Defamation (English Wikipedia)

Brown, Mayer (2013). "A4ID Defamation Guide" (PDF). Advocates for International Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2013.

aacs.pt (Global: low place; English: low place)

(in Portuguese) Portuguese Penal Code Archived 17 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine (articles 180 to 189)

admin.ch (Global: 135^th place; English: 266^th place)

(in French) Swiss Penal Code – Calumny (Article 174)
(Swiss criminal code in English )
(in French) Swiss Penal Code – Defamation (Article 173)
(in French) Swiss Penal Code – Defamation and calumny against a deceased or absent person (Article 175)

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sso.agc.gov.sg

"Protection from Harassment Act 2014 - Singapore Statutes Online". sso.agc.gov.sg.^{[permanent dead link]}
"Defamation Act 1957". Singapore Statutes Online. Retrieved 25 May 2022.

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"مجلس القضاء : القاضي صباح علوان تعرضت لحملة تشهير ظالمة". Al Montasaf (in Arabic). Retrieved 22 January 2025.

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"Dei delitti contro la persona. Libro II, Titolo XII". AltaLex (in Italian). 22 June 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
(in Italian) Italian Penal Code Archived 17 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Article 31.

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"Judge dismisses verdict in Dow Jones libel suit". Amarillo: Amarillo.com. 6 August 1999. Retrieved 15 May 2013.

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Bossary, Andrew (3 June 2014). "Defamation Per Se: Be Prepared to Plead (and Prove!) Actual Damages". American Bar Association. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.

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"Bundeskriminalamt (Federal Police) Yearly Statistics 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 April 2008. Retrieved 7 September 2010.

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John William Salmond (1907). The Law of Torts: A Treatise on the English Law of Liability for Civil Injuries. Stevens and Haynes. p. 385. Retrieved 15 March 2013. english law individual corporation defamation.
Folkard, Henry Coleman (1908). The Law of Slander and Libel. London: Butterworth & Co. p. 480. public benefit.

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"Briefing Note on International and Comparative Defamation Standards" (PDF). Article 19 Global Campaign for Free Expression. February 2004. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
"Map showing countries with criminal defamation laws". Article19.org. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
^{[dead link]}ARTICLE 19 statements Archived 18 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine on criminalized defamation

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Lange v Australian Broadcasting Company [1997] HCA 25, (1997) 189 CLR 520, High Court (Australia).
Duffy v Google Inc [2015] SASC 170 at 158 (27 October 2015), Supreme Court (SA, Australia)
Dow Jones and Company Inc v Gutnick [2002] HCA 56, (2002) 210 CLR 575, High Court (Australia).
Hockey v Fairfax Media Publications Pty Limited [2015] FCA 652, Federal Court (Australia).

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"Bundeskriminalamt (Federal Police) Yearly Statistics 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 April 2008. Retrieved 7 September 2010.

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Gates, Jay Paul; Marafioti, Nicole (2014). Capital and Corporal Punishment in Anglo-Saxon England. Boydell & Brewer. p. 150. ISBN 9781843839187.
"Copyright, Defamation and Privacy in Soviet Civil Law" (Levitsky, Serge L.) (Law in Eastern Europe, No. 22 (I) – Issued by the Documentation Office for East European Law, from the University of Leyden, page 114)

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Defamation | Definition, Slander vs. Libel, & Facts". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 27 July 2022.

ca.gov (Global: 352^nd place; English: 167^th place)

leginfo.legislature.ca.gov

Cal. Code of Civil Procedure § 425.16

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

Coe, Peter (March 2021). "An analysis of three distinct approaches to using defamation to protect corporate reputation from Australia, England and Wales, and Canada". Legal Studies. 41 (1): 111–129. doi:10.1017/lst.2020.38. ISSN 0261-3875.

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Mann, Arshy (29 September 2014). "The trouble with criminal speech". Canadian Lawyer. Archived from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2017.

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Grant v. Torstar Corp., 2009 SCC 61, [2009] 3 SCR 640 (22 December 2009), Supreme Court (Canada)
Astley v. Verdun, 2011 ONSC 3651 (14 June 2011), Superior Court of Justice (Ontario, Canada)
Farallon Mining Ltd. v. Arnold, 2011 BCSC 1532 (10 November 2011), Supreme Court (British Columbia, Canada)
Société Radio-Canada c. Radio Sept-îles inc., 1994 CanLII 5883, [1994] RJQ 1811 (1 August 1994), Court of Appeal (Quebec, Canada) (in French)
Crookes v. Newton, 2011 SCC 47, [2011] 3 SCR 269 (19 October 2011), Supreme Court (Canada)

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"Czech Criminal Code – Law No. 40/2009 Coll., Article 184". Business.center.cz. Retrieved 7 September 2010.

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Kurtz, Annalyn (13 November 2017). "I am a freelance journalist. Do I need to buy liability insurance?". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved 18 November 2024.

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coe.int

"European Council – Aperçu des legislations nationales en matière de diffamation et d'injure – English version – Section Albania". Coe.int. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English version) – Section Austria". Coe.int. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English version) – Section Azerbaijan". Council of Europe. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
"European Council – Laws on Defamation – Section Belgium (French)". Council of Europe. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English version) – Section Bulgary". Council of Europe. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English) – Section Croatia". Council of Europe. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English) – Section Denmark". Council of Europe. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English) – Section Finland". Council of Europe. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English) – Section Greece". Council of Europe. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
"European Council – Defamation Laws (English) – Section Norway". Council of Europe. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
"European Council – Defamation Laws (English) – Section Poland". Council of Europe. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English) – Section Spain". Council of Europe. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English) – Section Sweden". Council of Europe. Retrieved 7 September 2010.

merlin.obs.coe.int

Dohel, Ilia. "IRIS 2006–10:2/1: Ilia Dohel, Office of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media. Representative on Freedom of the Media: Report on Achievements in the Decriminalization of Defamation". Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2010.

assembly.coe.int

"PACE Resolution 1577 (2007): Towards decriminalisation of defamation". Assembly of the Council of Europe. 4 October 2007. Archived from the original on 10 July 2010. Retrieved 7 September 2010.

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law.cornell.edu

"Defamation". Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 27 July 2022.

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Lathan v. Journal Co., 30 Wis.2d 146, 158, 140 N.W.2d 417, 423 (1966).

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"Criminal Defamation Laws in North America". Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved 31 October 2017.

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"Dancing With Lawyers". Dancing With Lawyers. Retrieved 7 September 2010.

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"Opinion and Fair Comment Privileges". Digital Media Law Project. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
"Defamation". Digital Media Law Project. Retrieved 31 October 2017.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Lassiter, John C. (1978). "Defamation of Peers: The Rise and Decline of the Action for Scandalum Magnatum, 1497-1773". The American Journal of Legal History. 22 (3): 216–236. doi:10.2307/845182. JSTOR 845182.
Franklin, Mark A. (1963). "The Origins and Constitutionality of Limitations on Truth as a Defense in Tort Law". Stanford Law Review. 16 (4): 789–848. doi:10.2307/1227028. JSTOR 1227028. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
Coe, Peter (March 2021). "An analysis of three distinct approaches to using defamation to protect corporate reputation from Australia, England and Wales, and Canada". Legal Studies. 41 (1): 111–129. doi:10.1017/lst.2020.38. ISSN 0261-3875.
Kallgren, Edward (1953). "Group Libel". California Law Review. 41 (2): 290–299. doi:10.2307/3478081. JSTOR 3478081.
Dominique Mondoloni (June 2014). "Legal Divisions". Index on Censorship. 43 (2): 84–87. doi:10.1177/0306422014537174. S2CID 147433423. Retrieved 25 May 2022.

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"Portuguese Penal Code (official version)" (PDF) (in Portuguese). (641 KB) (full text)

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Green, Dana. "The SPEECH Act Provides Protection Against Foreign Libel Judgments". Litigation News. American Bar Association. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.

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Dutch Civil Law. "Book 6 Dutch Civil Code The law of obligations". dutchcivillaw.com. Retrieved 24 June 2025.

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Benenson, R (1981). "Trial of john peter zenger for libel". The CQ Researcher. Retrieved 8 November 2010.

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"How powerful people use criminal-defamation laws to silence their critics". The Economist. 13 July 2017.

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Australian Law Reform Commission (1979). "Electronic Frontiers Australia: civil liberties online". Efa.org.au. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2010.

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"Chapter 2: Bill of Rights". Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, as amended. Government Printer. 1996 – via Wikisource.
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"Civil Code of the People's Republic of China". National People's Congress – via Wikisource.
Delany, Joseph Francis (1908). "Detraction" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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(in French) Belgian Penal Code – Crimes against honour (see Articles 443 to 453-bis)

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"International Standards | Defamation Laws". Retrieved 21 February 2026.

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Swedish Penal Code (English version) ^{[permanent dead link]} (see Chapter 5)

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Ström, E. "Om att utsättas för kränkningar på jobbet" Archived 30 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine (in Swedish) Department of Work Science, University of Gothenburg

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"Saudi Arabia passes anti-terror law, banning defamation". Gulf News. 17 December 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2018.

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정준호 (10 September 2015). 욕설 넘치는 온라인게임 '롤' ... 모욕죄 고소 난무 [An online game full of swear words, 'Roll' ... accusation of insult]. Hankook Ilbo (in Korean). Archived from the original on 31 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.

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Defamation (English Wikipedia)

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gouv.qc.ca (Global: 689^th place; English: 1,056^th place)

gu.se (Global: 3,404^th place; English: 3,937^th place)

gulfnews.com (Global: 972^nd place; English: 600^th place)

hankookilbo.com (Global: 3,238^th place; English: 3,335^th place)

heinonline.org (Global: 3,098^th place; English: 1,655^th place)

hindu.com (Global: 511^th place; English: 294^th place)

hri.org (Global: 9,480^th place; English: 9,184^th place)

idaho.gov (Global: 4,896^th place; English: 2,441^st place)

indiacode.nic.in (Global: 5,135^th place; English: 2,736^th place)

indiana.edu (Global: 2,374^th place; English: 1,453^rd place)

jewishencyclopedia.com (Global: 1,262^nd place; English: 931^st place)

joins.com (Global: 375^th place; English: 351^st place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

judicial.gov.tw (Global: 7,448^th place; English: low place)

juridicas.com (Global: 7,106^th place; English: low place)

justice.gc.ca (Global: 3,261^st place; English: 2,011^th place)

kantei.go.jp (Global: 2,376^th place; English: 4,879^th place)

koreatimes.co.kr (Global: 582^nd place; English: 434^th place)

legislation.gov.uk (Global: 728^th place; English: 375^th place)

legislation.govt.nz (Global: 6,289^th place; English: 3,674^th place)

lexology.com (Global: low place; English: 6,907^th place)

manilastandardtoday.com (Global: low place; English: 7,375^th place)

manilatimes.net (Global: 2,721^st place; English: 1,325^th place)

middleeasteye.net (Global: 1,803^rd place; English: 1,214^th place)

moj.gov.tw (Global: 4,739^th place; English: low place)

npr.org (Global: 114^th place; English: 75^th place)

nps.gov (Global: 79^th place; English: 40^th place)

nsw.gov.au (Global: 233^rd place; English: 113^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

officialgazette.gov.ph (Global: 2,662^nd place; English: 1,285^th place)

ohchr.org (Global: 1,204^th place; English: 1,164^th place)

ola.org (Global: low place; English: 9,075^th place)

ontario.ca (Global: 5,470^th place; English: 2,867^th place)

osce.org (Global: 2,863^rd place; English: 2,793^rd place)

parliament.qld.gov.au (Global: 6,876^th place; English: 3,290^th place)

parliament.uk (Global: 313^th place; English: 181^st place)

planalto.gov.br (Global: 2,185^th place; English: 5,078^th place)

president.gov.tw (Global: 4,401^st place; English: low place)

psu.edu (Global: 299^th place; English: 159^th place)

questia.com (Global: 1,682^nd place; English: 967^th place)

reference.com (Global: 1,491^st place; English: 1,468^th place)

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

romanialibera.ro (Global: 6,392^nd place; English: 9,461^st place)

sagepub.com (Global: 609^th place; English: 451^st place)