405V. doi:10.1126/science.154.3755.1405. PMID 17821553. S2CID 44362406.
Heezen, B. (1960). "The rift in the ocean floor". Scientific American. 203 (4): 98–110. Bibcode:1960SciAm.203d..98H. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1060-98.
Mason, Ronald G.; Raff, Arthur D. (1961). "Magnetic survey off the west coast of the United States between 32°N latitude and 42°N latitude". Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. 72 (8): 1259–66. Bibcode:1961GSAB...72.1259M. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[1259:MSOTWC]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606.
See summary in Heirtzler, James R.; Le Pichon, Xavier; Baron, J. Gregory (1966). "Magnetic anomalies over the Reykjanes Ridge". Deep-Sea Research. 13 (3): 427–32. Bibcode:1966DSRA...13..427H. doi:10.1016/0011-7471(66)91078-3.
Le Pichon, Xavier (15 June 1968). "Sea-floor spreading and continental drift". Journal of Geophysical Research. 73 (12): 3661–97. Bibcode:1968JGR....73.3661L. doi:10.1029/JB073i012p03661.
Mc Kenzie, D.; Parker, R.L. (1967). "The North Pacific: an example of tectonics on a sphere". Nature. 216 (5122): 1276–1280. Bibcode:1967Natur.216.1276M. doi:10.1038/2161276a0. S2CID 4193218.
Barton, Cathy (2002). "Marie Tharp, oceanographic cartographer, and her contributions to the revolution in the Earth sciences". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 192 (1): 215–228. Bibcode:2002GSLSP.192..215B. doi:10.1144/gsl.sp.2002.192.01.11. S2CID 131340403.
Isacks, Bryan; Oliver, Jack; Sykes, Lynn R. (15 September 1968). "Seismology and the New Global Tectonics". Journal of Geophysical Research. 73 (18): 5855–5899. Bibcode:1968JGR....73.5855I. doi:10.1029/JB073i018p05855.

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babel.hathitrust.org

Eduard Suess, Das Antlitz der Erde (The Face of the Earth), vol. 1 (Leipzig, (Germany): G. Freytag, 1885), page 768. From p. 768: "Wir nennen es Gondwána-Land, nach der gemeinsamen alten Gondwána-Flora, ... " (We name it Gondwána-Land, after the common ancient flora of Gondwána ... )
Perry, John (1895) "On the age of the earth", Nature, 51 : 224–227 Archived 17 February 2015 at archive.today, 341–342, 582–585.
Frank Bursley Taylor (3 June 1910) "Bearing of the Tertiary mountain belt on the origin of the earth's plan", Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 21 : 179–226.

jstor.org

Lane, A. C. (1944), "Frank Bursley Taylor (1860–1938)", Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 75 (6): 176–178, JSTOR 20023483
Holmes, Arthur (1928). "Radioactivity and Earth movements". Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow. 18 (3): 559–606. doi:10.1144/transglas.18.3.559. S2CID 122872384.; see also Holmes, Arthur (1978). Principles of Physical Geology (3 ed.). Wiley. pp. 640–41. ISBN 978-0-471-07251-5. and Frankel, Henry (July 1978). "Arthur Holmes and continental drift". The British Journal for the History of Science. 11 (2): 130–50. doi:10.1017/S0007087400016551. JSTOR 4025726. S2CID 145405854..

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Holmes, Arthur (1931). "Radioactivity and Earth Movements" (PDF). Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow. 18 (3): 559–606. doi:10.1144/transglas.18.3.559. S2CID 122872384. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2014.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Vine, F. J. (1966). "Spreading of the Ocean Floor: New Evidence". Science. 154 (3755): 1405–1415. Bibcode:1966Sci...154.1405V. doi:10.1126/science.154.3755.1405. PMID 17821553. S2CID 44362406.

nytimes.com

"Jack Oliver, Who Proved Continental Drift, Dies at 87". The New York Times. 12 January 2011. p. A16. Archived from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.

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api.semanticscholar.org

Romm, James (3 February 1994), "A New Forerunner for Continental Drift", Nature, 367 (6462): 407–408, Bibcode:1994Natur.367..407R, doi:10.1038/367407a0, S2CID 4281585.
Holmes, Arthur (1931). "Radioactivity and Earth Movements" (PDF). Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow. 18 (3): 559–606. doi:10.1144/transglas.18.3.559. S2CID 122872384. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
Holmes, Arthur (1928). "Radioactivity and Earth movements". Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow. 18 (3): 559–606. doi:10.1144/transglas.18.3.559. S2CID 122872384.; see also Holmes, Arthur (1978). Principles of Physical Geology (3 ed.). Wiley. pp. 640–41. ISBN 978-0-471-07251-5. and Frankel, Henry (July 1978). "Arthur Holmes and continental drift". The British Journal for the History of Science. 11 (2): 130–50. doi:10.1017/S0007087400016551. JSTOR 4025726. S2CID 145405854..
Vine, F. J. (1966). "Spreading of the Ocean Floor: New Evidence". Science. 154 (3755): 1405–1415. Bibcode:1966Sci...154.1405V. doi:10.1126/science.154.3755.1405. PMID 17821553. S2CID 44362406.
Mc Kenzie, D.; Parker, R.L. (1967). "The North Pacific: an example of tectonics on a sphere". Nature. 216 (5122): 1276–1280. Bibcode:1967Natur.216.1276M. doi:10.1038/2161276a0. S2CID 4193218.
Barton, Cathy (2002). "Marie Tharp, oceanographic cartographer, and her contributions to the revolution in the Earth sciences". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 192 (1): 215–228. Bibcode:2002GSLSP.192..215B. doi:10.1144/gsl.sp.2002.192.01.11. S2CID 131340403.

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Oreskes 2002 Oreskes, Naomi (2002). "Continental Drift" (PDF). In Munn, Ted; MacCracken, Michael C.; Perry, John S. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change. Vol. 1. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 321–325. ISBN 978-0-471-97796-4. OCLC 633880622. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2012.

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"Historical perspective [This Dynamic Earth, USGS]". pubs.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2008.
Oreskes 2002, p. 324. Oreskes, Naomi (2002). "Continental Drift" (PDF). In Munn, Ted; MacCracken, Michael C.; Perry, John S. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change. Vol. 1. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 321–325. ISBN 978-0-471-97796-4. OCLC 633880622. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2012.
Wegener, Alfred (6 January 1912), "Die Herausbildung der Grossformen der Erdrinde (Kontinente und Ozeane), auf geophysikalischer Grundlage" (PDF), Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, 63: 185–195, 253–256, 305–309, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2011.
Brusatte, Stephen, Continents Adrift and Sea-Floors Spreading: The Revolution of Plate Tectonics (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016, retrieved 16 May 2016
Kious, W. J.; Tilling, R. I. (February 2001) [1996], "Historical perspective", This Dynamic Earth: the Story of Plate Tectonics (Online ed.), U.S. Geological Survey, ISBN 978-0-16-048220-5, archived from the original on 8 April 2011, retrieved 29 January 2008
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Dana, James D. (1863), Manual of Geology, Theodore Bliss & Co, Philadelphia, p. 732, archived from the original on 15 May 2015, retrieved 16 February 2015
Oreskes 2002 Oreskes, Naomi (2002). "Continental Drift" (PDF). In Munn, Ted; MacCracken, Michael C.; Perry, John S. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change. Vol. 1. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 321–325. ISBN 978-0-471-97796-4. OCLC 633880622. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2012.
Edward Suess (March 1893) "Are ocean depths permanent?" Archived 5 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Natural Science: A Monthly Review of Scientific Progress (London), 2 : 180- 187. From page 183: "This ocean we designate by the name "Tethys", after the sister and consort of Oceanus. The latest successor of the Tethyan Sea is the present Mediterranean."
Taylor, F.B. (1910), "Bearing of the tertiary mountain belt on the origin of the earth's plan" (PDF), GSA Bulletin, 21 (2): 179–226, Bibcode:1910GSAB...21..179T, doi:10.1130/GSAB-21-179, archived from the original (PDF) on 1 June 2018
Powell, James Lawrence (2015). Four Revolutions in the Earth Sciences: From Heresy to Truth. Columbia University Press. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-0-231-53845-9. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
R. M. Wood, Coming Apart at the Seams Archived 14 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine, New Scientist, 24 January 1980
"Wegener and his proofs". Archived from the original on 5 May 2006.
"Plate Tectonics: The Rocky History of an Idea". Archived from the original on 11 April 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2006. Wegener's inability to provide an adequate explanation of the forces responsible for continental drift and the prevailing belief that the earth was solid and immovable resulted in the scientific dismissal of his theories.
University of California Museum of Paleontology, Alfred Wegener (1880–1930) Archived 8 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 30 April 2015).
Unavco Plate Motion Calculator Archived 25 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 30 April 2015).
Holmes, Arthur (1931). "Radioactivity and Earth Movements" (PDF). Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow. 18 (3): 559–606. doi:10.1144/transglas.18.3.559. S2CID 122872384. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
McKie, Robin (28 October 2012). "David Attenborough: force of nature". The Observer. London. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
Lippsett, Laurence (2001). "Maurice Ewing and the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory". Living Legacies. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
"Victor Vacquier Sr., 1907–2009: Geophysicist was a master of magnetics", Los Angeles Times: B24, 24 January 2009, archived from the original on 8 January 2014, retrieved 20 May 2018.
"Jack Oliver, Who Proved Continental Drift, Dies at 87". The New York Times. 12 January 2011. p. A16. Archived from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
"Rejoined continents [This Dynamic Earth, USGS]". USGS. Archived from the original on 25 August 2010. Retrieved 22 July 2010.

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worldcat.org

Oreskes 2002, p. 324. Oreskes, Naomi (2002). "Continental Drift" (PDF). In Munn, Ted; MacCracken, Michael C.; Perry, John S. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change. Vol. 1. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 321–325. ISBN 978-0-471-97796-4. OCLC 633880622. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2012.
Oreskes 2002 Oreskes, Naomi (2002). "Continental Drift" (PDF). In Munn, Ted; MacCracken, Michael C.; Perry, John S. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change. Vol. 1. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 321–325. ISBN 978-0-471-97796-4. OCLC 633880622. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2012.
Hansen, L. T., Some considerations of, and additions to the Taylor-Wegener hypothesis of continental displacement, Los Angeles, 1946. OCLC 1247437 OCLC
Mason, Ronald G.; Raff, Arthur D. (1961). "Magnetic survey off the west coast of the United States between 32°N latitude and 42°N latitude". Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. 72 (8): 1259–66. Bibcode:1961GSAB...72.1259M. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[1259:MSOTWC]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606.