Damascus (English Wikipedia)

"Internationale samenwerking". ajmannews.ae (in Arabic). Ajman News. 16 December 2019. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2020.

al-akhbar.com (Global: 5,527^th place; English: 5,869^th place)

english.al-akhbar.com

"Kurds of Damascus: Trapped between Secession and Integration". Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.

al-islam.org (Global: 4,807^th place; English: 4,119^th place)

Linda Kay Davidson and David Martin Gitlitz, Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland, an Encyclopedia (Santa Barbara CA: ABC-CLIO, 2002), 141–42. ISBN 9781576070048 and https://www.al-islam.org/ziyarat/syria.htm#Damascus Archived 11 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine

al-monitor.com (Global: 2,236^th place; English: 1,637^th place)

"Syria's Alawites Under Siege". Al-Monitor: Independent, Trusted Coverage of the Middle East. 4 January 2013. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
"Syrian Sufis Divided As Salafist Influence Grows". 3 October 2013. Archived from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.

aljazeera.com (Global: 165^th place; English: 119^th place)

"Israel bombs 'military targets' in southern Syria, outside Damascus". Al Jazeera. 26 February 2025.

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Aboufadel, Leith (20 May 2018). "Syrian military in full control of Damascus for first time in years". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 20 May 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018.

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"Ankaranın Kardeş Şehirleri". ankara.bel.tr (in Turkish). Ankara. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.

apnews.com (Global: 101^st place; English: 62^nd place)

"A luxury city shows blueprint for Syria's rebuilding plans". AP News. 5 November 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
Albert Aji (29 November 2021). "Syria hosts first international basketball tourney in years". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.

arabisklondon.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Lilian (26 February 2021). "Marota and Basilia Cities… Smart Cities and Investment Opportunities in Damascus". Retrieved 7 June 2024.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Gauthier, Henri (1929). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 6. p. 42.
Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, p.9, in German
Nicolle 2001, p. 80. Nicolle, David (2001). The Crusades. Essential Histories. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-179-4.
Élisée Reclus, Ernst Georg Ravenstein, Augustus Henry Keane (1876). The universal geography: the earth and its inhabitants. J.S. Virtue & Co Ltd. p. 401.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

archnet.org (Global: 4,214^th place; English: 3,276^th place)

"Madrasa al-Nuriyya al-Kubra (Damascus)". Archnet. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
"Archnet, Maktab Anbar Restoration". Archived from the original on 27 December 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2017.

banatulazi.ro (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Care-i cel mai... înfrățit oraș din România? Care-i cu americanii, care-i cu rușii? Și care-i înfrățit cu Timișoara..." banatulazi.ro (in Romanian). Banatul Azi. 6 August 2016. Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

"Israel demands complete demilitarisation of southern Syria". BBC. 24 February 2025.

biblegateway.com (Global: 888^th place; English: 1,110^th place)

Genesis 14:15 (New International Version). Bible Gateway. Archived from the original on 7 August 2010. Retrieved 25 November 2009.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Dumper, Michael R. T.; Stanley, Bruce E. (2007). "Damascus". In Janet L. Abu-Lughod (ed.). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 119–126. ISBN 978-1-5760-7919-5. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
Teixidor, Javier (2015). The Pagan God: Popular Religion in the Greco-Roman Near East. Princeton University Press. p. 27. ISBN 9781400871391. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
Beattie, Andrew; Pepper, Timothy (2001). The Rough Guide to Syria. Rough Guides. p. 290. ISBN 9781858287188. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
Dirven, Lucinda (1999). The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria. BRILL. p. 76. ISBN 978-90-04-11589-7. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
J.F. Healey (2001). The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus. BRILL. p. 126. ISBN 9789004301481. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
Johnston, Ruth A. (31 August 2011). All Things Medieval: An Encyclopedia of the Medieval World. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313364624. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
Warwick Ball (2002). Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire. Routledge. p. 181. ISBN 9781134823871. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
Butcher, Kevin (2004). Coinage in Roman Syria: Northern Syria, 64 BC-AD 253. Royal Numismatic Society. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-901405-58-6. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
Barclay Vincent Head (1887). "VII. Coele-Syria". Historia Numorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics. p. 662. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
Kaegi 2003, pp. 75–77. Kaegi, Walter Emil (2003). Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81459-6.
Safiur-Rahman Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar Archived 12 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine, p. 227
Akbar Shāh Ḵẖān Najībābādī, History of Islam, Volume 1 Archived 5 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, p. 194. Quote: "Again, the Holy Prophet sent Dihyah bin Khalifa Kalbi to the Byzantine king Heraclius, Hatib bin Abi Baltaeh to the king of Egypt and Alexandria; Allabn Al-Hazermi to Munzer bin Sawa the king of Bahrain; Amer bin Aas to the king of Oman. Salit bin Amri to Hozah bin Ali— the king of Yamama; Shiya bin Wahab to Haris bin Ghasanni to the king of Damascus"
Kenneth M. Setton, Robert Lee Wolff, Harry W. Hazard (editors), A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311, p. 695 Archived 2 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine, University of Wisconsin Press, series "History of the Crusades", 2006
Chatty, Dawn (2010). Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East. Cambridge University Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-521-52104-8. Archived from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
Flood, Finbarr Barry (2001). The Great Mosque of Damascus: studies on the makings of an Umayyad visual culture. Vol. 33. BRILL. p. 12. ISBN 978-90-04-11638-2. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2009.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Damascus Administration and society". 3 August 2024.
"Islamic city Archived 26 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine". Encyclopædia Britannica.
"Damascus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 7 November 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
"Damascus | National Capital, Syria". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2018.

britishsyriansociety.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The British Syrian Society". The British Syrian Society. Archived from the original on 23 June 2007. Retrieved 29 May 2009.

buenosaires.gob.ar (Global: 6,022^nd place; English: 9,997^th place)

"Convenios Internacionales". buenosaires.gob.ar (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.

cbssyr.org (Global: 7,763^rd place; English: low place)

"2004 official census". Archived from the original on 24 June 2021.

climates.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Tyson, Patrick J. (2010). "SUNSHINE GUIDE TO THE DAMASCUS AREA, SYRIA" (PDF). climates.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2010.

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

Buckley, Julia (4 September 2019). "World's most livable city revealed". CNN Travel. Archived from the original on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.

cushwake.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Report: Office Space Across the World 2009". Cushman & Wakefield. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2009.

damascus-metro.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"الخط الأخضر " أهلاً بكم في موقع الخط الأخضر". Damascus-metro.com. Archived from the original on 11 September 2008. Retrieved 29 May 2009.

damascus.org.sy (Global: low place; English: low place)

"دمشق عاصمة الثقافة العربية 2008". Damascus.org.sy. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
"مجلس الإدارة و المجلس الاستشاري". Damascus.org.sy. 22 October 2007. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2010.

destinotoledo.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Toledo's sister cities". destinotoledo.com. Destino Toledo. 17 May 2016. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2020.

diariocordoba.com (Global: 8,721^st place; English: low place)

"Las 12 hermanas de Córdoba". diariocordoba.com (in Spanish). Diario Córdoba. 10 February 2020. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Bowker, John (1 January 2003), "Damascus", The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780192800947.013.1793 (inactive 3 July 2025), ISBN 978-0-19-280094-7, archived from the original on 7 April 2022, retrieved 15 January 2021{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
Totah, Faedah M. (2009). "Return to the origin: negotiating the modern and unmodern in the old city of Damascus". City & Society. 21 (1): 58–81. doi:10.1111/j.1548-744X.2009.01015.x.
Frank Moore Cross (February 1972). "The Stele Dedicated to Melcarth by Ben-Hadad of Damascus". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (205): 40. doi:10.2307/1356214. JSTOR 1356214. S2CID 163497507.
M. Kottek; J. Grieser; C. Beck; B. Rudolf; F. Rubel (2006). "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated". Meteorol. Z. 15 (3): 259–263. Bibcode:2006MetZe..15..259K. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130. Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
Schein 1979, p. 810. Schein, Sylvia (October 1979). "Gesta Dei per Mongolos 1300. The Genesis of a Non-Event". The English Historical Review. 94 (373): 805–819. doi:10.1093/ehr/XCIV.CCCLXXIII.805. JSTOR 565554.
Shafir, Nir (2020). "In an Ottoman Holy Land: The Hajj and the Road from Damascus, 1500–1800". History of Religions. 60 (1): 1–36. doi:10.1086/709169. ISSN 0018-2710. When the writer Vâ-Nû (Ahmed Vâlâ Nureddin; 1901–67) traveled by automobile through Damascus in 1930, he claimed that "No nation, not even the Arabs themselves, talks about the holiness of Damascus. Only us Turks, for some reason, seem to have gone off and attached the title 'Holy [şerif]' to its name."
Safran, Yair (4 May 2015). "Haifa al-Jadida: The Surrounding Walls and the City Quarters". Middle Eastern Studies. 51 (3): 452–461. doi:10.1080/00263206.2014.976623. ISSN 0026-3206.
Al-Raeei, Marwan (22 May 2023). "Analysing of the sustainable development goals in Damascus University during Syrian crisis using the strategy in the university and the bibliometrics data from SciVal". Discover Sustainability. 4 (1) 24. Bibcode:2023DiSus...4...24A. doi:10.1007/s43621-023-00140-y. ISSN 2662-9984. PMC 10201509. PMID 37251498.

eiu.com (Global: 5,676^th place; English: 7,057^th place)

"Vienna secures its position as the world's most liveable city for third consecutive year". The Economist. 27 June 2024. Archived from the original on 2 July 2024.

ft.com (Global: 193^rd place; English: 127^th place)

England, Andrew (19 May 2010). "Damascus gives old Jewish quarter new life. Restoration produces hotels and art studios". Financial Times. Retrieved 22 October 2025.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64^th place; English: 28^th place)

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Burns 2005, p. 2 Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9.
Burns 2005, pp. 5–6 Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9.
Burns 2005, p. 7 Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9.
Burns 2005, p. 9 Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9.
Burns 2005, p. 10 Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9.
Burns 2005, pp. 13–14 Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9.
Burns 2005, p. 11 Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9.
Burns 2005, pp. 21–23 Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9.
Burns 2005, pp. 98–99 Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9.
Burns 2005, p. 100 Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9.
Burns 2005, pp. 103–104 Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9.
Burns 2005, p. 105 Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9.
Burns 2005, pp. 106–107 Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9.
Achi, Andrea Myers (13 November 2023). Africa and Byzantium. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-1-58839-771-3.
Burns 2005, p. 110 Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9.
Burns 2005, p. 113 Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9.
Khan, Sharmin; Al-Kodmany, Kheir; Hassan, Mohd Khalid; Fazli, M. Farhan (22 August 2024). The Majesty of Islamic Art and Architecture. Copal Publishing Group. p. 155. ISBN 978-93-83419-72-2.
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Burns 2005, pp. 135–136 Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9.
Burns 2005, pp. 137–138 Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9.
Burns 2005, p. 139 Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9.
Burns 2005, p. 142 Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9.
Burns 2005, p. 147 Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9.
Burns 2005, pp. 148–149 Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9.
Burns 2005, p. 151 Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9.
Moaz, Abd al-Razzaq; Tabbaa, Yasser; Takieddine, Zina; Daiber, Verena; Bakkour, Dina; Hafian, Wa'al; Hasan, Haytham; Mayor, Balázs; Michaudel, Benjamin (2015). The Ayyubid Era. Art and Architecture in Medieval Syria (in Spanish). Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF (Museum Ohne Grenzen). ISBN 978-3-902782-17-5.
ÖZKAN, Ela (1 June 2020). 19. Yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti’nin İdari Taksimatı (1839-1914) (in Turkish). Hiperlink eğit.ilet.yay.san.tic.ve ltd.sti. ISBN 978-605-281-908-1.

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Schein 1979, p. 810. Schein, Sylvia (October 1979). "Gesta Dei per Mongolos 1300. The Genesis of a Non-Event". The English Historical Review. 94 (373): 805–819. doi:10.1093/ehr/XCIV.CCCLXXIII.805. JSTOR 565554.
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Al-Raeei, Marwan (22 May 2023). "Analysing of the sustainable development goals in Damascus University during Syrian crisis using the strategy in the university and the bibliometrics data from SciVal". Discover Sustainability. 4 (1) 24. Bibcode:2023DiSus...4...24A. doi:10.1007/s43621-023-00140-y. ISSN 2662-9984. PMC 10201509. PMID 37251498.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Al-Raeei, Marwan (22 May 2023). "Analysing of the sustainable development goals in Damascus University during Syrian crisis using the strategy in the university and the bibliometrics data from SciVal". Discover Sustainability. 4 (1) 24. Bibcode:2023DiSus...4...24A. doi:10.1007/s43621-023-00140-y. ISSN 2662-9984. PMC 10201509. PMID 37251498.

nla.gov.au (Global: 112^th place; English: 56^th place)

trove.nla.gov.au

Cohen raises doubts about this claim in Cohen, Getzel M; EBSCOhost (2006), The Hellenistic settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa, University of California Press, archived from the original on 27 May 2014, retrieved 26 May 2014 page 137 note 4 – suggesting the received tradition of the renaming rests on a few writers following Mionnets writings in 1811

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nybooks.com (Global: 2,009^th place; English: 1,223^rd place)

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nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

French Shells Kill 600 in Damascus; 500 Civilians, Including Women and Children, Slain in the Second Bombardment— 300 Houses Are Burned; Guns Fire On Ancient City for 15 Hours After Druse Attack French May 6", The New York Times, May 20, 1926, p.1 ("First details to reach London of another bombardment of Damascus by guns and airplanes, involving the loss of 600 lives and the destruction of more than three hundred houses, is reported by The Daily Express Damascus correspondent in a dispatch dated May 9")
Abdulrahim, Raja (7 December 2024). "Syrian rebels said their forces had entered Damascus and taken the Sednaya prison complex north of the city". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 December 2024.

oxfordreference.com (Global: 809^th place; English: 542^nd place)

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peife.gov.sy (Global: low place; English: low place)

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al-islam.org (Global: 4,807^th place; English: 4,119^th place)

al-monitor.com (Global: 2,236^th place; English: 1,637^th place)

aljazeera.com (Global: 165^th place; English: 119^th place)

almasdarnews.com (Global: 3,847^th place; English: 2,996^th place)

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bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

biblegateway.com (Global: 888^th place; English: 1,110^th place)

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britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

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google.com (Global: 109^th place; English: 87^th place)

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haaretz.com (Global: 379^th place; English: 278^th place)

jpost.com (Global: 358^th place; English: 243^rd place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

nasa.gov (Global: 12^th place; English: 73^rd place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

nla.gov.au (Global: 112^th place; English: 56^th place)

noaa.gov (Global: 111^th place; English: 78^th place)

nybooks.com (Global: 2,009^th place; English: 1,223^rd place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

oxfordreference.com (Global: 809^th place; English: 542^nd place)

play.google.com (Global: 1,365^th place; English: 1,034^th place)

reuters.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 30^th place)

rudaw.net (Global: 3,235^th place; English: 2,991^st place)

sana.sy (Global: 4,332^nd place; English: 3,506^th place)

sandiegouniontribune.com (Global: 1,290^th place; English: 633^rd place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

state.gov (Global: 228^th place; English: 204^th place)

tandfonline.com (Global: 286^th place; English: 209^th place)

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 40^th place; English: 27^th place)

theconversation.com (Global: 840^th place; English: 594^th place)

thejc.com (Global: 2,175^th place; English: 1,184^th place)

topostext.org (Global: 2,055^th place; English: 1,122^nd place)

tripod.com (Global: 666^th place; English: 543^rd place)

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)

unesco.org (Global: 104^th place; English: 170^th place)

upload.wikimedia.org (Global: 1,245^th place; English: 1,259^th place)

voanews.com (Global: 665^th place; English: 615^th place)

vu-wien.ac.at (Global: 7,719^th place; English: low place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wmf.org (Global: low place; English: 8,157^th place)

worldatlas.com (Global: 2,266^th place; English: 2,297^th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

worldpopulationreview.com (Global: 2,810^th place; English: 4,138^th place)

wsj.com (Global: 94^th place; English: 66^th place)

yale.edu (Global: 559^th place; English: 389^th place)