Cradle of civilization (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Cradle of civilization" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

65web.archive.org

1^st place

31doi.org

2^nd place

27nih.gov

4^th place

19books.google.com

3^rd place

13harvard.edu

18^th place

17^th place

13semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

8worldcat.org

5^th place

8archive.org

6^th place

3britannica.com

40^th place

58^th place

3uchicago.edu

230^th place

214^th place

3ucl.ac.uk

1,306^th place

885^th place

3bbc.co.uk

8^th place

10^th place

2indiatimes.com

17^th place

15^th place

1pnas.org

1,293^rd place

3,794^th place

1wiley.com

222^nd place

297^th place

1osu.edu

2,333^rd place

1,632^nd place

1sciencedirect.com

149^th place

178^th place

1columbia.edu

488^th place

374^th place

1collegeboard.com

low place

9,659^th place

1researchgate.net

120^th place

125^th place

1thediplomat.com

1,382^nd place

876^th place

1tripod.com

549^th place

491^st place

1oxfordjournals.org

1,389^th place

2,996^th place

1uparchaeology.org

low place

1unesco.org

104^th place

199^th place

1ancient-asia-journal.com

low place

1intoday.in

445^th place

281^st place

1phys.org

1,283^rd place

1,130^th place

1nature.com

234^th place

397^th place

1gsapubs.org

low place

1ias.ac.in

6,086^th place

4,310^th place

1nytimes.com

7^th place

1livescience.com

1,190^th place

959^th place

1latimes.com

22^nd place

19^th place

1maricopa.edu

low place

1hawaii.edu

1,308^th place

924^th place

1chinaculture.org

low place

1bellarmine.edu

low place

1ibiblio.org

1,079^th place

789^th place

1archive.today

14^th place

1china.org.cn

1,653^rd place

1,397^th place

1figshare.com

5,893^rd place

3,320^th place

1handle.net

102^nd place

76^th place

1nga.gov

4,113^th place

3,226^th place

1nationalgeographic.com

344^th place

296^th place

1makinganthropologypublic.wordpress.com

low place

1diggingperu.wordpress.com

low place

1hallofmaat.com

low place

1discovermagazine.com

3,042^nd place

2,171^st place

1csmonitor.com

791^st place

550^th place

1newscientist.com

774^th place

716^th place

1unmsm.edu.pe

6,272^nd place

low place

1niu.edu

5,325^th place

3,850^th place

1wisc.edu

1,045^th place

746^th place

1science.org

1,160^th place

737^th place

1antiquity.ac.uk

low place

1sagepub.com

731^st place

638^th place

1tandfonline.com

507^th place

429^th place

1philpapers.org

1,865^th place

1,260^th place

1cambridge.org

305^th place

264^th place

ancient-asia-journal.com

Garge, Tejas (2010). "Sothi-Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal". Ancient Asia. 2: 15. doi:10.5334/aa.10203. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2019.

antiquity.ac.uk

Powis, Terry G.; Hurst, W. Jeffrey; del Carmen Rodríguez, María; Ortíz C., Ponciano; Blake, Michael; Cheetham, David; Coe, Michael D.; Hodgson, John G. (2007). "Oldest chocolate in the New World". Antiquity. 81 (314). Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2018.

archive.org

Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P. (2006). The Ancient Maya (6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 71. ISBN 0-8047-4817-9. OCLC 57577446.
Redford, Donald B (1992). Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton: University Press. p. 6. ISBN 9780691036069.
Postgate, J.N. (1992), Early Mesopotamia. Society and Economy at the Dawn of History, London: Routledge, ISBN 9780415110327
Kleiner, Fred S.; Mamiya, Christin J. (2006). Gardner's Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective — Volume 1 (12th ed.). Belmont, California, USA: Thomson Wadsworth. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-0-495-00479-0.
Shaw, Ian, ed. (2000). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 479. ISBN 0-19-815034-2.
Ebrey, Patricia (2006). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge University Press. pp. 12–18. ISBN 978-0-521-43519-2.
Liu 2006, p. 184. ——— (2006). "Urbanization in China: Erlitou and its hinterland". In Storey, Glenn (ed.). Urbanism in the Preindustrial World. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. pp. 161–189. ISBN 978-0-8173-5246-2.
Beck, Roger B.; Linda Black; Larry S. Krieger; Phillip C. Naylor; Dahia Ibo Shabaka (1999). World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell. ISBN 978-0-395-87274-1.

archive.today

Wertz, Richard R. (2007). "Neolithic and Bronze Age Cultures". Exploring Chinese History. ibiblio. Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2008.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

Rincon, Paul (17 April 2003). "'Earliest writing' found in China". BBC News. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
"Oldest city in the Americas". BBC News. 26 April 2001. Archived from the original on 22 May 2006. Retrieved 16 February 2007.

bbc.co.uk

Fekri Hassan. "The Fall of the Old Kingdom". British Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2008.

bellarmine.edu

cas.bellarmine.edu

Pringle, Heather (1998). "The Slow Birth of Agriculture". Science. 282 (5393): 1446. doi:10.1126/science.282.5393.1446. S2CID 128522781. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011.

books.google.com

Broke:^[106] "The story in Harappan India was somewhat different (see Figure 111.3). The Bronze Age village and urban societies of the Indus Valley are some-thing of an anomaly, in that archaeologists have found little indication of local defense and regional warfare. It would seem that the bountiful monsoon rainfall of the Early to Mid-Holocene had forged a condition of plenty for all, and that competitive energies were channeled into commerce rather than conflict. Scholars have long argued that these rains shaped the origins of the urban Harappan societies, which emerged from Neolithic villages around 2600 BC. It now appears that this rainfall began to slowly taper off in the third millennium, at just the point that the Harappan cities began to develop. Thus it seems that this "first urbanisation" in South Asia was the initial response of the Indus Valley peoples to the beginning of Late Holocene aridification. These cities were maintained for 300 to 400 years and then gradually abandoned as the Harappan peoples resettled in scattered villages in the eastern range of their territories, into the Punjab and the Ganges Valley....'
17 (footnote):
a)Liviu Giosan et al., "Fluvial Landscapes of the Harappan Civilization," PNAS, 102 (2012), E1688—E1694;
(b) Camilo Ponton, "Holocene Aridification of India," GRL 39 (2012), L03704;
(c) Harunur Rashid et al., "Late Glacial to Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon Variability Based upon Sediment Records Taken from the Bay of Bengal," Terrestrial, Atmospheric, and Oceanic Sciences 22 (2011), 215–28;
(d) Marco Madella and Dorian Q. Fuller, "Paleoecology and the Harappan Civilization of South Asia: A Reconsideration," Quaternary Science Reviews 25 (2006), 1283–301. Compare with the very different interpretations in Possehl, Gregory L. (2002), The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective, Rowman Altamira, pp. 237–245, ISBN 978-0-7591-0172-2, and Michael Staubwasser et al., "Climate Change at the 4.2 ka BP Termination of the Indus Valley Civilization and Holocene South Asian Monsoon Variability," GRL 30 (2003), 1425. Bar-Matthews and Avner Ayalon, "Mid-Holocene Climate Variations."
Haviland, William; et al. (2013). Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge. Cengage Learning. p. 250. ISBN 978-1-285-67530-5. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2001). Civilizations: Culture, Ambition, and the Transformation of Nature. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-1650-0. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Boyden, Stephen Vickers (2004). The Biology of Civilisation. UNSW Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-86840-766-1. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Solms-Laubach, Franz (2007). Nietzsche and Early German and Austrian Sociology. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 115, 117, 212. ISBN 978-3-11-018109-8. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
Charles Keith Maisels (1993). The Near East: Archaeology in the "Cradle of Civilization. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-04742-5. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Hock, Hans Heinrich (2009). Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship: An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics (2nd ed.). Mouton de Gruyter. p. 69. ISBN 978-3110214291. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Gnanadesikan, Amalia (2008). The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet. Blackwell. p. 25. ISBN 978-1444304688.
Deutscher, Guy (2007). Syntactic Change in Akkadian: The Evolution of Sentential Complementation. Oxford University Press US. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-19-953222-3. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
Samuel Noah Kramer (17 September 2010). The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-45238-8. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Charles Keith Maisels, Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, The Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China. Archived 1 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine Routledge, 2003 ISBN 1134837305
Higham, Charles (1 January 2009). Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations. Infobase Publishing. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-1-4381-0996-1.
Sigfried J. de Laet, Ahmad Hasan Dani, eds. History of Humanity: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C. UNESCO, 1996 ISBN 9231028111 p.674
Pruthi, Raj (2004). Prehistory and Harappan Civilization. APH Publishing. p. 260. ISBN 9788176485814. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
Morris, A.E.J. (1994). History of Urban Form: Before the Industrial Revolutions (Third ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-582-30154-2. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
Brooke, John L. (2014), Climate Change and the Course of Global History: A Rough Journey, Cambridge University Press, p. 296, Bibcode:2014cccg.book.....B, ISBN 978-0-521-87164-8, archived from the original on 18 April 2023, retrieved 4 February 2018
Braswell, Geoffrey (16 April 2014). The Maya and Their Central American Neighbors: Settlement Patterns, Architecture, Hieroglyphic Texts and Ceramics. Routledge. p. 408. ISBN 9781317756088. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- Maura Ellyn; Maura McGinnis (2004). Greece: A Primary Source Cultural Guide. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-8239-3999-2. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
- Marvin Perry, Myrna Chase, James Jacob, Margaret Jacob, Theodore H. Von Laue (1 January 2012). Western Civilization: Since 1400. Cengage Learning. p. XXIX. ISBN 978-1-111-83169-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
britannica.com
- "Jericho – Facts & History". Archived from the original on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
- "Erlitou culture | Chinese history | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015.
- Role of Judaism in Western culture and civilization Archived 9 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine, "Judaism has played a significant role in the development of Western culture because of its unique relationship with Christianity, the dominant religious force in the West". Judaism at Encyclopædia Britannica
cambridge.org
- Rosenne, Shabtai (1958). "The Influence of Judaism on the Development of International Law". Netherlands International Law Review. 5 (2): 119–149. doi:10.1017/S0165070X00029685 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISSN 2396-9113. The fact that modern international law is one of the products of Western European civilization means that it rests, as all that civilization, upon the threefold heritage of the ancient Mediterranean world, the heritage of Rome, Athens and Jerusalem.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
china.org.cn
www1.china.org.cn
- Li 2003. Li, Jinhui (10 November 2003). "Stunning Capital of Xia Dynasty Unearthed". China Through a Lens. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
chinaculture.org
- "Peiligang Site". Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China. 2003. Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
collegeboard.com
- - "AP World History". College Board. Archived from the original on 22 April 2008. Retrieved 28 July 2008.
  columbia.edu
  - Ofer Bar-Yosef. "The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture" (PDF). www.columbia.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  csmonitor.com
  - Belsie, Laurent (January 2002). "Civilization lost?". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2007.
  diggingperu.wordpress.com
  - See a map of Norte Chico sites at https://diggingperu.wordpress.com/context/the-norte-chico Archived 7 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
  discovermagazine.com
  - Miller, Kenneth (September 2005). "Showdown at the O.K. Caral". Discover. 26 (9). Archived from the original on 8 January 2010. Retrieved 22 October 2009.
  doi.org
  - Brace, C. Loring; Seguchi, Noriko; Quintyn, Conrad B.; Fox, Sherry C.; Nelson, A. Russell; Manolis, Sotiris K.; Qifeng, Pan (2006). "The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (1): 242–247. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..242B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509801102. PMC 1325007. PMID 16371462.
  - Chicki, L; Nichols, RA; Barbujani, G; Beaumont, MA (2002). "Y genetic data support the Neolithic demic diffusion model". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 99 (17): 11008–11013. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9911008C. doi:10.1073/pnas.162158799. PMC 123201. PMID 12167671.
  - Semino, O; Magri, C; Benuzzi, G; et al. (May 2004). "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area, 2004". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (5): 1023–34. doi:10.1086/386295. PMC 1181965. PMID 15069642.
  - Cavalli-Sforza (1997). "Paleolithic and Neolithic lineages in the European mitochondrial gene pool". Am J Hum Genet. 61 (1): 247–54. doi:10.1016/S0002-9297(07)64303-1. PMC 1715849. PMID 9246011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  - Chikhi (21 July 1998). "Clines of nuclear DNA markers suggest a largely Neolithic ancestry of the European gene". PNAS. 95 (15): 9053–9058. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.9053C. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.15.9053. PMC 21201. PMID 9671803.
  - Dokládal, M.; Brožek, J. (1961). "Physical Anthropology in Czechoslovakia: Recent Developments". Current Anthropology. 2 (5): 455–477. doi:10.1086/200228. S2CID 161324951.
  - Zvelebil, M. (1989). "On the transition to farming in Europe, or what was spreading with the Neolithic: a reply to Ammerman (1989)". Antiquity. 63 (239): 379–383. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00076110. S2CID 162882505.
  - Fuller, Dorian (2006). "Agricultural Origins and Frontiers in South Asia: A Working Synthesis" (PDF). Journal of World Prehistory. 20: 42. doi:10.1007/s10963-006-9006-8. S2CID 189952275. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  - Garge, Tejas (2010). "Sothi-Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal". Ancient Asia. 2: 15. doi:10.5334/aa.10203. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  - Valentine, Benjamin; Kamenov, George D.; Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark; Shinde, Vasant; Mushrif-Tripathy, Veena; Otarola-Castillo, Erik; Krigbaum, John (2015). "Evidence for Patterns of Selective Urban Migration in the Greater Indus Valley (2600–1900 BC): A Lead and Strontium Isotope Mortuary Analysis". PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0123103. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1023103V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123103. PMC 4414352. PMID 25923705.
  - Giosan, L.; et al. (2012). "Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan Civilization". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 109 (26): E1688–94. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109E1688G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1112743109. PMC 3387054. PMID 22645375.
  - Madella, Marco; Fuller, Dorian (2006). "Palaeoecology and the Harappan Civilisation of South Asia: a reconsideration". Quaternary Science Reviews. 25 (11–12): 1283–1301. Bibcode:2006QSRv...25.1283M. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.10.012.
  - MacDonald, Glen (2011). "Potential influence of the Pacific Ocean on the Indian summer monsoon and Harappan decline". Quaternary International. 229 (1–2): 140–148. Bibcode:2011QuInt.229..140M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.11.012.
  - Pringle, Heather (1998). "The Slow Birth of Agriculture". Science. 282 (5393): 1446. doi:10.1126/science.282.5393.1446. S2CID 128522781. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011.
  - Li, X; Harbottle, Garman; Zhang Juzhong; Wang Changsui (2003). "The earliest writing? Sign use in the seventh millennium BCE at Jiahu, Henan Province, China". Antiquity. 77 (295): 31–44. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00061329. S2CID 162602307.
  - Liu & Xu 2007. Liu, Li; Xu, Hong (2007). "Rethinking Erlitou: legend, history and Chinese archaeology". Antiquity. 81 (314): 886–901. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00095983. hdl:1959.9/58390. S2CID 162644060. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  - Zarrillo, S.; Pearsall, D. M.; Raymond, J. S.; Tisdale, M. A.; Quon, D. J. (2008). "Directly dated starch residues document early formative maize (Zea mays L.) in tropical Ecuador". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (13): 5006–5011. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.5006Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.0800894105. PMC 2278185. PMID 18362336.
  - Dillehay, Tom D.; Eling Jr., Herbert H.; Rossen, Jack (2005). "Preceramic Irrigation Canals in the Peruvian Andes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (47): 17241–44. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10217241D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0508583102. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1288011. PMID 16284247.
  - Haas, Jonathan; Winifred Creamer; Alvaro Ruiz (23 December 2004). "Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru". Nature. 432 (7020): 1020–1023. Bibcode:2004Natur.432.1020H. doi:10.1038/nature03146. PMID 15616561. S2CID 4426545.
  - Mann, Charles C. (7 January 2005). "Oldest Civilization in the Americas Revealed". Science. 307 (5706): 34–35. doi:10.1126/science.307.5706.34. PMID 15637250. S2CID 161589785.
  - Haas, Jonathan; Winifred Creamer; Alvaro Ruiz (2005). "Power and the Emergence of Complex Polities in the Peruvian Preceramic". Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association. 14 (1): 37–52. doi:10.1525/ap3a.2004.14.037.
  - Sandweiss, Daniel H.; Michael E. Moseley (2001). "Amplifying Importance of New Research in Peru". Science. 294 (5547): 1651–1653. doi:10.1126/science.294.5547.1651d. PMID 11724063. S2CID 9301114.
  - Hoag, Hanna (15 April 2003). "Oldest evidence of Andean religion found". Nature News (online). doi:10.1038/news030414-4.
  - Mann, Charles C. (12 August 2005). "Unraveling Khipu's Secrets". Science. 309 (5737): 1008–1009. doi:10.1126/science.309.5737.1008. PMID 16099962. S2CID 161448364.
  - Beynon-Davies, P (2009). "Significant threads: the nature of data". International Journal of Information Management. 29 (3): 170–188. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2008.12.003.
  - Matsuoka, Y.; Vigouroux, Y.; Goodman, M. M.; et al. (2002). "A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (9): 6080–4. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.6080M. doi:10.1073/pnas.052125199. PMC 122905. PMID 11983901.
  - Roush, Wade (9 May 1997). "Archaeobiology: Squash Seeds Yield New View of Early American Farming". Science. 276 (5314): 894–895. doi:10.1126/science.276.5314.894. S2CID 158673509.
  - Borevitz, Justin O.; Motamayor, Juan C.; Lachenaud, Philippe; da Silva e Mota, Jay Wallace; Loor, Rey; Kuhn, David N.; Brown, J. Steven; Schnell, Raymond J. (2008). "Geographic and Genetic Population Differentiation of the Amazonian Chocolate Tree (Theobroma cacao L)". PLOS ONE. 3 (10): e3311. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.3311M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003311. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2551746. PMID 18827930.
  - Celermajer, Danielle (2010). "Introduction: Athens and Jerusalem through a Different Lens". Thesis Eleven. 102 (1): 3–5. doi:10.1177/0725513610371046. ISSN 0725-5136. S2CID 147430371. The contrast between Athens and Jerusalem, as the twin fonts of Western civilization, is often thought to sum up a number of structural dichotomies...
  - Havers, Grant (2004). "Between Athens and Jerusalem: Western otherness in the thought of Leo Strauss and Hannah Arendt". The European Legacy. 9 (1): 19–29. doi:10.1080/1084877042000197921. ISSN 1084-8770. S2CID 143636651.
  - Rosenne, Shabtai (1958). "The Influence of Judaism on the Development of International Law". Netherlands International Law Review. 5 (2): 119–149. doi:10.1017/S0165070X00029685 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISSN 2396-9113. The fact that modern international law is one of the products of Western European civilization means that it rests, as all that civilization, upon the threefold heritage of the ancient Mediterranean world, the heritage of Rome, Athens and Jerusalem.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  figshare.com
  - Liu & Xu 2007. Liu, Li; Xu, Hong (2007). "Rethinking Erlitou: legend, history and Chinese archaeology". Antiquity. 81 (314): 886–901. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00095983. hdl:1959.9/58390. S2CID 162644060. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  gsapubs.org
  geology.gsapubs.org
  - Clift et al., 2011, U-Pb zircon dating evidence for a Pleistocene Sarasvati River and capture of the Yamuna River, Geology, 40, 211–214 (2011). [3] Archived 2 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  hallofmaat.com
  - Moseley, Michael. "The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization: An Evolving Hypothesis". The Hall of Ma'at. Archived from the original on 18 August 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2008.
  handle.net
  hdl.handle.net
  - Liu & Xu 2007. Liu, Li; Xu, Hong (2007). "Rethinking Erlitou: legend, history and Chinese archaeology". Antiquity. 81 (314): 886–901. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00095983. hdl:1959.9/58390. S2CID 162644060. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  harvard.edu
  ui.adsabs.harvard.edu
  - Brace, C. Loring; Seguchi, Noriko; Quintyn, Conrad B.; Fox, Sherry C.; Nelson, A. Russell; Manolis, Sotiris K.; Qifeng, Pan (2006). "The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (1): 242–247. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..242B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509801102. PMC 1325007. PMID 16371462.
  - Chicki, L; Nichols, RA; Barbujani, G; Beaumont, MA (2002). "Y genetic data support the Neolithic demic diffusion model". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 99 (17): 11008–11013. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9911008C. doi:10.1073/pnas.162158799. PMC 123201. PMID 12167671.
  - Chikhi (21 July 1998). "Clines of nuclear DNA markers suggest a largely Neolithic ancestry of the European gene". PNAS. 95 (15): 9053–9058. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.9053C. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.15.9053. PMC 21201. PMID 9671803.
  - Valentine, Benjamin; Kamenov, George D.; Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark; Shinde, Vasant; Mushrif-Tripathy, Veena; Otarola-Castillo, Erik; Krigbaum, John (2015). "Evidence for Patterns of Selective Urban Migration in the Greater Indus Valley (2600–1900 BC): A Lead and Strontium Isotope Mortuary Analysis". PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0123103. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1023103V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123103. PMC 4414352. PMID 25923705.
  - Giosan, L.; et al. (2012). "Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan Civilization". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 109 (26): E1688–94. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109E1688G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1112743109. PMC 3387054. PMID 22645375.
  - Madella, Marco; Fuller, Dorian (2006). "Palaeoecology and the Harappan Civilisation of South Asia: a reconsideration". Quaternary Science Reviews. 25 (11–12): 1283–1301. Bibcode:2006QSRv...25.1283M. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.10.012.
  - MacDonald, Glen (2011). "Potential influence of the Pacific Ocean on the Indian summer monsoon and Harappan decline". Quaternary International. 229 (1–2): 140–148. Bibcode:2011QuInt.229..140M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.11.012.
  - Brooke, John L. (2014), Climate Change and the Course of Global History: A Rough Journey, Cambridge University Press, p. 296, Bibcode:2014cccg.book.....B, ISBN 978-0-521-87164-8, archived from the original on 18 April 2023, retrieved 4 February 2018
  - Zarrillo, S.; Pearsall, D. M.; Raymond, J. S.; Tisdale, M. A.; Quon, D. J. (2008). "Directly dated starch residues document early formative maize (Zea mays L.) in tropical Ecuador". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (13): 5006–5011. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.5006Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.0800894105. PMC 2278185. PMID 18362336.
  - Dillehay, Tom D.; Eling Jr., Herbert H.; Rossen, Jack (2005). "Preceramic Irrigation Canals in the Peruvian Andes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (47): 17241–44. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10217241D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0508583102. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1288011. PMID 16284247.
  - Haas, Jonathan; Winifred Creamer; Alvaro Ruiz (23 December 2004). "Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru". Nature. 432 (7020): 1020–1023. Bibcode:2004Natur.432.1020H. doi:10.1038/nature03146. PMID 15616561. S2CID 4426545.
  - Matsuoka, Y.; Vigouroux, Y.; Goodman, M. M.; et al. (2002). "A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (9): 6080–4. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.6080M. doi:10.1073/pnas.052125199. PMC 122905. PMID 11983901.
  - Borevitz, Justin O.; Motamayor, Juan C.; Lachenaud, Philippe; da Silva e Mota, Jay Wallace; Loor, Rey; Kuhn, David N.; Brown, J. Steven; Schnell, Raymond J. (2008). "Geographic and Genetic Population Differentiation of the Amazonian Chocolate Tree (Theobroma cacao L)". PLOS ONE. 3 (10): e3311. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.3311M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003311. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2551746. PMID 18827930.
  hawaii.edu
  scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu
  - Longshan-Era Urbanism: The Role of Cities in Predynastic China Archived 14 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  ias.ac.in
  - Tripathi, Jayant K.; Tripathi, K.; Bock, Barbara; Rajamani, V.; Eisenhauer, A. (25 October 2004). "Is River Ghaggar, Saraswati? Geochemical Constraints" (PDF). Current Science. 87 (8). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2004.
  ibiblio.org
  - Wertz, Richard R. (2007). "Neolithic and Bronze Age Cultures". Exploring Chinese History. ibiblio. Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
  indiatimes.com
  timesofindia.indiatimes.com
  - "Haryana's Bhirrana oldest Harappan site, Rakhigarhi Asia's largest: ASI". The Times of India. 15 April 2015. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
  - "Indus Valley people migrated from villages to cities: New study". The Times of India. 30 April 2015. Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  intoday.in
  indiatoday.intoday.in
  - "Indus re-enters India after two centuries, feeds Little Rann, Nal Sarovar". India Today. 7 November 2011. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
  latimes.com
  - Thomas H. Maugh II (28 May 2012). "Migration of monsoons created, then killed Harappan civilization". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  livescience.com
  - Charles Choi (29 May 2012). "Huge Ancient Civilization's Collapse Explained". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  makinganthropologypublic.wordpress.com
  - "Ancient ceremonial plaza found in Peru" ANDREW WHALEN, Associated Press Writer, [5] Archived 13 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  maricopa.edu
  mc.maricopa.edu
  - "Rice and Early Agriculture in China". Legacy of Human Civilizations. Mesa Community College. Archived from the original on 27 August 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
  nationalgeographic.com
  news.nationalgeographic.com
  - "Oldest Urban Site in the Americas Found, Experts Claim", National Geographic News, 26 February 2008, [4] Archived 6 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 20 January 2016
  nature.com
  - Emma Maris (2014), Two-hundred-year drought doomed Indus Valley Civilization Archived 10 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine, nature
  newscientist.com
  - Hecht, Jeff (14 April 2003). "America's oldest religious icon revealed". New Scientist (online). Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2007.
  nga.gov
  - "Teaching Chinese Archaeology, Part Two — NGA". Nga.gov. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  nih.gov
  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  - Brace, C. Loring; Seguchi, Noriko; Quintyn, Conrad B.; Fox, Sherry C.; Nelson, A. Russell; Manolis, Sotiris K.; Qifeng, Pan (2006). "The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (1): 242–247. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..242B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509801102. PMC 1325007. PMID 16371462.
  - Chicki, L; Nichols, RA; Barbujani, G; Beaumont, MA (2002). "Y genetic data support the Neolithic demic diffusion model". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 99 (17): 11008–11013. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9911008C. doi:10.1073/pnas.162158799. PMC 123201. PMID 12167671.
  - Semino, O; Magri, C; Benuzzi, G; et al. (May 2004). "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area, 2004". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (5): 1023–34. doi:10.1086/386295. PMC 1181965. PMID 15069642.
  - Cavalli-Sforza (1997). "Paleolithic and Neolithic lineages in the European mitochondrial gene pool". Am J Hum Genet. 61 (1): 247–54. doi:10.1016/S0002-9297(07)64303-1. PMC 1715849. PMID 9246011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  - Chikhi (21 July 1998). "Clines of nuclear DNA markers suggest a largely Neolithic ancestry of the European gene". PNAS. 95 (15): 9053–9058. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.9053C. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.15.9053. PMC 21201. PMID 9671803.
  - Valentine, Benjamin; Kamenov, George D.; Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark; Shinde, Vasant; Mushrif-Tripathy, Veena; Otarola-Castillo, Erik; Krigbaum, John (2015). "Evidence for Patterns of Selective Urban Migration in the Greater Indus Valley (2600–1900 BC): A Lead and Strontium Isotope Mortuary Analysis". PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0123103. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1023103V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123103. PMC 4414352. PMID 25923705.
  - Giosan, L.; et al. (2012). "Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan Civilization". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 109 (26): E1688–94. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109E1688G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1112743109. PMC 3387054. PMID 22645375.
  - Zarrillo, S.; Pearsall, D. M.; Raymond, J. S.; Tisdale, M. A.; Quon, D. J. (2008). "Directly dated starch residues document early formative maize (Zea mays L.) in tropical Ecuador". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (13): 5006–5011. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.5006Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.0800894105. PMC 2278185. PMID 18362336.
  - Dillehay, Tom D.; Eling Jr., Herbert H.; Rossen, Jack (2005). "Preceramic Irrigation Canals in the Peruvian Andes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (47): 17241–44. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10217241D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0508583102. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1288011. PMID 16284247.
  - Haas, Jonathan; Winifred Creamer; Alvaro Ruiz (23 December 2004). "Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru". Nature. 432 (7020): 1020–1023. Bibcode:2004Natur.432.1020H. doi:10.1038/nature03146. PMID 15616561. S2CID 4426545.
  - Mann, Charles C. (7 January 2005). "Oldest Civilization in the Americas Revealed". Science. 307 (5706): 34–35. doi:10.1126/science.307.5706.34. PMID 15637250. S2CID 161589785.
  - Sandweiss, Daniel H.; Michael E. Moseley (2001). "Amplifying Importance of New Research in Peru". Science. 294 (5547): 1651–1653. doi:10.1126/science.294.5547.1651d. PMID 11724063. S2CID 9301114.
  - Mann, Charles C. (12 August 2005). "Unraveling Khipu's Secrets". Science. 309 (5737): 1008–1009. doi:10.1126/science.309.5737.1008. PMID 16099962. S2CID 161448364.
  - Matsuoka, Y.; Vigouroux, Y.; Goodman, M. M.; et al. (2002). "A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (9): 6080–4. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.6080M. doi:10.1073/pnas.052125199. PMC 122905. PMID 11983901.
  - Borevitz, Justin O.; Motamayor, Juan C.; Lachenaud, Philippe; da Silva e Mota, Jay Wallace; Loor, Rey; Kuhn, David N.; Brown, J. Steven; Schnell, Raymond J. (2008). "Geographic and Genetic Population Differentiation of the Amazonian Chocolate Tree (Theobroma cacao L)". PLOS ONE. 3 (10): e3311. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.3311M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003311. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2551746. PMID 18827930.
  ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  - Brace, C. Loring; Seguchi, Noriko; Quintyn, Conrad B.; Fox, Sherry C.; Nelson, A. Russell; Manolis, Sotiris K.; Qifeng, Pan (2006). "The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (1): 242–247. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..242B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509801102. PMC 1325007. PMID 16371462.
  - Chicki, L; Nichols, RA; Barbujani, G; Beaumont, MA (2002). "Y genetic data support the Neolithic demic diffusion model". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 99 (17): 11008–11013. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9911008C. doi:10.1073/pnas.162158799. PMC 123201. PMID 12167671.
  - Semino, O; Magri, C; Benuzzi, G; et al. (May 2004). "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area, 2004". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (5): 1023–34. doi:10.1086/386295. PMC 1181965. PMID 15069642.
  - Cavalli-Sforza (1997). "Paleolithic and Neolithic lineages in the European mitochondrial gene pool". Am J Hum Genet. 61 (1): 247–54. doi:10.1016/S0002-9297(07)64303-1. PMC 1715849. PMID 9246011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  - Chikhi (21 July 1998). "Clines of nuclear DNA markers suggest a largely Neolithic ancestry of the European gene". PNAS. 95 (15): 9053–9058. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.9053C. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.15.9053. PMC 21201. PMID 9671803.
  - Valentine, Benjamin; Kamenov, George D.; Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark; Shinde, Vasant; Mushrif-Tripathy, Veena; Otarola-Castillo, Erik; Krigbaum, John (2015). "Evidence for Patterns of Selective Urban Migration in the Greater Indus Valley (2600–1900 BC): A Lead and Strontium Isotope Mortuary Analysis". PLOS ONE. 10 (4): e0123103. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1023103V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123103. PMC 4414352. PMID 25923705.
  - Giosan, L.; et al. (2012). "Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan Civilization". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 109 (26): E1688–94. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109E1688G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1112743109. PMC 3387054. PMID 22645375.
  - Zarrillo, S.; Pearsall, D. M.; Raymond, J. S.; Tisdale, M. A.; Quon, D. J. (2008). "Directly dated starch residues document early formative maize (Zea mays L.) in tropical Ecuador". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (13): 5006–5011. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.5006Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.0800894105. PMC 2278185. PMID 18362336.
  - Dillehay, Tom D.; Eling Jr., Herbert H.; Rossen, Jack (2005). "Preceramic Irrigation Canals in the Peruvian Andes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (47): 17241–44. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10217241D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0508583102. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1288011. PMID 16284247.
  - Matsuoka, Y.; Vigouroux, Y.; Goodman, M. M.; et al. (2002). "A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (9): 6080–4. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.6080M. doi:10.1073/pnas.052125199. PMC 122905. PMID 11983901.
  - Borevitz, Justin O.; Motamayor, Juan C.; Lachenaud, Philippe; da Silva e Mota, Jay Wallace; Loor, Rey; Kuhn, David N.; Brown, J. Steven; Schnell, Raymond J. (2008). "Geographic and Genetic Population Differentiation of the Amazonian Chocolate Tree (Theobroma cacao L)". PLOS ONE. 3 (10): e3311. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.3311M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003311. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2551746. PMID 18827930.
  pubmedcentral.nih.gov
  - Cavalli-Sforza (1997). "Paleolithic and Neolithic lineages in the European mitochondrial gene pool". Am J Hum Genet. 61 (1): 247–54. doi:10.1016/S0002-9297(07)64303-1. PMC 1715849. PMID 9246011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  niu.edu
  - "Archaeologists shed new light on Americas' earliest known civilization" (Press release). Northern Illinois University. 22 December 2004. Archived from the original on 9 February 2007. Retrieved 1 February 2007.
  nytimes.com
  green.blogs.nytimes.com
  - Rachel Nuwer (28 May 2012). "An Ancient Civilization, Upended by Climate Change". LiveScience. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
  osu.edu
  research.bpcrc.osu.edu
  - Broke:^[106] "The story in Harappan India was somewhat different (see Figure 111.3). The Bronze Age village and urban societies of the Indus Valley are some-thing of an anomaly, in that archaeologists have found little indication of local defense and regional warfare. It would seem that the bountiful monsoon rainfall of the Early to Mid-Holocene had forged a condition of plenty for all, and that competitive energies were channeled into commerce rather than conflict. Scholars have long argued that these rains shaped the origins of the urban Harappan societies, which emerged from Neolithic villages around 2600 BC. It now appears that this rainfall began to slowly taper off in the third millennium, at just the point that the Harappan cities began to develop. Thus it seems that this "first urbanisation" in South Asia was the initial response of the Indus Valley peoples to the beginning of Late Holocene aridification. These cities were maintained for 300 to 400 years and then gradually abandoned as the Harappan peoples resettled in scattered villages in the eastern range of their territories, into the Punjab and the Ganges Valley....'
    17 (footnote):
    a)Liviu Giosan et al., "Fluvial Landscapes of the Harappan Civilization," PNAS, 102 (2012), E1688—E1694;
    (b) Camilo Ponton, "Holocene Aridification of India," GRL 39 (2012), L03704;
    (c) Harunur Rashid et al., "Late Glacial to Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon Variability Based upon Sediment Records Taken from the Bay of Bengal," Terrestrial, Atmospheric, and Oceanic Sciences 22 (2011), 215–28;
    (d) Marco Madella and Dorian Q. Fuller, "Paleoecology and the Harappan Civilization of South Asia: A Reconsideration," Quaternary Science Reviews 25 (2006), 1283–301. Compare with the very different interpretations in Possehl, Gregory L. (2002), The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective, Rowman Altamira, pp. 237–245, ISBN 978-0-7591-0172-2, and Michael Staubwasser et al., "Climate Change at the 4.2 ka BP Termination of the Indus Valley Civilization and Holocene South Asian Monsoon Variability," GRL 30 (2003), 1425. Bar-Matthews and Avner Ayalon, "Mid-Holocene Climate Variations."
  oxfordjournals.org
  mbe.oxfordjournals.org
  - "Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans, Dupanloup et al., 2004". Mbe.oxfordjournals.org. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  philpapers.org
  - Brague, Rémi (2009). "Eccentric Culture: A Theory of Western Civilization". philpapers.org. Retrieved 17 December 2023. Western culture, which influenced the whole world, came from Europe. But its roots are not there. They are in Athens and Jerusalem… The Roman attitude senses its own incompleteness and recognizes the call to borrow from what went before it. Historically, it has led the West to borrow from the great traditions of Jerusalem and Athens: primarily the Jewish and Christian tradition, on the one hand, and the classical Greek tradition on the other.
  phys.org
  - "Decline of Bronze Age 'megacities' linked to climate change". Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  pnas.org
  - Broke:^[106] "The story in Harappan India was somewhat different (see Figure 111.3). The Bronze Age village and urban societies of the Indus Valley are some-thing of an anomaly, in that archaeologists have found little indication of local defense and regional warfare. It would seem that the bountiful monsoon rainfall of the Early to Mid-Holocene had forged a condition of plenty for all, and that competitive energies were channeled into commerce rather than conflict. Scholars have long argued that these rains shaped the origins of the urban Harappan societies, which emerged from Neolithic villages around 2600 BC. It now appears that this rainfall began to slowly taper off in the third millennium, at just the point that the Harappan cities began to develop. Thus it seems that this "first urbanisation" in South Asia was the initial response of the Indus Valley peoples to the beginning of Late Holocene aridification. These cities were maintained for 300 to 400 years and then gradually abandoned as the Harappan peoples resettled in scattered villages in the eastern range of their territories, into the Punjab and the Ganges Valley....'
    17 (footnote):
    a)Liviu Giosan et al., "Fluvial Landscapes of the Harappan Civilization," PNAS, 102 (2012), E1688—E1694;
    (b) Camilo Ponton, "Holocene Aridification of India," GRL 39 (2012), L03704;
    (c) Harunur Rashid et al., "Late Glacial to Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon Variability Based upon Sediment Records Taken from the Bay of Bengal," Terrestrial, Atmospheric, and Oceanic Sciences 22 (2011), 215–28;
    (d) Marco Madella and Dorian Q. Fuller, "Paleoecology and the Harappan Civilization of South Asia: A Reconsideration," Quaternary Science Reviews 25 (2006), 1283–301. Compare with the very different interpretations in Possehl, Gregory L. (2002), The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective, Rowman Altamira, pp. 237–245, ISBN 978-0-7591-0172-2, and Michael Staubwasser et al., "Climate Change at the 4.2 ka BP Termination of the Indus Valley Civilization and Holocene South Asian Monsoon Variability," GRL 30 (2003), 1425. Bar-Matthews and Avner Ayalon, "Mid-Holocene Climate Variations."
  researchgate.net
  - Riehl, Simone. "Agriculture in the Ancient Near East". Research Gate. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  sagepub.com
  journals.sagepub.com
  - Celermajer, Danielle (2010). "Introduction: Athens and Jerusalem through a Different Lens". Thesis Eleven. 102 (1): 3–5. doi:10.1177/0725513610371046. ISSN 0725-5136. S2CID 147430371. The contrast between Athens and Jerusalem, as the twin fonts of Western civilization, is often thought to sum up a number of structural dichotomies...
  science.org
  - Watson, Traci (22 January 2013). "Earliest Evidence of Chocolate in North America". Science. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  sciencedirect.com
  - Broke:^[106] "The story in Harappan India was somewhat different (see Figure 111.3). The Bronze Age village and urban societies of the Indus Valley are some-thing of an anomaly, in that archaeologists have found little indication of local defense and regional warfare. It would seem that the bountiful monsoon rainfall of the Early to Mid-Holocene had forged a condition of plenty for all, and that competitive energies were channeled into commerce rather than conflict. Scholars have long argued that these rains shaped the origins of the urban Harappan societies, which emerged from Neolithic villages around 2600 BC. It now appears that this rainfall began to slowly taper off in the third millennium, at just the point that the Harappan cities began to develop. Thus it seems that this "first urbanisation" in South Asia was the initial response of the Indus Valley peoples to the beginning of Late Holocene aridification. These cities were maintained for 300 to 400 years and then gradually abandoned as the Harappan peoples resettled in scattered villages in the eastern range of their territories, into the Punjab and the Ganges Valley....'
    17 (footnote):
    a)Liviu Giosan et al., "Fluvial Landscapes of the Harappan Civilization," PNAS, 102 (2012), E1688—E1694;
    (b) Camilo Ponton, "Holocene Aridification of India," GRL 39 (2012), L03704;
    (c) Harunur Rashid et al., "Late Glacial to Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon Variability Based upon Sediment Records Taken from the Bay of Bengal," Terrestrial, Atmospheric, and Oceanic Sciences 22 (2011), 215–28;
    (d) Marco Madella and Dorian Q. Fuller, "Paleoecology and the Harappan Civilization of South Asia: A Reconsideration," Quaternary Science Reviews 25 (2006), 1283–301. Compare with the very different interpretations in Possehl, Gregory L. (2002), The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective, Rowman Altamira, pp. 237–245, ISBN 978-0-7591-0172-2, and Michael Staubwasser et al., "Climate Change at the 4.2 ka BP Termination of the Indus Valley Civilization and Holocene South Asian Monsoon Variability," GRL 30 (2003), 1425. Bar-Matthews and Avner Ayalon, "Mid-Holocene Climate Variations."
  semanticscholar.org
  api.semanticscholar.org
  - Dokládal, M.; Brožek, J. (1961). "Physical Anthropology in Czechoslovakia: Recent Developments". Current Anthropology. 2 (5): 455–477. doi:10.1086/200228. S2CID 161324951.
  - Zvelebil, M. (1989). "On the transition to farming in Europe, or what was spreading with the Neolithic: a reply to Ammerman (1989)". Antiquity. 63 (239): 379–383. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00076110. S2CID 162882505.
  - Fuller, Dorian (2006). "Agricultural Origins and Frontiers in South Asia: A Working Synthesis" (PDF). Journal of World Prehistory. 20: 42. doi:10.1007/s10963-006-9006-8. S2CID 189952275. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  - Pringle, Heather (1998). "The Slow Birth of Agriculture". Science. 282 (5393): 1446. doi:10.1126/science.282.5393.1446. S2CID 128522781. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011.
  - Li, X; Harbottle, Garman; Zhang Juzhong; Wang Changsui (2003). "The earliest writing? Sign use in the seventh millennium BCE at Jiahu, Henan Province, China". Antiquity. 77 (295): 31–44. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00061329. S2CID 162602307.
  - Liu & Xu 2007. Liu, Li; Xu, Hong (2007). "Rethinking Erlitou: legend, history and Chinese archaeology". Antiquity. 81 (314): 886–901. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00095983. hdl:1959.9/58390. S2CID 162644060. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  - Haas, Jonathan; Winifred Creamer; Alvaro Ruiz (23 December 2004). "Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru". Nature. 432 (7020): 1020–1023. Bibcode:2004Natur.432.1020H. doi:10.1038/nature03146. PMID 15616561. S2CID 4426545.
  - Mann, Charles C. (7 January 2005). "Oldest Civilization in the Americas Revealed". Science. 307 (5706): 34–35. doi:10.1126/science.307.5706.34. PMID 15637250. S2CID 161589785.
  - Sandweiss, Daniel H.; Michael E. Moseley (2001). "Amplifying Importance of New Research in Peru". Science. 294 (5547): 1651–1653. doi:10.1126/science.294.5547.1651d. PMID 11724063. S2CID 9301114.
  - Mann, Charles C. (12 August 2005). "Unraveling Khipu's Secrets". Science. 309 (5737): 1008–1009. doi:10.1126/science.309.5737.1008. PMID 16099962. S2CID 161448364.
  - Roush, Wade (9 May 1997). "Archaeobiology: Squash Seeds Yield New View of Early American Farming". Science. 276 (5314): 894–895. doi:10.1126/science.276.5314.894. S2CID 158673509.
  - Celermajer, Danielle (2010). "Introduction: Athens and Jerusalem through a Different Lens". Thesis Eleven. 102 (1): 3–5. doi:10.1177/0725513610371046. ISSN 0725-5136. S2CID 147430371. The contrast between Athens and Jerusalem, as the twin fonts of Western civilization, is often thought to sum up a number of structural dichotomies...
  - Havers, Grant (2004). "Between Athens and Jerusalem: Western otherness in the thought of Leo Strauss and Hannah Arendt". The European Legacy. 9 (1): 19–29. doi:10.1080/1084877042000197921. ISSN 1084-8770. S2CID 143636651.
  tandfonline.com
  - Havers, Grant (2004). "Between Athens and Jerusalem: Western otherness in the thought of Leo Strauss and Hannah Arendt". The European Legacy. 9 (1): 19–29. doi:10.1080/1084877042000197921. ISSN 1084-8770. S2CID 143636651.
  thediplomat.com
  - Akhilesh Pillalamarri (18 April 2015). "Exploring the Indus Valley's Secrets". The diplomat. Archived from the original on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  tripod.com
  ancientneareast.tripod.com
  - "Ubaid Civilization". Ancientneareast.tripod.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2009.
  uchicago.edu
  oi.uchicago.edu
  - Carter, Robert A. and Philip, Graham Beyond the Ubaid: Transformation and Integration in the Late Prehistoric Societies of the Middle East (Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization, Number 63) The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (2010) ISBN 978-1-885923-66-0 p.2, at http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/saoc/saoc63.html Archived 15 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine; "Radiometric data suggest that the whole Southern Mesopotamian Ubaid period, including Ubaid 0 and 5, is of immense duration, spanning nearly three millennia from about 6500 to 3800 B.C".
  - Woods 2010, pp. 36–37 Woods, Christopher (2010), "The earliest Mesopotamian writing" (PDF), in Woods, Christopher (ed.), Visible language. Inventions of writing in the ancient Middle East and beyond, Oriental Institute Museum Publications, vol. 32, Chicago: University of Chicago, pp. 33–50, ISBN 978-1-885923-76-9, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2021, retrieved 13 December 2022
  - Woods, C. (2006). "Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian" (PDF). S.L. Sanders (ed) Margins of Writing, Origins of Culture: 91–120. Chicago. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  ucl.ac.uk
  digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk
  - Barbara G. Aston, James A. Harrell, Ian Shaw (2000). Paul T. Nicholson and Ian Shaw editors. "Stone," in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, Cambridge, 5–77, pp. 46–47. Also note: Barbara G. Aston (1994). "Ancient Egyptian Stone Vessels," Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altägyptens 5, Heidelberg, pp. 23–26. (See on-line posts: [1] Archived 1 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine and [2] Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine.)
  - "Early Dynastic Egypt". Digital Egypt for Universities, University College London. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
  homepages.ucl.ac.uk
  - Fuller, Dorian (2006). "Agricultural Origins and Frontiers in South Asia: A Working Synthesis" (PDF). Journal of World Prehistory. 20: 42. doi:10.1007/s10963-006-9006-8. S2CID 189952275. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
  unesco.org
  whc.unesco.org
  - UNESCO World Heritage. 2004. " Archived 3 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Archaeological Site of Mehrgarh
  unmsm.edu.pe
  sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe
  - From summary three Archived 15 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Shady (1997)
  uparchaeology.org
  - Tewari, Rakesh et al. 2006. "Second Preliminary Report of the excavations at Lahuradewa, District Sant Kabir Nagar, UP 2002-2003-2004 & 2005–06" in Pragdhara No. 16 "Electronic Version p.28" Archived 28 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  web.archive.org
  - Haviland, William; et al. (2013). Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge. Cengage Learning. p. 250. ISBN 978-1-285-67530-5. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  - Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2001). Civilizations: Culture, Ambition, and the Transformation of Nature. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-1650-0. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  - Boyden, Stephen Vickers (2004). The Biology of Civilisation. UNSW Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-86840-766-1. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  - Solms-Laubach, Franz (2007). Nietzsche and Early German and Austrian Sociology. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 115, 117, 212. ISBN 978-3-11-018109-8. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  - Charles Keith Maisels (1993). The Near East: Archaeology in the "Cradle of Civilization. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-04742-5. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  - Ofer Bar-Yosef. "The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture" (PDF). www.columbia.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
  - "The Rise of Civilization in the Middle East And Africa". History-world.org. Archived from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  - "AP World History". College Board. Archived from the original on 22 April 2008. Retrieved 28 July 2008.
    Akhilesh Pillalamarri (18 April 2015). "Exploring the Indus Valley's Secrets". The diplomat. Archived from the original on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
    "Jericho – Facts & History". Archived from the original on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
    "Ubaid Civilization". Ancientneareast.tripod.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2009.
    Carter, Robert A. and Philip, Graham Beyond the Ubaid: Transformation and Integration in the Late Prehistoric Societies of the Middle East (Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization, Number 63) The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (2010) ISBN 978-1-885923-66-0 p.2, at http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/saoc/saoc63.html Archived 15 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine; "Radiometric data suggest that the whole Southern Mesopotamian Ubaid period, including Ubaid 0 and 5, is of immense duration, spanning nearly three millennia from about 6500 to 3800 B.C".
    "Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans, Dupanloup et al., 2004". Mbe.oxfordjournals.org. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
    Cavalli-Sforza (1997). "Paleolithic and Neolithic lineages in the European mitochondrial gene pool". Am J Hum Genet. 61 (1): 247–54. doi:10.1016/S0002-9297(07)64303-1. PMC 1715849. PMID 9246011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
    Woods 2010, pp. 36–37 Woods, Christopher (2010), "The earliest Mesopotamian writing" (PDF), in Woods, Christopher (ed.), Visible language. Inventions of writing in the ancient Middle East and beyond, Oriental Institute Museum Publications, vol. 32, Chicago: University of Chicago, pp. 33–50, ISBN 978-1-885923-76-9, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2021, retrieved 13 December 2022
    Hock, Hans Heinrich (2009). Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship: An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics (2nd ed.). Mouton de Gruyter. p. 69. ISBN 978-3110214291. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
    Deutscher, Guy (2007). Syntactic Change in Akkadian: The Evolution of Sentential Complementation. Oxford University Press US. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-19-953222-3. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
    Woods, C. (2006). "Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian" (PDF). S.L. Sanders (ed) Margins of Writing, Origins of Culture: 91–120. Chicago. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
    Samuel Noah Kramer (17 September 2010). The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-45238-8. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
    Barbara G. Aston, James A. Harrell, Ian Shaw (2000). Paul T. Nicholson and Ian Shaw editors. "Stone," in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, Cambridge, 5–77, pp. 46–47. Also note: Barbara G. Aston (1994). "Ancient Egyptian Stone Vessels," Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altägyptens 5, Heidelberg, pp. 23–26. (See on-line posts: [1] Archived 1 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine and [2] Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine.)
    "Early Dynastic Egypt". Digital Egypt for Universities, University College London. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2008.
    Fekri Hassan. "The Fall of the Old Kingdom". British Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2008.
    "Haryana's Bhirrana oldest Harappan site, Rakhigarhi Asia's largest: ASI". The Times of India. 15 April 2015. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
    Fuller, Dorian (2006). "Agricultural Origins and Frontiers in South Asia: A Working Synthesis" (PDF). Journal of World Prehistory. 20: 42. doi:10.1007/s10963-006-9006-8. S2CID 189952275. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
    Tewari, Rakesh et al. 2006. "Second Preliminary Report of the excavations at Lahuradewa, District Sant Kabir Nagar, UP 2002-2003-2004 & 2005–06" in Pragdhara No. 16 "Electronic Version p.28" Archived 28 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine
    UNESCO World Heritage. 2004. " Archived 3 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Archaeological Site of Mehrgarh
    Charles Keith Maisels, Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, The Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China. Archived 1 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine Routledge, 2003 ISBN 1134837305
    Garge, Tejas (2010). "Sothi-Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal". Ancient Asia. 2: 15. doi:10.5334/aa.10203. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
    "Indus Valley people migrated from villages to cities: New study". The Times of India. 30 April 2015. Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
    "Indus re-enters India after two centuries, feeds Little Rann, Nal Sarovar". India Today. 7 November 2011. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
    Pruthi, Raj (2004). Prehistory and Harappan Civilization. APH Publishing. p. 260. ISBN 9788176485814. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
    Morris, A.E.J. (1994). History of Urban Form: Before the Industrial Revolutions (Third ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-582-30154-2. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
    "Decline of Bronze Age 'megacities' linked to climate change". Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
    Emma Maris (2014), Two-hundred-year drought doomed Indus Valley Civilization Archived 10 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine, nature
    Clift et al., 2011, U-Pb zircon dating evidence for a Pleistocene Sarasvati River and capture of the Yamuna River, Geology, 40, 211–214 (2011). [3] Archived 2 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine
    Tripathi, Jayant K.; Tripathi, K.; Bock, Barbara; Rajamani, V.; Eisenhauer, A. (25 October 2004). "Is River Ghaggar, Saraswati? Geochemical Constraints" (PDF). Current Science. 87 (8). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2004.
    Rachel Nuwer (28 May 2012). "An Ancient Civilization, Upended by Climate Change". LiveScience. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
    Charles Choi (29 May 2012). "Huge Ancient Civilization's Collapse Explained". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
    Brooke, John L. (2014), Climate Change and the Course of Global History: A Rough Journey, Cambridge University Press, p. 296, Bibcode:2014cccg.book.....B, ISBN 978-0-521-87164-8, archived from the original on 18 April 2023, retrieved 4 February 2018
    Thomas H. Maugh II (28 May 2012). "Migration of monsoons created, then killed Harappan civilization". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
    "Rice and Early Agriculture in China". Legacy of Human Civilizations. Mesa Community College. Archived from the original on 27 August 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
    Longshan-Era Urbanism: The Role of Cities in Predynastic China Archived 14 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
    "Peiligang Site". Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China. 2003. Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
    Pringle, Heather (1998). "The Slow Birth of Agriculture". Science. 282 (5393): 1446. doi:10.1126/science.282.5393.1446. S2CID 128522781. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011.
    Rincon, Paul (17 April 2003). "'Earliest writing' found in China". BBC News. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
    "Erlitou culture | Chinese history | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015.
    Li 2003. Li, Jinhui (10 November 2003). "Stunning Capital of Xia Dynasty Unearthed". China Through a Lens. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
    Liu & Xu 2007. Liu, Li; Xu, Hong (2007). "Rethinking Erlitou: legend, history and Chinese archaeology". Antiquity. 81 (314): 886–901. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00095983. hdl:1959.9/58390. S2CID 162644060. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
    "Teaching Chinese Archaeology, Part Two — NGA". Nga.gov. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
    "Oldest Urban Site in the Americas Found, Experts Claim", National Geographic News, 26 February 2008, [4] Archived 6 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 20 January 2016
    "Ancient ceremonial plaza found in Peru" ANDREW WHALEN, Associated Press Writer, [5] Archived 13 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine
    See a map of Norte Chico sites at https://diggingperu.wordpress.com/context/the-norte-chico Archived 7 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
    Braswell, Geoffrey (16 April 2014). The Maya and Their Central American Neighbors: Settlement Patterns, Architecture, Hieroglyphic Texts and Ceramics. Routledge. p. 408. ISBN 9781317756088. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
    "Oldest city in the Americas". BBC News. 26 April 2001. Archived from the original on 22 May 2006. Retrieved 16 February 2007.
    Moseley, Michael. "The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization: An Evolving Hypothesis". The Hall of Ma'at. Archived from the original on 18 August 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2008.
    Miller, Kenneth (September 2005). "Showdown at the O.K. Caral". Discover. 26 (9). Archived from the original on 8 January 2010. Retrieved 22 October 2009.
    Belsie, Laurent (January 2002). "Civilization lost?". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2007.
    Hecht, Jeff (14 April 2003). "America's oldest religious icon revealed". New Scientist (online). Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2007.
    From summary three Archived 15 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Shady (1997)
    "Archaeologists shed new light on Americas' earliest known civilization" (Press release). Northern Illinois University. 22 December 2004. Archived from the original on 9 February 2007. Retrieved 1 February 2007.
    Matsuoka, Yoshihiro (22 January 2003). "Earliest Directional Evolution for Microsatellite Size in Maize" (PDF). Science. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
    Watson, Traci (22 January 2013). "Earliest Evidence of Chocolate in North America". Science. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
    Powis, Terry G.; Hurst, W. Jeffrey; del Carmen Rodríguez, María; Ortíz C., Ponciano; Blake, Michael; Cheetham, David; Coe, Michael D.; Hodgson, John G. (2007). "Oldest chocolate in the New World". Antiquity. 81 (314). Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
    Maura Ellyn; Maura McGinnis (2004). Greece: A Primary Source Cultural Guide. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-8239-3999-2. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
    Role of Judaism in Western culture and civilization Archived 9 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine, "Judaism has played a significant role in the development of Western culture because of its unique relationship with Christianity, the dominant religious force in the West". Judaism at Encyclopædia Britannica
    wiley.com
    onlinelibrary.wiley.com
    Broke:^[106] "The story in Harappan India was somewhat different (see Figure 111.3). The Bronze Age village and urban societies of the Indus Valley are some-thing of an anomaly, in that archaeologists have found little indication of local defense and regional warfare. It would seem that the bountiful monsoon rainfall of the Early to Mid-Holocene had forged a condition of plenty for all, and that competitive energies were channeled into commerce rather than conflict. Scholars have long argued that these rains shaped the origins of the urban Harappan societies, which emerged from Neolithic villages around 2600 BC. It now appears that this rainfall began to slowly taper off in the third millennium, at just the point that the Harappan cities began to develop. Thus it seems that this "first urbanisation" in South Asia was the initial response of the Indus Valley peoples to the beginning of Late Holocene aridification. These cities were maintained for 300 to 400 years and then gradually abandoned as the Harappan peoples resettled in scattered villages in the eastern range of their territories, into the Punjab and the Ganges Valley....'
    17 (footnote):
    a)Liviu Giosan et al., "Fluvial Landscapes of the Harappan Civilization," PNAS, 102 (2012), E1688—E1694;
    (b) Camilo Ponton, "Holocene Aridification of India," GRL 39 (2012), L03704;
    (c) Harunur Rashid et al., "Late Glacial to Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon Variability Based upon Sediment Records Taken from the Bay of Bengal," Terrestrial, Atmospheric, and Oceanic Sciences 22 (2011), 215–28;
    (d) Marco Madella and Dorian Q. Fuller, "Paleoecology and the Harappan Civilization of South Asia: A Reconsideration," Quaternary Science Reviews 25 (2006), 1283–301. Compare with the very different interpretations in Possehl, Gregory L. (2002), The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective, Rowman Altamira, pp. 237–245, ISBN 978-0-7591-0172-2, and Michael Staubwasser et al., "Climate Change at the 4.2 ka BP Termination of the Indus Valley Civilization and Holocene South Asian Monsoon Variability," GRL 30 (2003), 1425. Bar-Matthews and Avner Ayalon, "Mid-Holocene Climate Variations."
    wisc.edu
    teosinte.wisc.edu
    Matsuoka, Yoshihiro (22 January 2003). "Earliest Directional Evolution for Microsatellite Size in Maize" (PDF). Science. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
    worldcat.org
    search.worldcat.org
    AbdelRahim, Layla (2015). Children's literature, domestication and social foundation: Narratives of civilization and wilderness. New York: Routledge. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-415-66110-2. OCLC 897810261.
    Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P. (2006). The Ancient Maya (6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 71. ISBN 0-8047-4817-9. OCLC 57577446.
    Dillehay, Tom D.; Eling Jr., Herbert H.; Rossen, Jack (2005). "Preceramic Irrigation Canals in the Peruvian Andes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (47): 17241–44. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10217241D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0508583102. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1288011. PMID 16284247.
    Borevitz, Justin O.; Motamayor, Juan C.; Lachenaud, Philippe; da Silva e Mota, Jay Wallace; Loor, Rey; Kuhn, David N.; Brown, J. Steven; Schnell, Raymond J. (2008). "Geographic and Genetic Population Differentiation of the Amazonian Chocolate Tree (Theobroma cacao L)". PLOS ONE. 3 (10): e3311. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.3311M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003311. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2551746. PMID 18827930.
    Celermajer, Danielle (2010). "Introduction: Athens and Jerusalem through a Different Lens". Thesis Eleven. 102 (1): 3–5. doi:10.1177/0725513610371046. ISSN 0725-5136. S2CID 147430371. The contrast between Athens and Jerusalem, as the twin fonts of Western civilization, is often thought to sum up a number of structural dichotomies...
    Havers, Grant (2004). "Between Athens and Jerusalem: Western otherness in the thought of Leo Strauss and Hannah Arendt". The European Legacy. 9 (1): 19–29. doi:10.1080/1084877042000197921. ISSN 1084-8770. S2CID 143636651.
    Rosenne, Shabtai (1958). "The Influence of Judaism on the Development of International Law". Netherlands International Law Review. 5 (2): 119–149. doi:10.1017/S0165070X00029685 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISSN 2396-9113. The fact that modern international law is one of the products of Western European civilization means that it rests, as all that civilization, upon the threefold heritage of the ancient Mediterranean world, the heritage of Rome, Athens and Jerusalem.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
    Lin (林), Shengyi (勝義); He (何), Xianrong (顯榮) (2001). 臺灣–人類文明原鄉 [Taiwan — The Cradle of Civilization]. Taiwan gu wen ming yan jiu cong shu (臺灣古文明研究叢書) (in Chinese). Taipei: Taiwan fei die xue yan jiu hui (台灣飛碟學硏究會). ISBN 978-957-30188-0-3. OCLC 52945170.
  2020-2023
  CC BY-SA 4.0
  Terms of use
  
  BestRef.net (ver. 1.02)
  
  BestRef shows popularity and reliability scores for sources in references of Wikipedia articles in different languages. Data extraction based on complex method using Wikimedia dumps. To find the most popular and reliable sources we used information about over 300 million references of Wikipedia articles. More details...
  
  Usefull links
  
  Wikipedia Wikidata DBpedia
  
  Go to top
  
  In Wikipedia verifiability we trust

Cradle of civilization (English Wikipedia)

ancient-asia-journal.com

antiquity.ac.uk

archive.org

archive.today

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

bbc.co.uk

bellarmine.edu

cas.bellarmine.edu

books.google.com

britannica.com

cambridge.org

china.org.cn

www1.china.org.cn

chinaculture.org

collegeboard.com

columbia.edu

csmonitor.com

diggingperu.wordpress.com

discovermagazine.com

doi.org

figshare.com

gsapubs.org

geology.gsapubs.org

hallofmaat.com

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

hawaii.edu

scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu

ias.ac.in

ibiblio.org

indiatimes.com

timesofindia.indiatimes.com

intoday.in

indiatoday.intoday.in

latimes.com

livescience.com

makinganthropologypublic.wordpress.com

maricopa.edu

mc.maricopa.edu

nationalgeographic.com

news.nationalgeographic.com

nature.com

newscientist.com

nga.gov

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

pubmedcentral.nih.gov

niu.edu

nytimes.com

green.blogs.nytimes.com

osu.edu

research.bpcrc.osu.edu

oxfordjournals.org

mbe.oxfordjournals.org

philpapers.org

phys.org

pnas.org

researchgate.net

sagepub.com

journals.sagepub.com

science.org

sciencedirect.com

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

tandfonline.com

thediplomat.com

tripod.com

ancientneareast.tripod.com

uchicago.edu

oi.uchicago.edu

ucl.ac.uk

digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk

homepages.ucl.ac.uk

unesco.org

whc.unesco.org