Data Encryption Standard (English Wikipedia)

Paar, C.; Schimmler, L. (December 12, 2006). "Getting Started, COPACOBANA — Cost-optimized Parallel Code-Breaker" (PDF). Germany. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 15, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2012.

crack.sh (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Crack.sh | the World's Fastest DES Cracker".
Hulton, David; Foster, Ian (25 July 2017). Think Complex Passwords Will Save You? (PDF). BSidesLv 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2025.
"DES Cracker is currently down for maintenance". crack.sh. ToorCon, Inc.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Diffie, Whitfield; Hellman, Martin E. (June 1977). "Exhaustive Cryptanalysis of the NBS Data Encryption Standard" (PDF). Computer. 10 (6): 74–84. doi:10.1109/C-M.1977.217750. S2CID 2412454. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-26.
Konheim, Alan G. (1 April 2016). "Automated teller machines: their history and authentication protocols". Journal of Cryptographic Engineering. 6 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1007/s13389-015-0104-3. ISSN 2190-8516. S2CID 1706990. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
Schneier. Applied Cryptography (2nd ed.). p. 280. doi:10.1002/9781119183471. ISBN 9780471128458.
P. Kinnucan (October 1978). "Data Encryption Gurus: Tuchman and Meyer". Cryptologia. 2 (4): 371. doi:10.1080/0161-117891853270.
van Oorschot, Paul C.; Wiener, Michael J. (1991), "A Known-Plaintext Attack on Two-Key Triple Encryption", in Damgård, Ivan Bjerre (ed.), Advances in Cryptology – EUROCRYPT '90, vol. 473, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 318–325, doi:10.1007/3-540-46877-3_29, ISBN 978-3-540-53587-4
Biham, E.; Shamir, A (1993). Differential cryptanalysis of the data encryption standard. Shamir, Adi. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 487–496. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9314-6. ISBN 978-0387979304. OCLC 27173465. S2CID 6361693.
Matsui, Mitsuru (1993-05-23). "Linear Cryptanalysis Method for DES Cipher". Advances in Cryptology — EUROCRYPT '93. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 765. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 386–397. doi:10.1007/3-540-48285-7_33. ISBN 978-3540482857.
Biryukov, Alex; Cannière, Christophe De; Quisquater, Michaël (2004-08-15). "On Multiple Linear Approximations". Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO 2004. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 3152. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 1–22. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-28628-8_1. ISBN 9783540226680.
Knudsen, Lars R.; Mathiassen, John Erik (2000-04-10). "A Chosen-Plaintext Linear Attack on DES". Fast Software Encryption. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 1978. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 262–272. doi:10.1007/3-540-44706-7_18. ISBN 978-3540447061.
Junod, Pascal (2001-08-16). "On the Complexity of Matsui's Attack". Selected Areas in Cryptography. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2259. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 199–211. doi:10.1007/3-540-45537-X_16. ISBN 978-3540455370.
Biham, Eli; Biryukov, Alex (1997-06-01). "An improvement of Davies' attack on DES". Journal of Cryptology. 10 (3): 195–205. doi:10.1007/s001459900027. ISSN 0933-2790. S2CID 4070446.
Langford, Susan K.; Hellman, Martin E. (1994-08-21). "Differential-Linear Cryptanalysis". Advances in Cryptology — CRYPTO '94. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 839. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 17–25. doi:10.1007/3-540-48658-5_3. ISBN 978-3540486589.
Biham, Eli; Dunkelman, Orr; Keller, Nathan (2002-12-01). "Enhancing Differential-Linear Cryptanalysis". Advances in Cryptology — ASIACRYPT 2002. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2501. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 254–266. doi:10.1007/3-540-36178-2_16. ISBN 978-3540361787.
Schaefer, Edward F. (January 1996). "A Simplified Data Encryption Standard Algorithm". Cryptologia. 20 (1): 77–84. doi:10.1080/0161-119691884799.

emc.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

RSA Laboratories. "PKCS #7 - Cryptographic Message Syntax Standard - 3.2.2 DES - Has DES been broken?". www.emc.com. Archived from the original on 2016-05-17. Retrieved 2009-11-08.

gpo.gov (Global: 1,819^th place; English: 1,036^th place)

edocket.access.gpo.gov

"FR Doc 04-16894". Edocket.access.gpo.gov. Retrieved 2009-06-02.

gwu.edu (Global: 1,486^th place; English: 945^th place)

nsarchive.gwu.edu

Thomas R. Johnson (2009-12-18). "American Cryptology during the Cold War, 1945-1989.Book III: Retrenchment and Reform, 1972-1980, page 232" (PDF). National Security Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-25. Retrieved 2015-07-16 – via National Security Archive FOIA request. This version is differently redacted than the version on the NSA website.
Thomas R. Johnson (2009-12-18). "American Cryptology during the Cold War, 1945-1989.Book III: Retrenchment and Reform, 1972-1980, page 232" (PDF). National Security Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-25. Retrieved 2015-07-16 – via National Security Archive FOIA request. This version is differently redacted than the version on the NSA website.

iso.org (Global: 1,190^th place; English: 1,097^th place)

"ISO/IEC 18033-3:2010 Information technology—Security techniques—Encryption algorithms—Part 3: Block ciphers". Iso.org. 2010-12-14. Retrieved 2011-10-21.

nist.gov (Global: 708^th place; English: 742^nd place)

csrc.nist.gov

National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST Special Publication 800-67 Recommendation for the Triple Data Encryption Algorithm (TDEA) Block Cipher, Version 1.1
"FIPS 81 - Des Modes of Operation". csrc.nist.gov. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
"Announcing Development of FIPS for Advanced Encryption Standard | CSRC". 10 January 2017.
Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 197 | Announcing the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) (PDF) (Report). 26 November 2001. fips-197.

nist.gov

"The Economic Impacts of NIST's Data Encryption Standard (DES) Program" (PDF). National Institute of Standards and Technology. United States Department of Commerce. October 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2019.

nvl.nist.gov

William E. Burr, "Data Encryption Standard", in NIST's anthology "A Century of Excellence in Measurements, Standards, and Technology: A Chronicle of Selected NBS/NIST Publications, 1901–2000. HTML Archived 2009-06-19 at the Wayback Machine PDF Archived 2006-08-23 at the Wayback Machine

itl.nist.gov

"FIPS 74 - Guidelines for Implementing and Using the NBS Data". Itl.nist.gov. Archived from the original on 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2009-06-02.

nku.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Double DES" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-04-09.

nsa.gov (Global: 7,332^nd place; English: 4,773^rd place)

Thomas R. Johnson (2009-12-18). "American Cryptology during the Cold War, 1945-1989.Book III: Retrenchment and Reform, 1972-1980, page 232" (PDF). National Security Agency, DOCID 3417193 (file released on 2009-12-18, hosted at nsa.gov). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-18. Retrieved 2014-07-10.

sandwich.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

hamburgsteak.sandwich.net

Turover, D. "Bruting DES". hamburgsteak.sandwich.net. self-published.

schneier.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Legacy of DES - Schneier on Security". www.schneier.com. October 6, 2004.

scholar.google.com (Global: 1,418^th place; English: 768^th place)

Davies, D. W. (1987). "Investigation of a potential weakness in the DES algorithm, Private communications". Private Communications.

sciengines.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Break DES in less than a single day". www.sciengines.com. SciEngines, GmbH. Archived from the original on 2017-08-28.

scu.edu (Global: low place; English: 5,714^th place)

"Cryptography Research: Devising a Better Way to Teach and Learn the Advanced Encryption Standard". www.scu.edu. Santa Clara University. 2011. Archived from the original on 29 August 2011.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Diffie, Whitfield; Hellman, Martin E. (June 1977). "Exhaustive Cryptanalysis of the NBS Data Encryption Standard" (PDF). Computer. 10 (6): 74–84. doi:10.1109/C-M.1977.217750. S2CID 2412454. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-26.
Konheim, Alan G. (1 April 2016). "Automated teller machines: their history and authentication protocols". Journal of Cryptographic Engineering. 6 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1007/s13389-015-0104-3. ISSN 2190-8516. S2CID 1706990. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
Biham, E.; Shamir, A (1993). Differential cryptanalysis of the data encryption standard. Shamir, Adi. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 487–496. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9314-6. ISBN 978-0387979304. OCLC 27173465. S2CID 6361693.
Biham, Eli; Biryukov, Alex (1997-06-01). "An improvement of Davies' attack on DES". Journal of Cryptology. 10 (3): 195–205. doi:10.1007/s001459900027. ISSN 0933-2790. S2CID 4070446.

slideheaven.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Konheim, Alan G. (1 April 2016). "Automated teller machines: their history and authentication protocols". Journal of Cryptographic Engineering. 6 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1007/s13389-015-0104-3. ISSN 2190-8516. S2CID 1706990. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2019.

vividorigins.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Data Encryption Standard | DES 64-bit Permutations". 2025-03-24. Retrieved 2025-03-25.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Diffie, Whitfield; Hellman, Martin E. (June 1977). "Exhaustive Cryptanalysis of the NBS Data Encryption Standard" (PDF). Computer. 10 (6): 74–84. doi:10.1109/C-M.1977.217750. S2CID 2412454. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-26.
"The Economic Impacts of NIST's Data Encryption Standard (DES) Program" (PDF). National Institute of Standards and Technology. United States Department of Commerce. October 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
Konheim, Alan G. (1 April 2016). "Automated teller machines: their history and authentication protocols". Journal of Cryptographic Engineering. 6 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1007/s13389-015-0104-3. ISSN 2190-8516. S2CID 1706990. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
RSA Laboratories. "PKCS #7 - Cryptographic Message Syntax Standard - 3.2.2 DES - Has DES been broken?". www.emc.com. Archived from the original on 2016-05-17. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
Thomas R. Johnson (2009-12-18). "American Cryptology during the Cold War, 1945-1989.Book III: Retrenchment and Reform, 1972-1980, page 232" (PDF). National Security Agency, DOCID 3417193 (file released on 2009-12-18, hosted at nsa.gov). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-18. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
Thomas R. Johnson (2009-12-18). "American Cryptology during the Cold War, 1945-1989.Book III: Retrenchment and Reform, 1972-1980, page 232" (PDF). National Security Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-25. Retrieved 2015-07-16 – via National Security Archive FOIA request. This version is differently redacted than the version on the NSA website.
Thomas R. Johnson (2009-12-18). "American Cryptology during the Cold War, 1945-1989.Book III: Retrenchment and Reform, 1972-1980, page 232" (PDF). National Security Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-25. Retrieved 2015-07-16 – via National Security Archive FOIA request. This version is differently redacted than the version on the NSA website.
William E. Burr, "Data Encryption Standard", in NIST's anthology "A Century of Excellence in Measurements, Standards, and Technology: A Chronicle of Selected NBS/NIST Publications, 1901–2000. HTML Archived 2009-06-19 at the Wayback Machine PDF Archived 2006-08-23 at the Wayback Machine
"FIPS 74 - Guidelines for Implementing and Using the NBS Data". Itl.nist.gov. Archived from the original on 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
Paar, C.; Schimmler, L. (December 12, 2006). "Getting Started, COPACOBANA — Cost-optimized Parallel Code-Breaker" (PDF). Germany. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 15, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2012.
"Break DES in less than a single day". www.sciengines.com. SciEngines, GmbH. Archived from the original on 2017-08-28.
"Double DES" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-04-09.
"Cryptography Research: Devising a Better Way to Teach and Learn the Advanced Encryption Standard". www.scu.edu. Santa Clara University. 2011. Archived from the original on 29 August 2011.

webster.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

mercury.webster.edu

Stallings, William (2011). Cryptography and network security: principles and practice (PDF) (5th ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall. pp. G1-9. ISBN 0136097049.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Konheim, Alan G. (1 April 2016). "Automated teller machines: their history and authentication protocols". Journal of Cryptographic Engineering. 6 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1007/s13389-015-0104-3. ISSN 2190-8516. S2CID 1706990. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
Biham, E.; Shamir, A (1993). Differential cryptanalysis of the data encryption standard. Shamir, Adi. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 487–496. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9314-6. ISBN 978-0387979304. OCLC 27173465. S2CID 6361693.
Biham, Eli; Biryukov, Alex (1997-06-01). "An improvement of Davies' attack on DES". Journal of Cryptology. 10 (3): 195–205. doi:10.1007/s001459900027. ISSN 0933-2790. S2CID 4070446.

Data Encryption Standard (English Wikipedia)

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