Crucifixion (English Wikipedia)

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First example of Roman crucifixion in UK discovered in Cambridgeshire village, Arkeonews, 9 December 2021, https://arkeonews.net/first-example-of-roman-crucifixion-in-uk-discovered-in-cambridgeshire-village/

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Barclay, William (1998). The Apostles' Creed. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-664-25826-9.
Cook, John Granger (10 December 2018). Crucifixion in the Mediterranean World. Mohr Siebeck. p. 289; cf. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-3-16-156001-9.
Barclay, William (1998). The Apostles' Creed. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-664-25826-9.
Viladesau, Richard (2006). The beauty of the cross: the passion of Christ in theology and the arts, from the catacombs to the eve of the Renaissance. Oxford University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-19-518811-0. OCLC 58791208.
David W. Chapman, Ancient Jewish and Christian perceptions of crucifixion (Mohr Siebeck, 2008), pp. 86–89
Shi, Wenhua (2008). Paul's Message of the Cross As Body Language. Mohr Siebeck. p. 46. ISBN 978-3-16-149706-3.
Gabriel, Richard A. (2011). Hannibal. Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1-59797-766-1.
Waterfield, Robin (2010). Polybius. The Histories. Oxford University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-19-953470-8.
Mishna, Shabbath 6.10: see David W. Chapman, Ancient Jewish and Christian Perceptions of Crucifixion (Mohn Siebeck 2008 ISBN 978-3-16-149579-3), p. 182
Dictionary of Images and Symbols in Counselling By William Stewart 1998 ISBN 1-85302-351-5, p. 120
Barth, Markus; Blanke, Helmut (2000). The Letter to Philemon: A New Translation with Notes and Commentary. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8028-3829-2.
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Clark Worswick (1979). Japan, photographs, 1854–1905. Knopf : distributed by Random House. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-394-50836-8.
Moore, Charles Alexander; Aldyth V. Morris (1968). The Japanese mind: essentials of Japanese philosophy and culture. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-8248-0077-2. OCLC 10329518.
Schmidt, Petra (2002). Capital Punishment in Japan. Leiden: Brill. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-90-04-12421-9.
Bourke, Roger (2006). Prisoners of the Japanese: literary imagination and the prisoner-of-war experience. University of Queensland Press. p. 184 n.8. ISBN 978-0-7022-3564-1. OCLC 70257905.
Haas, Nicu. "Anthropological observations on the skeletal remains from Giv'at ha-Mivtar", Israel Exploration Journal 20 (1–2), 1970: 38–59; Tzaferis, Vassilios. "Crucifixion – The Archaeological Evidence", Biblical Archaeology Review 11 (February, 1985): 44–53; Zias, Joseph. "The Crucified Man from Giv'at Ha-Mivtar: A Reappraisal", Israel Exploration Journal 35 (1), 1985: 22–27; Hengel, Martin. Crucifixion in the ancient world and the folly of the message of the cross (Augsburg Fortress, 1977). ISBN 0-8006-1268-X. See also Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome, by Donald G. Kyle p. 181, note 93
by Paul L. Maier (1997). In the Fullness of Time. Kregel Publications. ISBN 978-0-8254-3329-0 – via Google Books.
Peters, Rudolph (2005). Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-1-139-44534-4.
Böhmer, Maria (2018-11-08). The Man Who Crucified Himself: Readings of a Medical Case in Nineteenth-Century Europe. BRILL. ISBN 9789004353602.
Aragon, Ray John De (2006). The Penitentes of New Mexico: Hermanos de la Luz. Sunstone Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-86534-504-1.
Friesen, Ilse E. (2006). The Female Crucifix: Images of St. Wilgefortis Since the Middle Ages. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-88920-939-8. Eulalia... was stripped, beaten, tormented with iron hooks, had her bosom mutilated, was burnt with torches, and was portrayed as hanging on a rack or X-shaped cross

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Robison, John C. (June 2002). "Crucifixion in the Roman World: The Use of Nails at the Time of Christ". Studia Antiqua. 2.

catholic.com

"The ... oldest depiction of a crucifixion ... was uncovered by archaeologists more than a century ago on the Palatine Hill in Rome. It is a second-century graffiti scratched into a wall that was part of the imperial palace complex. It includes a caption – not by a Christian, but by someone taunting and deriding Christians and the crucifixions they underwent. It shows crude stick-figures of a boy reverencing his 'God', who has the head of a jackass and is upon a cross with arms spread wide and with hands nailed to the crossbeam. Here we have a Roman sketch of a Roman crucifixion, and it is in the traditional cross shape." Clayton F. Bower Jr. "Cross or Torture Stake?" Archived 2008-03-29 at the Wayback Machine

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ccel.org

"Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho, XL, 3". That lamb which was commanded to be wholly roasted was a symbol of the suffering of the cross which Christ would undergo. For the lamb, which is roasted, is roasted and dressed up in the form of the cross. For one spit is transfixed right through from the lower parts up to the head, and one across the back, to which are attached the legs of the lamb.
The Life Of Flavius Josephus, 75.
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Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica, III, xxxii.

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cnn.com

Qiblawi, Tamara; Alhenawi, Ruba (April 23, 2019). "Saudi Arabia executes 37 people, crucifying one, for terror-related crimes". CNN. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
Almasy, Steve (29 June 2014). "Group: ISIS 'crucifies' men in public in Syrian towns". CNN. Retrieved 30 June 2014.

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"Death and desecration in Syria: Jihadist group 'crucifies' bodies to send message". CNN/Associated Press. May 2, 2014. Retrieved May 2, 2014.

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Zias, Joseph (2016-01-10). "Crucifixion in Antiquity: The Anthropological Evidence". Archived from the original on 2018-03-10. Retrieved March 9, 2018.

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"Collins English Dictionary, "crucify"". Collins. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2012.

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"Columbia University page of Pierre Barbet on Crucifixion". columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 2009-12-11. Retrieved 2009-12-22.

creativeyouthideas.com

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doi.org

Granger Cook, John (2018). "Cross/Crucifixion". In Hunter, David G.; van Geest, Paul J. J.; Lietaert Peerbolte, Bert Jan (eds.). Brill Encyclopedia of Early Christianity Online. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/2589-7993_EECO_SIM_00000808. ISSN 2589-7993.
Cook, John Granger (2012). "Crucifixion as Spectacle in Roman Campania". Novum Testamentum. 54 (1): 60, 92–98. doi:10.1163/156853611X589651. JSTOR 23253630.
Habermas, Gary; Kopel, Jonathan; Shaw, Benjamin C.F. (July 30, 2021). "Medical views on the death by crucifixion of Jesus Christ". Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings. 34 (6): 748–52. doi:10.1080/08998280.2021.1951096. PMC 8545147. PMID 34733010.
Maslen, Matthew; Piers D Mitchell (April 2006). "Medical theories on the cause of death in crucifixion". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 99 (4): 185–188. doi:10.1177/014107680609900416. PMC 1420788. PMID 16574970.
McGovern, Thomas W.; Kaminskas, David A.; Fernandes, Eustace S. (February 2023). "Did Jesus Die by Suffocation? An Appraisal of the Evidence". Linacre Quarterly. 90 (1): 64–79. doi:10.1177/00243639221116217. PMC 10009142. PMID 36923675.
Edwards, WD; Gabel WJ; Hosmer FE (1986). "On the physical cause of death of Jesus Christ" (PDF). Journal of the American Medical Association. 255 (11): 1455–1463. doi:10.1001/jama.255.11.1455. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
Brenner, B (2005). "Did Jesus Christ die of pulmonary embolism?". J Thromb Haemost. 3 (9): 1–2. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01525.x. PMID 16102134. S2CID 38121158.
Koskenniemi, Erkki; Kirsi Nisula; Jorma Toppari (2005). "Wine Mixed with Myrrh (Mark 15.23) and Crurifragium (John 19.31–32): Two Details of the Passion Narratives". Journal for the Study of the New Testament. 27 (4): 379–391. doi:10.1177/0142064X05055745. S2CID 170143075. Archived from the original on 2009-01-22. Retrieved 2008-06-13.
Vogel, F.E. (2012). "Ṣalb". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6530.
Gualdi-Russo, E., Thun Hohenstein, U., Onisto, N. et al. A multidisciplinary study of calcaneal trauma in Roman Italy: a possible case of crucifixion?. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 11, 1783–1791 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-018-0631-9

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newadvent.org

"The very form of the cross, too, has five extremities, two in length, two in breadth, and one in the middle, on which [last] the person rests who is fixed by the nails" ( Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses II, 4^{[permanent dead link]}).

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Maslen, Matthew; Piers D Mitchell (April 2006). "Medical theories on the cause of death in crucifixion". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 99 (4): 185–188. doi:10.1177/014107680609900416. PMC 1420788. PMID 16574970.
McGovern, Thomas W.; Kaminskas, David A.; Fernandes, Eustace S. (February 2023). "Did Jesus Die by Suffocation? An Appraisal of the Evidence". Linacre Quarterly. 90 (1): 64–79. doi:10.1177/00243639221116217. PMC 10009142. PMID 36923675.
Brenner, B (2005). "Did Jesus Christ die of pulmonary embolism?". J Thromb Haemost. 3 (9): 1–2. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01525.x. PMID 16102134. S2CID 38121158.
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ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Habermas, Gary; Kopel, Jonathan; Shaw, Benjamin C.F. (July 30, 2021). "Medical views on the death by crucifixion of Jesus Christ". Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings. 34 (6): 748–52. doi:10.1080/08998280.2021.1951096. PMC 8545147. PMID 34733010.
Maslen, Matthew; Piers D Mitchell (April 2006). "Medical theories on the cause of death in crucifixion". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 99 (4): 185–188. doi:10.1177/014107680609900416. PMC 1420788. PMID 16574970.
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Matthew 27:35, Mark 15:24, Luke 23:34, John 19:23–25

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[1]Josephus. The Jewish War. 5.11.1., Perseus Project BJ5.11.1, .
Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. 18.3.4..

sacred-texts.com

"It was his body that tyrants took for a model, his shape that they imitated, when they set up the erections on which men are crucified" (Lucian, Trial in the Court of Vowels, p. 30

sagepub.com

jnt.sagepub.com

Koskenniemi, Erkki; Kirsi Nisula; Jorma Toppari (2005). "Wine Mixed with Myrrh (Mark 15.23) and Crurifragium (John 19.31–32): Two Details of the Passion Narratives". Journal for the Study of the New Testament. 27 (4): 379–391. doi:10.1177/0142064X05055745. S2CID 170143075. Archived from the original on 2009-01-22. Retrieved 2008-06-13.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Brenner, B (2005). "Did Jesus Christ die of pulmonary embolism?". J Thromb Haemost. 3 (9): 1–2. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01525.x. PMID 16102134. S2CID 38121158.
Koskenniemi, Erkki; Kirsi Nisula; Jorma Toppari (2005). "Wine Mixed with Myrrh (Mark 15.23) and Crurifragium (John 19.31–32): Two Details of the Passion Narratives". Journal for the Study of the New Testament. 27 (4): 379–391. doi:10.1177/0142064X05055745. S2CID 170143075. Archived from the original on 2009-01-22. Retrieved 2008-06-13.

telegraph.co.uk

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theatlantic.com

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thedailybeast.com

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theguardian.com

AP (5 March 2013). "Saudi seven face crucifixion and firing squad for armed robbery". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
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After quoting a poem by Maecenas that speaks of preferring life to death even when life is burdened with all the disadvantages of old age or even with acute torture ("vel acuta si sedeam cruce"), Seneca disagrees with the sentiment, saying death would be better for a crucified person hanging from the patibulum: "I should deem him most despicable had he wished to live to the point of crucifixion ... Is it worth so much to weigh down upon one's own wound, and hang stretched out from a patibulum? ... Is anyone found who, after being fastened to that accursed wood, already weakened, already deformed, swelling with ugly weals on shoulders and chest, with many reasons for dying even before getting to the cross, would wish to prolong a life-breath that is about to experience so many torments?" ("Contemptissimum putarem, si vivere vellet usque ad crucem ... Est tanti vulnus suum premere et patibulo pendere districtum ... Invenitur, qui velit adactus ad illud infelix lignum, iam debilis, iam pravus et in foedum scapularum ac pectoris tuber elisus, cui multae moriendi causae etiam citra crucem fuerant, trahere animam tot tormenta tracturam?" – Letter 101, 12–14)
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[1]Josephus. The Jewish War. 5.11.1., Perseus Project BJ5.11.1, .
LSJ apotumpanizo ἀποτυμπα^ν-ίζω (later ἀποτύμπα^ν-τυπ- UPZ119 (2nd century BC), POxy.1798.1.7), A. crucify on a plank, D.8.61,9.61: – Pass., Lys.13.56, D.19.137, Arist. Rh. 1383a5, Beros. ap. J.Ap.1.20. 2. generally, destroy, Plu.2.1049d.
Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary: crux, ŭcis, f. (m., Enn. ap. Non. p. 195, 13; Gracch. ap. Fest. s. v. masculino, p. 150, 24, and 151, 12 Müll.) [perh. kindred with circus]. I. Lit. A. In gen., a tree, frame, or other wooden instruments of execution, on which criminals were impaled or hanged, Sen. Prov. 3, 10; Cic. Rab. Perd. 3, 10 sqq. – B. In partic., a cross, Ter. And. 3, 5, 15; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 3, § 7; 2, 1, 4, § 9; id. Pis. 18, 42; id. Fin. 5, 30, 92; Quint. 4, 2, 17; Tac. A. 15, 44; Hor. S. 1, 3, 82; 2, 7, 47; id. Ep. 1, 16, 48 et saep.: "dignus fuit qui malo cruce periret, Gracch. ap. Fest. l. l.: pendula", the pole of a carriage, Stat. S. 4, 3, 28.
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