Cryosphere (English Wikipedia)

Groisman, Pavel Ya.; Karl, Thomas R.; Knight, Richard W. (14 January 1994). "Observed Impact of Snow Cover on the Heat Balance and the Rise of Continental Spring Temperatures". Science. 263 (5144): 198–200. Bibcode:1994Sci...263..198G. doi:10.1126/science.263.5144.198. PMID 17839175. S2CID 9932394. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
Curry, Judith A.; Schramm, Julie L.; Ebert, Elizabeth E. (1995). "Sea Ice-Albedo Climate Feedback Mechanism". Journal of Climate. 8 (2): 240–247. Bibcode:1995JCli....8..240C. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0240:SIACFM>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0894-8755.
Hahn, Douglas G.; Shukla, J. (1976). "An Apparent Relationship between Eurasian Snow Cover and Indian Monsoon Rainfall". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 33 (12): 2461–2462. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<2461:AARBES>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-4928.
Greve, R.; Blatter, H. (2009). Dynamics of Ice Sheets and Glaciers. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03415-2. ISBN 978-3-642-03414-5.
Brown, Molly Elizabeth; Ouyang, Hua; Habib, Shahid; Shrestha, Basanta; Shrestha, Mandira; Panday, Prajjwal; Tzortziou, Maria; Policelli, Frederick; Artan, Guleid; Giriraj, Amarnath; Bajracharya, Sagar R.; Racoviteanu, Adina (November 2010). "HIMALA: Climate Impacts on Glaciers, Snow, and Hydrology in the Himalayan Region". Mountain Research and Development. 30 (4). International Mountain Society: 401–404. Bibcode:2010MRDev..30..401B. doi:10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-10-00071.1. hdl:2060/20110015312. S2CID 129545865.
Cooper, M. G.; Zhou, T.; Bennett, K. E.; Bolton, W. R.; Coon, E. T.; Fleming, S. W.; Rowland, J. C.; Schwenk, J. (4 January 2023). "Detecting Permafrost Active Layer Thickness Change From Nonlinear Baseflow Recession". Water Resources Research. 57 (1) e2022WR033154. Bibcode:2023WRR....5933154C. doi:10.1029/2022WR033154. S2CID 255639677.
Obu, J. (2021). "How Much of the Earth's Surface is Underlain by Permafrost?". Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface. 126 (5) e2021JF006123. Bibcode:2021JGRF..12606123O. doi:10.1029/2021JF006123.
Sayedi, Sayedeh Sara; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Thornton, Brett F.; Frederick, Jennifer M.; Vonk, Jorien E.; Overduin, Paul; Schädel, Christina; Schuur, Edward A. G.; Bourbonnais, Annie; Demidov, Nikita; Gavrilov, Anatoly (22 December 2020). "Subsea permafrost carbon stocks and climate change sensitivity estimated by expert assessment". Environmental Research Letters. 15 (12): B027-08. Bibcode:2020AGUFMB027...08S. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abcc29. hdl:10852/83674. S2CID 234515282.
Koven, Charles D.; Ringeval, Bruno; Friedlingstein, Pierre; Ciais, Philippe; Cadule, Patricia; Khvorostyanov, Dmitry; Krinner, Gerhard; Tarnocai, Charles (6 September 2011). "Permafrost carbon-climate feedbacks accelerate global warming". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (36): 14769–14774. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10814769K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1103910108. PMC 3169129. PMID 21852573.
Galera, L. A.; Eckhardt, T.; Beer C., Pfeiffer E.-M.; Knoblauch, C. (22 March 2023). "Ratio of in situ CO2 to CH4 production and its environmental controls in polygonal tundra soils of Samoylov Island, Northeastern Siberia". Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 128 (4) e2022JG006956. Bibcode:2023JGRG..12806956G. doi:10.1029/2022JG006956. S2CID 257700504.
Schuur, Edward A. G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon, Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022). "Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 47: 343–371. Bibcode:2022ARER...47..343S. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847. S2CID 252986002.
Thackeray, Chad W.; Derksen, Chris; Fletcher, Christopher G.; Hall, Alex (2019-12-01). "Snow and Climate: Feedbacks, Drivers, and Indices of Change". Current Climate Change Reports. 5 (4): 322–333. Bibcode:2019CCCR....5..322T. doi:10.1007/s40641-019-00143-w. ISSN 2198-6061. S2CID 201675060.
IPCC, 2019: Technical Summary [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate [H.- O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 39–69. doi:10.1017/9781009157964.002
Beckmann, Johanna; Winkelmann, Ricarda (27 July 2023). "Effects of extreme melt events on ice flow and sea level rise of the Greenland Ice Sheet". The Cryosphere. 17 (7): 3083–3099. Bibcode:2023TCry...17.3083B. doi:10.5194/tc-17-3083-2023.
Tan, Ning; Ladant, Jean-Baptiste; Ramstein, Gilles; Dumas, Christophe; Bachem, Paul; Jansen, Eystein (12 November 2018). "Dynamic Greenland ice sheet driven by pCO2 variations across the Pliocene Pleistocene transition". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 4755. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07206-w. PMC 6232173. PMID 30420596.
Noël, B.; van Kampenhout, L.; Lenaerts, J. T. M.; van de Berg, W. J.; van den Broeke, M. R. (19 January 2021). "A 21st Century Warming Threshold for Sustained Greenland Ice Sheet Mass Loss". Geophysical Research Letters. 48 (5) e2020GL090471. Bibcode:2021GeoRL..4890471N. doi:10.1029/2020GL090471. hdl:2268/301943. S2CID 233632072.
Höning, Dennis; Willeit, Matteo; Calov, Reinhard; Klemann, Volker; Bagge, Meike; Ganopolski, Andrey (27 March 2023). "Multistability and Transient Response of the Greenland Ice Sheet to Anthropogenic CO₂ Emissions". Geophysical Research Letters. 50 (6) e2022GL101827. doi:10.1029/2022GL101827. S2CID 257774870.
Bochow, Nils; Poltronieri, Anna; Robinson, Alexander; Montoya, Marisa; Rypdal, Martin; Boers, Niklas (18 October 2023). "Overshooting the critical threshold for the Greenland ice sheet". Nature. 622 (7983): 528–536. Bibcode:2023Natur.622..528B. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06503-9. PMC 10584691. PMID 37853149.
Christ, Andrew J.; Rittenour, Tammy M.; Bierman, Paul R.; Keisling, Benjamin A.; Knutz, Paul C.; Thomsen, Tonny B.; Keulen, Nynke; Fosdick, Julie C.; Hemming, Sidney R.; Tison, Jean-Louis; Blard, Pierre-Henri; Steffensen, Jørgen P.; Caffee, Marc W.; Corbett, Lee B.; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe; Dethier, David P.; Hidy, Alan J.; Perdrial, Nicolas; Peteet, Dorothy M.; Steig, Eric J.; Thomas, Elizabeth K. (20 July 2023). "Deglaciation of northwestern Greenland during Marine Isotope Stage 11". Science. 381 (6655): 330–335. Bibcode:2023Sci...381..330C. doi:10.1126/science.ade4248. OSTI 1992577. PMID 37471537. S2CID 259985096.
Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah; Rockström, Johan; Staal, Arie; Lenton, Timothy (9 September 2022). "Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points". Science. 377 (6611) eabn7950. doi:10.1126/science.abn7950. hdl:10871/131584. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 36074831. S2CID 252161375. Archived from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
Aschwanden, Andy; Fahnestock, Mark A.; Truffer, Martin; Brinkerhoff, Douglas J.; Hock, Regine; Khroulev, Constantine; Mottram, Ruth; Khan, S. Abbas (19 June 2019). "Contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet to sea level over the next millennium". Science Advances. 5 (6): 218–222. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.9396A. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav9396. PMC 6584365. PMID 31223652.
Lau, Sally C. Y.; Wilson, Nerida G.; Golledge, Nicholas R.; Naish, Tim R.; et al. (21 December 2023). "Genomic evidence for West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse during the Last Interglacial" (PDF). Science. 382 (6677): 1384–1389. Bibcode:2023Sci...382.1384L. doi:10.1126/science.ade0664. PMID 38127761. S2CID 266436146.
A. Naughten, Kaitlin; R. Holland, Paul; De Rydt, Jan (23 October 2023). "Unavoidable future increase in West Antarctic ice-shelf melting over the twenty-first century". Nature Climate Change. 13 (11): 1222–1228. Bibcode:2023NatCC..13.1222N. doi:10.1038/s41558-023-01818-x. S2CID 264476246.
Garbe, Julius; Albrecht, Torsten; Levermann, Anders; Donges, Jonathan F.; et al. (2020). "The hysteresis of the Antarctic Ice Sheet". Nature. 585 (7826): 538–544. Bibcode:2020Natur.585..538G. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2727-5. PMID 32968257. S2CID 221885420.
Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; et al. (9 September 2022). "Exceeding 1.5 °C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points". Science. 377 (6611) eabn7950. doi:10.1126/science.abn7950. hdl:10871/131584. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 36074831. S2CID 252161375.
Fretwell, P.; et al. (28 February 2013). "Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica" (PDF). The Cryosphere. 7 (1): 390. Bibcode:2013TCry....7..375F. doi:10.5194/tc-7-375-2013. S2CID 13129041. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
Crotti, Ilaria; Quiquet, Aurélien; Landais, Amaelle; Stenni, Barbara; et al. (10 September 2022). "Wilkes subglacial basin ice sheet response to Southern Ocean warming during late Pleistocene interglacials". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 5328. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13.5328C. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32847-3. PMC 9464198. PMID 36088458.
Pan, Linda; Powell, Evelyn M.; Latychev, Konstantin; Mitrovica, Jerry X.; et al. (30 April 2021). "Rapid postglacial rebound amplifies global sea level rise following West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse". Science Advances. 7 (18) eabf7787. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.7787P. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abf7787. PMC 8087405. PMID 33931453.
Purich, Ariaan; Doddridge, Edward W. (13 September 2023). "Record low Antarctic sea ice coverage indicates a new sea ice state". Communications Earth & Environment. 4 (1): 314. Bibcode:2023ComEE...4..314P. doi:10.1038/s43247-023-00961-9. S2CID 261855193.
Huang, Yiyi; Dong, Xiquan; Bailey, David A.; Holland, Marika M.; Xi, Baike; DuVivier, Alice K.; Kay, Jennifer E.; Landrum, Laura L.; Deng, Yi (2019-06-19). "Thicker Clouds and Accelerated Arctic Sea Ice Decline: The Atmosphere-Sea Ice Interactions in Spring". Geophysical Research Letters. 46 (12): 6980–6989. Bibcode:2019GeoRL..46.6980H. doi:10.1029/2019gl082791. hdl:10150/634665. ISSN 0094-8276. S2CID 189968828.
Senftleben, Daniel; Lauer, Axel; Karpechko, Alexey (2020-02-15). "Constraining Uncertainties in CMIP5 Projections of September Arctic Sea Ice Extent with Observations". Journal of Climate. 33 (4): 1487–1503. Bibcode:2020JCli...33.1487S. doi:10.1175/jcli-d-19-0075.1. ISSN 0894-8755. S2CID 210273007.
Yadav, Juhi; Kumar, Avinash; Mohan, Rahul (2020-05-21). "Dramatic decline of Arctic sea ice linked to global warming". Natural Hazards. 103 (2): 2617–2621. Bibcode:2020NatHa.103.2617Y. doi:10.1007/s11069-020-04064-y. ISSN 0921-030X. S2CID 218762126.
IPCC, 2018: Summary for Policymakers. In: Global Warming of 1.5 °C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3-24. doi:10.1017/9781009157940.001.
Fox-Kemper, B., H.T. Hewitt, C. Xiao, G. Aðalgeirsdóttir, S.S. Drijfhout, T.L. Edwards, N.R. Golledge, M. Hemer, R.E. Kopp, G. Krinner, A. Mix, D. Notz, S. Nowicki, I.S. Nurhati, L. Ruiz, J.-B. Sallée, A.B.A. Slangen, and Y. Yu, 2021: Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US doi:10.1017/9781009157896.011
Carrer, Marco; Dibona, Raffaella; Prendin, Angela Luisa; Brunetti, Michele (February 2023). "Recent waning snowpack in the Alps is unprecedented in the last six centuries". Nature Climate Change. 13 (2): 155–160. Bibcode:2023NatCC..13..155C. doi:10.1038/s41558-022-01575-3. hdl:11577/3477269. ISSN 1758-6798.
Fox-Kemper, B.; Hewitt, H.T.; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S.S.; Edwards, T.L.; Golledge, N.R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R.E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). "Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change" (PDF). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2021. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA: 1283–1285. doi:10.1017/9781009157896.011. ISBN 9781009157896.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
Pederson, Gregory T.; Gray, Stephen T.; Woodhouse, Connie A.; Betancourt, Julio L.; Fagre, Daniel B.; Littell, Jeremy S.; Watson, Emma; Luckman, Brian H.; Graumlich, Lisa J. (2011-07-15). "The Unusual Nature of Recent Snowpack Declines in the North American Cordillera". Science. 333 (6040): 332–335. Bibcode:2011Sci...333..332P. doi:10.1126/science.1201570. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 21659569. S2CID 29486298.
Belmecheri, Soumaya; Babst, Flurin; Wahl, Eugene R.; Stahle, David W.; Trouet, Valerie (2016). "Multi-century evaluation of Sierra Nevada snowpack". Nature Climate Change. 6 (1): 2–3. Bibcode:2016NatCC...6....2B. doi:10.1038/nclimate2809. ISSN 1758-6798.
Brown, Ross D.; Goodison, Barry E.; Brown, Ross D.; Goodison, Barry E. (1996-06-01). "Interannual Variability in Reconstructed Canadian Snow Cover, 1915–1992". Journal of Climate. 9 (6): 1299–1318. Bibcode:1996JCli....9.1299B. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<1299:ivircs>2.0.co;2.

google.com (Global: 109^th place; English: 87^th place)

Google Maps: Distance between Wildspitze and Hinterer Brochkogel, cf. image scale at lower edge of screen

grida.no (Global: 9,066^th place; English: low place)

maps.grida.no

"Cryosphere - Maps and Graphics at UNEP/GRID-Arendal". 2007-08-26. Archived from the original on 2007-08-26. Retrieved 2023-09-25.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Brown, Molly Elizabeth; Ouyang, Hua; Habib, Shahid; Shrestha, Basanta; Shrestha, Mandira; Panday, Prajjwal; Tzortziou, Maria; Policelli, Frederick; Artan, Guleid; Giriraj, Amarnath; Bajracharya, Sagar R.; Racoviteanu, Adina (November 2010). "HIMALA: Climate Impacts on Glaciers, Snow, and Hydrology in the Himalayan Region". Mountain Research and Development. 30 (4). International Mountain Society: 401–404. Bibcode:2010MRDev..30..401B. doi:10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-10-00071.1. hdl:2060/20110015312. S2CID 129545865.
Sayedi, Sayedeh Sara; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Thornton, Brett F.; Frederick, Jennifer M.; Vonk, Jorien E.; Overduin, Paul; Schädel, Christina; Schuur, Edward A. G.; Bourbonnais, Annie; Demidov, Nikita; Gavrilov, Anatoly (22 December 2020). "Subsea permafrost carbon stocks and climate change sensitivity estimated by expert assessment". Environmental Research Letters. 15 (12): B027-08. Bibcode:2020AGUFMB027...08S. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abcc29. hdl:10852/83674. S2CID 234515282.
Noël, B.; van Kampenhout, L.; Lenaerts, J. T. M.; van de Berg, W. J.; van den Broeke, M. R. (19 January 2021). "A 21st Century Warming Threshold for Sustained Greenland Ice Sheet Mass Loss". Geophysical Research Letters. 48 (5) e2020GL090471. Bibcode:2021GeoRL..4890471N. doi:10.1029/2020GL090471. hdl:2268/301943. S2CID 233632072.
Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah; Rockström, Johan; Staal, Arie; Lenton, Timothy (9 September 2022). "Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points". Science. 377 (6611) eabn7950. doi:10.1126/science.abn7950. hdl:10871/131584. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 36074831. S2CID 252161375. Archived from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; et al. (9 September 2022). "Exceeding 1.5 °C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points". Science. 377 (6611) eabn7950. doi:10.1126/science.abn7950. hdl:10871/131584. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 36074831. S2CID 252161375.
Huang, Yiyi; Dong, Xiquan; Bailey, David A.; Holland, Marika M.; Xi, Baike; DuVivier, Alice K.; Kay, Jennifer E.; Landrum, Laura L.; Deng, Yi (2019-06-19). "Thicker Clouds and Accelerated Arctic Sea Ice Decline: The Atmosphere-Sea Ice Interactions in Spring". Geophysical Research Letters. 46 (12): 6980–6989. Bibcode:2019GeoRL..46.6980H. doi:10.1029/2019gl082791. hdl:10150/634665. ISSN 0094-8276. S2CID 189968828.
Carrer, Marco; Dibona, Raffaella; Prendin, Angela Luisa; Brunetti, Michele (February 2023). "Recent waning snowpack in the Alps is unprecedented in the last six centuries". Nature Climate Change. 13 (2): 155–160. Bibcode:2023NatCC..13..155C. doi:10.1038/s41558-022-01575-3. hdl:11577/3477269. ISSN 1758-6798.

ipcc.ch (Global: 1,841^st place; English: 1,511^th place)

Planton, S. (2013). "Annex III: Glossary" (PDF). In Stocker, T.F.; Qin, D.; Plattner, G.-K.; Tignor, M.; Allen, S.K.; Boschung, J.; Nauels, A.; Xia, Y.; Bex, V.; Midgley, P.M. (eds.). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
IPCC, 2021: Annex VII: Glossary [Matthews, J.B.R., V. Möller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C. Méndez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022.
Sections 4.5 and 4.6 of Lemke, P.; Ren, J.; Alley, R.B.; Allison, I.; Carrasco, J.; Flato, G.; Fujii, Y.; Kaser, G.; Mote, P.; Thomas, R.H.; Zhang, T. (2007). "Observations: Changes in Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground" (PDF). In Solomon, S.; Qin, D.; Manning, M.; Chen, Z.; Marquis, M.; Averyt, K.B.; Tignor, M.; Miller, H.L. (eds.). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
Fox-Kemper, B.; H. T. Hewitt, C. Xiao, G. Aðalgeirsdóttir, S. S. Drijfhout, T. L. Edwards, N. R. Golledge, M. Hemer, R. E. Kopp, G. Krinner, A. Mix, D. Notz, S. Nowicki, I. S. Nurhati, L. Ruiz, J.-B. Sallée, A. B. A. Slangen, and Y. Yu, 2021: Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V.; P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, USA, pp. 1211–1362.
IPCC, 2019: Technical Summary [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate [H.- O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 39–69. doi:10.1017/9781009157964.002
Fox-Kemper, B., H.T. Hewitt, C. Xiao, G. Aðalgeirsdóttir, S.S. Drijfhout, T.L. Edwards, N.R. Golledge, M. Hemer, R.E. Kopp, G. Krinner, A. Mix, D. Notz, S. Nowicki, I.S. Nurhati, L. Ruiz, J.-B. Sallée, A.B.A. Slangen, and Y. Yu, 2021: Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.011.
IPCC, 2018: Summary for Policymakers. In: Global Warming of 1.5 °C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3-24. doi:10.1017/9781009157940.001.
Fox-Kemper, B., H.T. Hewitt, C. Xiao, G. Aðalgeirsdóttir, S.S. Drijfhout, T.L. Edwards, N.R. Golledge, M. Hemer, R.E. Kopp, G. Krinner, A. Mix, D. Notz, S. Nowicki, I.S. Nurhati, L. Ruiz, J.-B. Sallée, A.B.A. Slangen, and Y. Yu, 2021: Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US doi:10.1017/9781009157896.011

mit.edu (Global: 476^th place; English: 340^th place)

climate.mit.edu

McGee, David; Gribkoff, Elizabeth (4 August 2022). "Permafrost". MIT Climate Portal. Retrieved 27 September 2023.

montana.edu (Global: 8,605^th place; English: 5,376^th place)

gemini.oscs.montana.edu

"Glossary of Important Terms in Glacial Geology". Archived from the original on 2006-08-29. Retrieved 2006-08-22.

nasa.gov (Global: 12^th place; English: 73^rd place)

climate.nasa.gov

"Global Ice Viewer – Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet". climate.nasa.gov. Retrieved 27 November 2021.

nature.com (Global: 207^th place; English: 347^th place)

Belmecheri, Soumaya; Babst, Flurin; Wahl, Eugene R.; Stahle, David W.; Trouet, Valerie (2016). "Multi-century evaluation of Sierra Nevada snowpack". Nature Climate Change. 6 (1): 2–3. Bibcode:2016NatCC...6....2B. doi:10.1038/nclimate2809. ISSN 1758-6798.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Groisman, Pavel Ya.; Karl, Thomas R.; Knight, Richard W. (14 January 1994). "Observed Impact of Snow Cover on the Heat Balance and the Rise of Continental Spring Temperatures". Science. 263 (5144): 198–200. Bibcode:1994Sci...263..198G. doi:10.1126/science.263.5144.198. PMID 17839175. S2CID 9932394. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
Koven, Charles D.; Ringeval, Bruno; Friedlingstein, Pierre; Ciais, Philippe; Cadule, Patricia; Khvorostyanov, Dmitry; Krinner, Gerhard; Tarnocai, Charles (6 September 2011). "Permafrost carbon-climate feedbacks accelerate global warming". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (36): 14769–14774. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10814769K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1103910108. PMC 3169129. PMID 21852573.
Tan, Ning; Ladant, Jean-Baptiste; Ramstein, Gilles; Dumas, Christophe; Bachem, Paul; Jansen, Eystein (12 November 2018). "Dynamic Greenland ice sheet driven by pCO2 variations across the Pliocene Pleistocene transition". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 4755. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07206-w. PMC 6232173. PMID 30420596.
Bochow, Nils; Poltronieri, Anna; Robinson, Alexander; Montoya, Marisa; Rypdal, Martin; Boers, Niklas (18 October 2023). "Overshooting the critical threshold for the Greenland ice sheet". Nature. 622 (7983): 528–536. Bibcode:2023Natur.622..528B. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06503-9. PMC 10584691. PMID 37853149.
Christ, Andrew J.; Rittenour, Tammy M.; Bierman, Paul R.; Keisling, Benjamin A.; Knutz, Paul C.; Thomsen, Tonny B.; Keulen, Nynke; Fosdick, Julie C.; Hemming, Sidney R.; Tison, Jean-Louis; Blard, Pierre-Henri; Steffensen, Jørgen P.; Caffee, Marc W.; Corbett, Lee B.; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe; Dethier, David P.; Hidy, Alan J.; Perdrial, Nicolas; Peteet, Dorothy M.; Steig, Eric J.; Thomas, Elizabeth K. (20 July 2023). "Deglaciation of northwestern Greenland during Marine Isotope Stage 11". Science. 381 (6655): 330–335. Bibcode:2023Sci...381..330C. doi:10.1126/science.ade4248. OSTI 1992577. PMID 37471537. S2CID 259985096.
Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah; Rockström, Johan; Staal, Arie; Lenton, Timothy (9 September 2022). "Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points". Science. 377 (6611) eabn7950. doi:10.1126/science.abn7950. hdl:10871/131584. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 36074831. S2CID 252161375. Archived from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
Aschwanden, Andy; Fahnestock, Mark A.; Truffer, Martin; Brinkerhoff, Douglas J.; Hock, Regine; Khroulev, Constantine; Mottram, Ruth; Khan, S. Abbas (19 June 2019). "Contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet to sea level over the next millennium". Science Advances. 5 (6): 218–222. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.9396A. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav9396. PMC 6584365. PMID 31223652.
Lau, Sally C. Y.; Wilson, Nerida G.; Golledge, Nicholas R.; Naish, Tim R.; et al. (21 December 2023). "Genomic evidence for West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse during the Last Interglacial" (PDF). Science. 382 (6677): 1384–1389. Bibcode:2023Sci...382.1384L. doi:10.1126/science.ade0664. PMID 38127761. S2CID 266436146.
Garbe, Julius; Albrecht, Torsten; Levermann, Anders; Donges, Jonathan F.; et al. (2020). "The hysteresis of the Antarctic Ice Sheet". Nature. 585 (7826): 538–544. Bibcode:2020Natur.585..538G. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2727-5. PMID 32968257. S2CID 221885420.
Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; et al. (9 September 2022). "Exceeding 1.5 °C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points". Science. 377 (6611) eabn7950. doi:10.1126/science.abn7950. hdl:10871/131584. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 36074831. S2CID 252161375.
Crotti, Ilaria; Quiquet, Aurélien; Landais, Amaelle; Stenni, Barbara; et al. (10 September 2022). "Wilkes subglacial basin ice sheet response to Southern Ocean warming during late Pleistocene interglacials". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 5328. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13.5328C. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32847-3. PMC 9464198. PMID 36088458.
Pan, Linda; Powell, Evelyn M.; Latychev, Konstantin; Mitrovica, Jerry X.; et al. (30 April 2021). "Rapid postglacial rebound amplifies global sea level rise following West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse". Science Advances. 7 (18) eabf7787. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.7787P. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abf7787. PMC 8087405. PMID 33931453.
Pederson, Gregory T.; Gray, Stephen T.; Woodhouse, Connie A.; Betancourt, Julio L.; Fagre, Daniel B.; Littell, Jeremy S.; Watson, Emma; Luckman, Brian H.; Graumlich, Lisa J. (2011-07-15). "The Unusual Nature of Recent Snowpack Declines in the North American Cordillera". Science. 333 (6040): 332–335. Bibcode:2011Sci...333..332P. doi:10.1126/science.1201570. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 21659569. S2CID 29486298.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Koven, Charles D.; Ringeval, Bruno; Friedlingstein, Pierre; Ciais, Philippe; Cadule, Patricia; Khvorostyanov, Dmitry; Krinner, Gerhard; Tarnocai, Charles (6 September 2011). "Permafrost carbon-climate feedbacks accelerate global warming". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (36): 14769–14774. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10814769K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1103910108. PMC 3169129. PMID 21852573.
Tan, Ning; Ladant, Jean-Baptiste; Ramstein, Gilles; Dumas, Christophe; Bachem, Paul; Jansen, Eystein (12 November 2018). "Dynamic Greenland ice sheet driven by pCO2 variations across the Pliocene Pleistocene transition". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 4755. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07206-w. PMC 6232173. PMID 30420596.
Bochow, Nils; Poltronieri, Anna; Robinson, Alexander; Montoya, Marisa; Rypdal, Martin; Boers, Niklas (18 October 2023). "Overshooting the critical threshold for the Greenland ice sheet". Nature. 622 (7983): 528–536. Bibcode:2023Natur.622..528B. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06503-9. PMC 10584691. PMID 37853149.
Aschwanden, Andy; Fahnestock, Mark A.; Truffer, Martin; Brinkerhoff, Douglas J.; Hock, Regine; Khroulev, Constantine; Mottram, Ruth; Khan, S. Abbas (19 June 2019). "Contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet to sea level over the next millennium". Science Advances. 5 (6): 218–222. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.9396A. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav9396. PMC 6584365. PMID 31223652.
Crotti, Ilaria; Quiquet, Aurélien; Landais, Amaelle; Stenni, Barbara; et al. (10 September 2022). "Wilkes subglacial basin ice sheet response to Southern Ocean warming during late Pleistocene interglacials". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 5328. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13.5328C. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32847-3. PMC 9464198. PMID 36088458.
Pan, Linda; Powell, Evelyn M.; Latychev, Konstantin; Mitrovica, Jerry X.; et al. (30 April 2021). "Rapid postglacial rebound amplifies global sea level rise following West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse". Science Advances. 7 (18) eabf7787. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.7787P. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abf7787. PMC 8087405. PMID 33931453.

noaa.gov (Global: 111^th place; English: 78^th place)

arctic.noaa.gov

Schuur, T. (November 22, 2019). "Permafrost and the Global Carbon Cycle". Natural Resources Defense Council – via NOAA.
"Arctic Report Card 2012". NOAA. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013.

oceanservice.noaa.gov

"How does sea ice affect global climate?". NOAA. Retrieved 21 April 2023.

nps.gov (Global: 79^th place; English: 40^th place)

"Glacier Features - Mount Rainier National Park (U.S. National Park Service)". National Park Service. Retrieved 18 January 2025.

nrdc.org (Global: low place; English: 7,524^th place)

Denchak, Melissa (26 June 2018). "Permafrost: Everything You Need to Know". Natural Resources Defense Council. Retrieved 27 September 2023.

nsidc.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Thermodynamics: Albedo | National Snow and Ice Data Center". nsidc.org. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2020.

oed.com (Global: 743^rd place; English: 419^th place)

"glacier, n. meanings, etymology, and more | Oxford English Dictionary". Oxford English Dictionary. September 2025. Retrieved April 9, 2026.

osti.gov (Global: 2,098^th place; English: 1,146^th place)

Christ, Andrew J.; Rittenour, Tammy M.; Bierman, Paul R.; Keisling, Benjamin A.; Knutz, Paul C.; Thomsen, Tonny B.; Keulen, Nynke; Fosdick, Julie C.; Hemming, Sidney R.; Tison, Jean-Louis; Blard, Pierre-Henri; Steffensen, Jørgen P.; Caffee, Marc W.; Corbett, Lee B.; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe; Dethier, David P.; Hidy, Alan J.; Perdrial, Nicolas; Peteet, Dorothy M.; Steig, Eric J.; Thomas, Elizabeth K. (20 July 2023). "Deglaciation of northwestern Greenland during Marine Isotope Stage 11". Science. 381 (6655): 330–335. Bibcode:2023Sci...381..330C. doi:10.1126/science.ade4248. OSTI 1992577. PMID 37471537. S2CID 259985096.

ourwinterworld.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Properties of Snow – Our Winter World". ourwinterworld.org. Archived from the original on 2025-01-15. Retrieved 2025-03-06.

permafrost.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"What is Permafrost?". International Permafrost Association. Retrieved 27 September 2023.

pik-potsdam.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

publications.pik-potsdam.de

Garbe, Julius; Albrecht, Torsten; Levermann, Anders; Donges, Jonathan F.; et al. (2020). "The hysteresis of the Antarctic Ice Sheet". Nature. 585 (7826): 538–544. Bibcode:2020Natur.585..538G. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2727-5. PMID 32968257. S2CID 221885420.

science.org (Global: 1,007^th place; English: 665^th place)

Groisman, Pavel Ya.; Karl, Thomas R.; Knight, Richard W. (14 January 1994). "Observed Impact of Snow Cover on the Heat Balance and the Rise of Continental Spring Temperatures". Science. 263 (5144): 198–200. Bibcode:1994Sci...263..198G. doi:10.1126/science.263.5144.198. PMID 17839175. S2CID 9932394. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah; Rockström, Johan; Staal, Arie; Lenton, Timothy (9 September 2022). "Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points". Science. 377 (6611) eabn7950. doi:10.1126/science.abn7950. hdl:10871/131584. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 36074831. S2CID 252161375. Archived from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; et al. (9 September 2022). "Exceeding 1.5 °C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points". Science. 377 (6611) eabn7950. doi:10.1126/science.abn7950. hdl:10871/131584. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 36074831. S2CID 252161375.
Pederson, Gregory T.; Gray, Stephen T.; Woodhouse, Connie A.; Betancourt, Julio L.; Fagre, Daniel B.; Littell, Jeremy S.; Watson, Emma; Luckman, Brian H.; Graumlich, Lisa J. (2011-07-15). "The Unusual Nature of Recent Snowpack Declines in the North American Cordillera". Science. 333 (6040): 332–335. Bibcode:2011Sci...333..332P. doi:10.1126/science.1201570. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 21659569. S2CID 29486298.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Groisman, Pavel Ya.; Karl, Thomas R.; Knight, Richard W. (14 January 1994). "Observed Impact of Snow Cover on the Heat Balance and the Rise of Continental Spring Temperatures". Science. 263 (5144): 198–200. Bibcode:1994Sci...263..198G. doi:10.1126/science.263.5144.198. PMID 17839175. S2CID 9932394. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
Brown, Molly Elizabeth; Ouyang, Hua; Habib, Shahid; Shrestha, Basanta; Shrestha, Mandira; Panday, Prajjwal; Tzortziou, Maria; Policelli, Frederick; Artan, Guleid; Giriraj, Amarnath; Bajracharya, Sagar R.; Racoviteanu, Adina (November 2010). "HIMALA: Climate Impacts on Glaciers, Snow, and Hydrology in the Himalayan Region". Mountain Research and Development. 30 (4). International Mountain Society: 401–404. Bibcode:2010MRDev..30..401B. doi:10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-10-00071.1. hdl:2060/20110015312. S2CID 129545865.
Cooper, M. G.; Zhou, T.; Bennett, K. E.; Bolton, W. R.; Coon, E. T.; Fleming, S. W.; Rowland, J. C.; Schwenk, J. (4 January 2023). "Detecting Permafrost Active Layer Thickness Change From Nonlinear Baseflow Recession". Water Resources Research. 57 (1) e2022WR033154. Bibcode:2023WRR....5933154C. doi:10.1029/2022WR033154. S2CID 255639677.
Sayedi, Sayedeh Sara; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Thornton, Brett F.; Frederick, Jennifer M.; Vonk, Jorien E.; Overduin, Paul; Schädel, Christina; Schuur, Edward A. G.; Bourbonnais, Annie; Demidov, Nikita; Gavrilov, Anatoly (22 December 2020). "Subsea permafrost carbon stocks and climate change sensitivity estimated by expert assessment". Environmental Research Letters. 15 (12): B027-08. Bibcode:2020AGUFMB027...08S. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abcc29. hdl:10852/83674. S2CID 234515282.
Galera, L. A.; Eckhardt, T.; Beer C., Pfeiffer E.-M.; Knoblauch, C. (22 March 2023). "Ratio of in situ CO2 to CH4 production and its environmental controls in polygonal tundra soils of Samoylov Island, Northeastern Siberia". Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 128 (4) e2022JG006956. Bibcode:2023JGRG..12806956G. doi:10.1029/2022JG006956. S2CID 257700504.
Schuur, Edward A. G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon, Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022). "Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 47: 343–371. Bibcode:2022ARER...47..343S. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847. S2CID 252986002.
Thackeray, Chad W.; Derksen, Chris; Fletcher, Christopher G.; Hall, Alex (2019-12-01). "Snow and Climate: Feedbacks, Drivers, and Indices of Change". Current Climate Change Reports. 5 (4): 322–333. Bibcode:2019CCCR....5..322T. doi:10.1007/s40641-019-00143-w. ISSN 2198-6061. S2CID 201675060.
Noël, B.; van Kampenhout, L.; Lenaerts, J. T. M.; van de Berg, W. J.; van den Broeke, M. R. (19 January 2021). "A 21st Century Warming Threshold for Sustained Greenland Ice Sheet Mass Loss". Geophysical Research Letters. 48 (5) e2020GL090471. Bibcode:2021GeoRL..4890471N. doi:10.1029/2020GL090471. hdl:2268/301943. S2CID 233632072.
Höning, Dennis; Willeit, Matteo; Calov, Reinhard; Klemann, Volker; Bagge, Meike; Ganopolski, Andrey (27 March 2023). "Multistability and Transient Response of the Greenland Ice Sheet to Anthropogenic CO₂ Emissions". Geophysical Research Letters. 50 (6) e2022GL101827. doi:10.1029/2022GL101827. S2CID 257774870.
Christ, Andrew J.; Rittenour, Tammy M.; Bierman, Paul R.; Keisling, Benjamin A.; Knutz, Paul C.; Thomsen, Tonny B.; Keulen, Nynke; Fosdick, Julie C.; Hemming, Sidney R.; Tison, Jean-Louis; Blard, Pierre-Henri; Steffensen, Jørgen P.; Caffee, Marc W.; Corbett, Lee B.; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe; Dethier, David P.; Hidy, Alan J.; Perdrial, Nicolas; Peteet, Dorothy M.; Steig, Eric J.; Thomas, Elizabeth K. (20 July 2023). "Deglaciation of northwestern Greenland during Marine Isotope Stage 11". Science. 381 (6655): 330–335. Bibcode:2023Sci...381..330C. doi:10.1126/science.ade4248. OSTI 1992577. PMID 37471537. S2CID 259985096.
Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah; Rockström, Johan; Staal, Arie; Lenton, Timothy (9 September 2022). "Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points". Science. 377 (6611) eabn7950. doi:10.1126/science.abn7950. hdl:10871/131584. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 36074831. S2CID 252161375. Archived from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
Lau, Sally C. Y.; Wilson, Nerida G.; Golledge, Nicholas R.; Naish, Tim R.; et al. (21 December 2023). "Genomic evidence for West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse during the Last Interglacial" (PDF). Science. 382 (6677): 1384–1389. Bibcode:2023Sci...382.1384L. doi:10.1126/science.ade0664. PMID 38127761. S2CID 266436146.
A. Naughten, Kaitlin; R. Holland, Paul; De Rydt, Jan (23 October 2023). "Unavoidable future increase in West Antarctic ice-shelf melting over the twenty-first century". Nature Climate Change. 13 (11): 1222–1228. Bibcode:2023NatCC..13.1222N. doi:10.1038/s41558-023-01818-x. S2CID 264476246.
Garbe, Julius; Albrecht, Torsten; Levermann, Anders; Donges, Jonathan F.; et al. (2020). "The hysteresis of the Antarctic Ice Sheet". Nature. 585 (7826): 538–544. Bibcode:2020Natur.585..538G. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2727-5. PMID 32968257. S2CID 221885420.
Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; et al. (9 September 2022). "Exceeding 1.5 °C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points". Science. 377 (6611) eabn7950. doi:10.1126/science.abn7950. hdl:10871/131584. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 36074831. S2CID 252161375.
Fretwell, P.; et al. (28 February 2013). "Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica" (PDF). The Cryosphere. 7 (1): 390. Bibcode:2013TCry....7..375F. doi:10.5194/tc-7-375-2013. S2CID 13129041. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
Purich, Ariaan; Doddridge, Edward W. (13 September 2023). "Record low Antarctic sea ice coverage indicates a new sea ice state". Communications Earth & Environment. 4 (1): 314. Bibcode:2023ComEE...4..314P. doi:10.1038/s43247-023-00961-9. S2CID 261855193.
Huang, Yiyi; Dong, Xiquan; Bailey, David A.; Holland, Marika M.; Xi, Baike; DuVivier, Alice K.; Kay, Jennifer E.; Landrum, Laura L.; Deng, Yi (2019-06-19). "Thicker Clouds and Accelerated Arctic Sea Ice Decline: The Atmosphere-Sea Ice Interactions in Spring". Geophysical Research Letters. 46 (12): 6980–6989. Bibcode:2019GeoRL..46.6980H. doi:10.1029/2019gl082791. hdl:10150/634665. ISSN 0094-8276. S2CID 189968828.
Senftleben, Daniel; Lauer, Axel; Karpechko, Alexey (2020-02-15). "Constraining Uncertainties in CMIP5 Projections of September Arctic Sea Ice Extent with Observations". Journal of Climate. 33 (4): 1487–1503. Bibcode:2020JCli...33.1487S. doi:10.1175/jcli-d-19-0075.1. ISSN 0894-8755. S2CID 210273007.
Yadav, Juhi; Kumar, Avinash; Mohan, Rahul (2020-05-21). "Dramatic decline of Arctic sea ice linked to global warming". Natural Hazards. 103 (2): 2617–2621. Bibcode:2020NatHa.103.2617Y. doi:10.1007/s11069-020-04064-y. ISSN 0921-030X. S2CID 218762126.
Pederson, Gregory T.; Gray, Stephen T.; Woodhouse, Connie A.; Betancourt, Julio L.; Fagre, Daniel B.; Littell, Jeremy S.; Watson, Emma; Luckman, Brian H.; Graumlich, Lisa J. (2011-07-15). "The Unusual Nature of Recent Snowpack Declines in the North American Cordillera". Science. 333 (6040): 332–335. Bibcode:2011Sci...333..332P. doi:10.1126/science.1201570. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 21659569. S2CID 29486298.

the-cryosphere.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Fretwell, P.; et al. (28 February 2013). "Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica" (PDF). The Cryosphere. 7 (1): 390. Bibcode:2013TCry....7..375F. doi:10.5194/tc-7-375-2013. S2CID 13129041. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2014.

tufts.edu (Global: 192^nd place; English: 165^th place)

perseus.tufts.edu

σφαῖρα Archived 2017-05-10 at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus

usgs.gov (Global: 119^th place; English: 145^th place)

"Is glacier ice a type of rock?". United States Geological Survey. 26 April 2019. Retrieved 2025-02-06.
"Ice, Snow, and Glaciers and the Water Cycle". www.usgs.gov. 8 September 2019. Retrieved 2021-05-25.

vliz.be (Global: low place; English: 9,356^th place)

Fox-Kemper, B.; Hewitt, H.T.; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S.S.; Edwards, T.L.; Golledge, N.R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R.E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). "Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change" (PDF). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2021. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA: 1283–1285. doi:10.1017/9781009157896.011. ISBN 9781009157896.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

Craig, Tim (2016-08-12). "Pakistan has more glaciers than almost anywhere on Earth. But they are at risk". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2020-09-04. With 7,253 known glaciers, including 543 in the Chitral Valley, there is more glacial ice in Pakistan than anywhere on Earth outside the polar regions, according to various studies.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Cryosphere - Maps and Graphics at UNEP/GRID-Arendal". 2007-08-26. Archived from the original on 2007-08-26. Retrieved 2023-09-25.
σφαῖρα Archived 2017-05-10 at the Wayback Machine, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
"Properties of Snow – Our Winter World". ourwinterworld.org. Archived from the original on 2025-01-15. Retrieved 2025-03-06.
American Meteorological Society, Glossary of Meteorology Archived 2012-06-23 at the Wayback Machine
"Glossary of Important Terms in Glacial Geology". Archived from the original on 2006-08-29. Retrieved 2006-08-22.
Getting to Know the Cryosphere Archived 15 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Earth Labs
"How Greenland would look without its ice sheet". BBC News. 14 December 2017. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
Greenland Ice Sheet. 24 October 2023. Archived from the original on 30 October 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah; Rockström, Johan; Staal, Arie; Lenton, Timothy (9 September 2022). "Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points". Science. 377 (6611) eabn7950. doi:10.1126/science.abn7950. hdl:10871/131584. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 36074831. S2CID 252161375. Archived from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
Armstrong McKay, David (9 September 2022). "Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points – paper explainer". climatetippingpoints.info. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
Fretwell, P.; et al. (28 February 2013). "Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica" (PDF). The Cryosphere. 7 (1): 390. Bibcode:2013TCry....7..375F. doi:10.5194/tc-7-375-2013. S2CID 13129041. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
"Vanishing glaciers of Alaska". CBS News. 1 September 2015. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022.
"Glossary of Meteorology". American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2012-06-23. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
"Thermodynamics: Albedo | National Snow and Ice Data Center". nsidc.org. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
"Arctic Report Card 2012". NOAA. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
"Understanding climate: Antarctic sea ice extent". NOAA Climate.gov. 14 March 2023. Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 2023-03-26.

wikiwix.com (Global: 103^rd place; English: 872^nd place)

archive.wikiwix.com

"170'000 km cube d'eau dans les glaciers du monde". ArcInfo. Aug 6, 2015. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Curry, Judith A.; Schramm, Julie L.; Ebert, Elizabeth E. (1995). "Sea Ice-Albedo Climate Feedback Mechanism". Journal of Climate. 8 (2): 240–247. Bibcode:1995JCli....8..240C. doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0240:SIACFM>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0894-8755.
Hahn, Douglas G.; Shukla, J. (1976). "An Apparent Relationship between Eurasian Snow Cover and Indian Monsoon Rainfall". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 33 (12): 2461–2462. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<2461:AARBES>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-4928.
Craig, Tim (2016-08-12). "Pakistan has more glaciers than almost anywhere on Earth. But they are at risk". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2020-09-04. With 7,253 known glaciers, including 543 in the Chitral Valley, there is more glacial ice in Pakistan than anywhere on Earth outside the polar regions, according to various studies.
Thackeray, Chad W.; Derksen, Chris; Fletcher, Christopher G.; Hall, Alex (2019-12-01). "Snow and Climate: Feedbacks, Drivers, and Indices of Change". Current Climate Change Reports. 5 (4): 322–333. Bibcode:2019CCCR....5..322T. doi:10.1007/s40641-019-00143-w. ISSN 2198-6061. S2CID 201675060.
Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah; Rockström, Johan; Staal, Arie; Lenton, Timothy (9 September 2022). "Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points". Science. 377 (6611) eabn7950. doi:10.1126/science.abn7950. hdl:10871/131584. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 36074831. S2CID 252161375. Archived from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; et al. (9 September 2022). "Exceeding 1.5 °C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points". Science. 377 (6611) eabn7950. doi:10.1126/science.abn7950. hdl:10871/131584. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 36074831. S2CID 252161375.
Huang, Yiyi; Dong, Xiquan; Bailey, David A.; Holland, Marika M.; Xi, Baike; DuVivier, Alice K.; Kay, Jennifer E.; Landrum, Laura L.; Deng, Yi (2019-06-19). "Thicker Clouds and Accelerated Arctic Sea Ice Decline: The Atmosphere-Sea Ice Interactions in Spring". Geophysical Research Letters. 46 (12): 6980–6989. Bibcode:2019GeoRL..46.6980H. doi:10.1029/2019gl082791. hdl:10150/634665. ISSN 0094-8276. S2CID 189968828.
Senftleben, Daniel; Lauer, Axel; Karpechko, Alexey (2020-02-15). "Constraining Uncertainties in CMIP5 Projections of September Arctic Sea Ice Extent with Observations". Journal of Climate. 33 (4): 1487–1503. Bibcode:2020JCli...33.1487S. doi:10.1175/jcli-d-19-0075.1. ISSN 0894-8755. S2CID 210273007.
Yadav, Juhi; Kumar, Avinash; Mohan, Rahul (2020-05-21). "Dramatic decline of Arctic sea ice linked to global warming". Natural Hazards. 103 (2): 2617–2621. Bibcode:2020NatHa.103.2617Y. doi:10.1007/s11069-020-04064-y. ISSN 0921-030X. S2CID 218762126.
Carrer, Marco; Dibona, Raffaella; Prendin, Angela Luisa; Brunetti, Michele (February 2023). "Recent waning snowpack in the Alps is unprecedented in the last six centuries". Nature Climate Change. 13 (2): 155–160. Bibcode:2023NatCC..13..155C. doi:10.1038/s41558-022-01575-3. hdl:11577/3477269. ISSN 1758-6798.
Pederson, Gregory T.; Gray, Stephen T.; Woodhouse, Connie A.; Betancourt, Julio L.; Fagre, Daniel B.; Littell, Jeremy S.; Watson, Emma; Luckman, Brian H.; Graumlich, Lisa J. (2011-07-15). "The Unusual Nature of Recent Snowpack Declines in the North American Cordillera". Science. 333 (6040): 332–335. Bibcode:2011Sci...333..332P. doi:10.1126/science.1201570. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 21659569. S2CID 29486298.
Belmecheri, Soumaya; Babst, Flurin; Wahl, Eugene R.; Stahle, David W.; Trouet, Valerie (2016). "Multi-century evaluation of Sierra Nevada snowpack". Nature Climate Change. 6 (1): 2–3. Bibcode:2016NatCC...6....2B. doi:10.1038/nclimate2809. ISSN 1758-6798.

Cryosphere (English Wikipedia)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

aljazeera.com (Global: 165th place; English: 119th place)

allenpress.com (Global: 5,987th place; English: 5,682nd place)

amsglossary.allenpress.com

ametsoc.org (Global: 4,084th place; English: 3,491st place)

journals.ametsoc.org

arcinfo.ch (Global: low place; English: low place)

awi.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

epic.awi.de

bbc.com (Global: 26th place; English: 23rd place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 37th place; English: 64th place)

carleton.edu (Global: low place; English: 7,913th place)

serc.carleton.edu

cbsnews.com (Global: 136th place; English: 93rd place)

climate.gov (Global: low place; English: low place)

climatetippingpoints.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

google.com (Global: 109th place; English: 87th place)

grida.no (Global: 9,066th place; English: low place)

maps.grida.no

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66th place; English: 34th place)

ipcc.ch (Global: 1,841st place; English: 1,511th place)

mit.edu (Global: 476th place; English: 340th place)

climate.mit.edu

montana.edu (Global: 8,605th place; English: 5,376th place)

gemini.oscs.montana.edu

nasa.gov (Global: 12th place; English: 73rd place)

climate.nasa.gov

nature.com (Global: 207th place; English: 347th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

noaa.gov (Global: 111th place; English: 78th place)

arctic.noaa.gov

oceanservice.noaa.gov

nps.gov (Global: 79th place; English: 40th place)

nrdc.org (Global: low place; English: 7,524th place)

nsidc.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

oed.com (Global: 743rd place; English: 419th place)

osti.gov (Global: 2,098th place; English: 1,146th place)

ourwinterworld.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

permafrost.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

pik-potsdam.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

publications.pik-potsdam.de

science.org (Global: 1,007th place; English: 665th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

the-cryosphere.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

tufts.edu (Global: 192nd place; English: 165th place)

perseus.tufts.edu

usgs.gov (Global: 119th place; English: 145th place)

vliz.be (Global: low place; English: 9,356th place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35th place; English: 24th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

wikiwix.com (Global: 103rd place; English: 872nd place)

archive.wikiwix.com

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

aljazeera.com (Global: 165^th place; English: 119^th place)

allenpress.com (Global: 5,987^th place; English: 5,682^nd place)

ametsoc.org (Global: 4,084^th place; English: 3,491^st place)

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

carleton.edu (Global: low place; English: 7,913^th place)

cbsnews.com (Global: 136^th place; English: 93^rd place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

google.com (Global: 109^th place; English: 87^th place)

grida.no (Global: 9,066^th place; English: low place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

ipcc.ch (Global: 1,841^st place; English: 1,511^th place)

mit.edu (Global: 476^th place; English: 340^th place)

montana.edu (Global: 8,605^th place; English: 5,376^th place)

nasa.gov (Global: 12^th place; English: 73^rd place)

nature.com (Global: 207^th place; English: 347^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

noaa.gov (Global: 111^th place; English: 78^th place)

nps.gov (Global: 79^th place; English: 40^th place)

nrdc.org (Global: low place; English: 7,524^th place)

oed.com (Global: 743^rd place; English: 419^th place)

osti.gov (Global: 2,098^th place; English: 1,146^th place)

science.org (Global: 1,007^th place; English: 665^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

tufts.edu (Global: 192^nd place; English: 165^th place)

usgs.gov (Global: 119^th place; English: 145^th place)

vliz.be (Global: low place; English: 9,356^th place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wikiwix.com (Global: 103^rd place; English: 872^nd place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)