Democratic backsliding (English Wikipedia)

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Haggard, Stephan; Kaufman, Robert (2021). Backsliding: Democratic Regress in the Contemporary World. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108957809. ISBN 9781108957809. S2CID 242013001. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Marquardt, Kyle L.; Seim, Brigitte; Coppedge, Michael; Edgell, Amanda B.; Medzihorsky, Juraj; Pemstein, Daniel; Teorell, Jan; Gerring, John; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2024). "Conceptual and Measurement Issues in Assessing Democratic Backsliding". PS: Political Science & Politics. 57 (2): 162–177. doi:10.1017/S104909652300077X. ISSN 1049-0965.

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Carothers, Thomas, and Benjamin Press. "Understanding and Responding to Global Democratic Backsliding." Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 20 October 2022. https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2022/10/understanding-and-responding-to-global-democratic-backsliding?lang=en.

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Hyde, Susan D. (2020). "Democracy's backsliding in the international environment". Science. 369 (6508): 1192–1196. Bibcode:2020Sci...369.1192H. doi:10.1126/science.abb2434. PMID 32883862. S2CID 221472047.
Skaaning, Svend-Erik (2020). "Waves of autocratization and democratization: a critical note on conceptualization and measurement" (PDF). Democratization. 27 (8): 1533–1542. doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1799194. S2CID 225378571. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
Lührmann, Anna; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2019). "A third wave of autocratization is here: what is new about it?". Democratization. 26 (7): 1095–1113. doi:10.1080/13510347.2019.1582029. S2CID 150992660. The decline of democratic regime attributes – autocratization
Walder, D.; Lust, E. (2018). "Unwelcome Change: Coming to Terms with Democratic Backsliding". Annual Review of Political Science. 21 (1): 93–113. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-114628. Backsliding entails deterioration of qualities associated with democratic governance, within any regime. In democratic regimes, it is a decline in the quality of democracy; in autocracies, it is a decline in democratic qualities of governance.
Rocha Menocal, Alina; Fritz, Verena; Rakner, Lise (June 2008). "Hybrid regimes and the challenges of deepening and sustaining democracy in developing countries1". South African Journal of International Affairs. 15 (1): 29–40. doi:10.1080/10220460802217934. ISSN 1022-0461. S2CID 55589140. Archived from the original on 21 January 2020.
Bermeo, Nancy (January 2016). "On Democratic Backsliding" (PDF). Journal of Democracy. 27 (1): 5–19. doi:10.1353/jod.2016.0012. ISSN 1086-3214. S2CID 155798358. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
Maerz, Seraphine F.; Lührmann, Anna; Hellmeier, Sebastian; Grahn, Sandra; Lindberg, Staffan I. (18 May 2020). "State of the world 2019: autocratization surges – resistance grows". Democratization. 27 (6): 909–927. doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1758670. ISSN 1351-0347.
Boese, Vanessa A.; Lundstedt, Martin; Morrison, Kelly; Sato, Yuko; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2022). "State of the world 2021: autocratization changing its nature?". Democratization. 29 (6): 983–1013. doi:10.1080/13510347.2022.2069751. ISSN 1351-0347. S2CID 249031421.
Nord, Marina; Angiolillo, Fabio; Lundstedt, Martin; Wiebrecht, Felix; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2025). "When autocratization is reversed: episodes of U-Turns since 1900". Democratization. 32 (5): 1136–1159. doi:10.1080/13510347.2024.2448742. ISSN 1351-0347.
Waldner, David; Lust, Ellen (11 May 2018). "Unwelcome Change: Coming to Terms with Democratic Backsliding". Annual Review of Political Science. 21 (1): 93–113. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-114628. ISSN 1094-2939.
Diamond, Larry (15 September 2020). "Democratic regression in comparative perspective: scope, methods, and causes". Democratization. 28: 22–42. doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1807517. ISSN 1351-0347.
Wolkenstein, Fabio (11 May 2022). "What is democratic backsliding?". Constellations. 30 (3): 261–275. doi:10.1111/1467-8675.12627. ISSN 1351-0487.
Issacharoff, Samuel (2018). "III Factors, 25 Populism versus Democratic Governance". In Graber, Mark A.; Levinson, Sanford; Tushnet, Mark (eds.). Constitutional Democracy in Crisis?. doi:10.1093/law/9780190888985.001.0001. ISBN 9780190888985. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
Medzihorsky, Juraj; Lindberg, Staffan I (2023). "Walking the Talk: How to Identify Anti-Pluralist Parties" (PDF). Party Politics. 30 (3): 420–434. doi:10.1177/13540688231153092. hdl:2077/68137. PMC 11069453. PMID 38711799. S2CID 265727508.
Licia Cianetti; James Dawson; Seán Hanley (2018). "Rethinking "democratic backsliding" in Central and Eastern Europe – looking beyond Hungary and Poland". East European Politics. 34 (3): 243–256. doi:10.1080/21599165.2018.1491401. Over the past decade, a scholarly consensus has emerged that that democracy in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) is deteriorating, a trend often subsumed under the label 'backsliding'. ... the new dynamics of backsliding are best illustrated by the one-time democratic front-runners Hungary and Poland.
Braley, Alia; Lenz, Gabriel S.; Adjodah, Dhaval; Rahnama, Hossein; Pentland, Alex (2023). "Why voters who value democracy participate in democratic backsliding". Nature Human Behaviour. 7 (8): 1282–1293. doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01594-w. PMID 37217740. S2CID 258842427.
Art, David (2022). "The Myth of Global Populism". Perspectives on Politics. 20 (3): 999–1011. doi:10.1017/S1537592720003552. S2CID 228858887.
Moffitt, Benjamin (2018). "The Populism/Anti-Populism Divide in Western Europe". Democratic Theory. 5 (2): 1–16. doi:10.3167/dt.2018.050202. ISSN 2332-8894. S2CID 158084905.
Greskovitz, Béla (2015). "The Hollowing and Backsliding of Democracy in East-Central Europe". Global Policy. 6 (1): 28–37. doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12225.
Buben, Radek; Kouba, Karel (April 2024). "Democracy and Institutional Change in Times of Crises in Latin America". Journal of Politics in Latin America. 16 (1): 90–109. doi:10.1177/1866802X241226986. ISSN 1866-802X.
Rhodes-Purdy, Matthew; Madrid, Raúl L. (27 November 2019). "The perils of personalism". Democratization. 27 (2): 321–339. doi:10.1080/13510347.2019.1696310. ISSN 1351-0347. S2CID 212974380.
Lewkowicz, Jacek; Woźniak, Michał; Wrzesiński, Michał (January 2022). "COVID-19 and erosion of democracy". Economic Modelling. 106 105682. doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2021.105682. PMC 8571542. PMID 34776576.
Keilitz, Ingo (10 August 2020). "Illiberalism Enabled by the Coronavirus Pandemic: An Existential Threat to Judicial Independence". International Journal for Court Administration. 11 (2): 2. doi:10.36745/ijca.339. S2CID 225514092.
Gunitsky, Seva (2021), Bartel, Fritz; Monteiro, Nuno P. (eds.), "Great Powers and the Spread of Autocracy Since the Cold War", Before and After the Fall: World Politics and the End of the Cold War, Cambridge University Press, pp. 225–243, doi:10.1017/9781108910194.014, ISBN 978-1-108-90677-7, S2CID 244851964, archived from the original on 11 January 2022, retrieved 17 December 2021
Welzel, Christian (2021). "Why The Future Is Democratic". Journal of Democracy. 32 (2): 132–144. doi:10.1353/jod.2021.0024. ISSN 1086-3214. S2CID 234920048. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
Malka, Ariel; Lelkes, Yphtach; Bakker, Bert N.; Spivack, Eliyahu (2020). "Who Is Open to Authoritarian Governance within Western Democracies?". Perspectives on Politics. 20 (3): 808–827. doi:10.1017/S1537592720002091. ISSN 1537-5927. S2CID 225207244. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
Haggard, Stephan; Kaufman, Robert (2021). Backsliding: Democratic Regress in the Contemporary World. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108957809. ISBN 9781108957809. S2CID 242013001. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
Orhan, Yunus Emre (2022). "The relationship between affective polarization and democratic backsliding: comparative evidence". Democratization. 29 (4): 714–735. doi:10.1080/13510347.2021.2008912. ISSN 1351-0347. S2CID 248304434.
Douglas M. Gibler; Kirk A. Randazzo (2011). "Testing the Effects of Independent Judiciaries on the Likelihood of Democratic Backsliding". American Journal of Political Science. 55 (3): 696–709. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00504.x. JSTOR 23024945.
Mechkova, Valeriya; Lührmann, Anna; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2017). "How Much Democratic Backsliding?". Journal of Democracy. 28 (4): 162–169. doi:10.1353/jod.2017.0075. ISSN 1086-3214. S2CID 158736288.
Seán Hanley & Milada Anna Vachudova (2018). "Understanding the illiberal turn: democratic backsliding in the Czech Republic". East European Politics. 34 (3): 276–296. doi:10.1080/21599165.2018.1493457.
Cemal Burak Tansel (2018). "Authoritarian Neoliberalism and Democratic Backsliding in Turkey: Beyond the Narratives of Progress". South European Society and Politics. 23 (2): 197–217. doi:10.1080/13608746.2018.1479945.
Kadir Akyuz & Steve Hess (2018). "Turkey Looks East: International Leverage and Democratic Backsliding in a Hybrid Regime". Mediterranean Quarterly. 29 (2): 1–26. doi:10.1215/10474552-6898075. S2CID 158084228.
Laura Gamboa (2017). "Opposition at the Margins: Strategies against the Erosion of Democracy in Colombia and Venezuela". Comparative Politics. 49 (4): 457–477. doi:10.5129/001041517821273044. S2CID 157426820.
Myftari, J. (2024). "Fading freedoms: democratic decline in Albania". Democratization. 32 (2): 495–512. doi:10.1080/13510347.2024.2377340.
Maerz, Seraphine F.; Lührmann, Anna; Hellmeier, Sebastian; Grahn, Sandra; Lindberg, Staffan I. (17 August 2020). "State of the world 2019: autocratization surges – resistance grows". Democratization. 27 (6): 909–927. doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1758670.
Ding, Iza; Slater, Dan (2 January 2021). "Democratic decoupling". Democratization. 28 (1): 63–80. doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1842361. ISSN 1351-0347. S2CID 231643689.
Welzel, Christian Peter (2017). "A Tale of Culture-Bound Regime Evolution". Democratization. doi:10.1080/13510347.2018.1542430. ISSN 1351-0347. S2CID 148625260.
Esena, Berk; Gumuscu, Sebnem (2016). "Rising competitive authoritarianism in Turkey". Third World Quarterly. 37 (9): 1581–1606. doi:10.1080/01436597.2015.1135732. hdl:11693/36632. S2CID 155983134.; Ramazan Kılınç, Turkey: from conservative democracy to popular authoritarianism Archived 2016-07-22 at the Wayback Machine, openDemocracy (December 5, 2015).
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Walder, D.; Lust, E. (2018). "Unwelcome Change: Coming to Terms with Democratic Backsliding". Annual Review of Political Science. 21 (1): 93–113. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-114628. Backsliding entails a deterioration of qualities associated with democratic governance, within any regime. In democratic regimes, it is a decline in the quality of democracy; in autocracies, it is a decline in democratic qualities of governance.

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Bermeo, Nancy. "On Democratic Backsliding." Journal of Democracy 27, no. 1 (2016): 5-19. https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jod.2016.0012.

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Hyde, Susan D. (2020). "Democracy's backsliding in the international environment". Science. 369 (6508): 1192–1196. Bibcode:2020Sci...369.1192H. doi:10.1126/science.abb2434. PMID 32883862. S2CID 221472047.
Medzihorsky, Juraj; Lindberg, Staffan I (2023). "Walking the Talk: How to Identify Anti-Pluralist Parties" (PDF). Party Politics. 30 (3): 420–434. doi:10.1177/13540688231153092. hdl:2077/68137. PMC 11069453. PMID 38711799. S2CID 265727508.
Braley, Alia; Lenz, Gabriel S.; Adjodah, Dhaval; Rahnama, Hossein; Pentland, Alex (2023). "Why voters who value democracy participate in democratic backsliding". Nature Human Behaviour. 7 (8): 1282–1293. doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01594-w. PMID 37217740. S2CID 258842427.
Lewkowicz, Jacek; Woźniak, Michał; Wrzesiński, Michał (January 2022). "COVID-19 and erosion of democracy". Economic Modelling. 106 105682. doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2021.105682. PMC 8571542. PMID 34776576.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Medzihorsky, Juraj; Lindberg, Staffan I (2023). "Walking the Talk: How to Identify Anti-Pluralist Parties" (PDF). Party Politics. 30 (3): 420–434. doi:10.1177/13540688231153092. hdl:2077/68137. PMC 11069453. PMID 38711799. S2CID 265727508.
Lewkowicz, Jacek; Woźniak, Michał; Wrzesiński, Michał (January 2022). "COVID-19 and erosion of democracy". Economic Modelling. 106 105682. doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2021.105682. PMC 8571542. PMID 34776576.

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Bermeo, Nancy (January 2016). "On Democratic Backsliding" (PDF). Journal of Democracy. 27 (1): 5–19. doi:10.1353/jod.2016.0012. ISSN 1086-3214. S2CID 155798358. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
Maerz, Seraphine F.; Lührmann, Anna; Hellmeier, Sebastian; Grahn, Sandra; Lindberg, Staffan I. (18 May 2020). "State of the world 2019: autocratization surges – resistance grows". Democratization. 27 (6): 909–927. doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1758670. ISSN 1351-0347.
Boese, Vanessa A.; Lundstedt, Martin; Morrison, Kelly; Sato, Yuko; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2022). "State of the world 2021: autocratization changing its nature?". Democratization. 29 (6): 983–1013. doi:10.1080/13510347.2022.2069751. ISSN 1351-0347. S2CID 249031421.
Nord, Marina; Angiolillo, Fabio; Lundstedt, Martin; Wiebrecht, Felix; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2025). "When autocratization is reversed: episodes of U-Turns since 1900". Democratization. 32 (5): 1136–1159. doi:10.1080/13510347.2024.2448742. ISSN 1351-0347.
Waldner, David; Lust, Ellen (11 May 2018). "Unwelcome Change: Coming to Terms with Democratic Backsliding". Annual Review of Political Science. 21 (1): 93–113. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-114628. ISSN 1094-2939.
Diamond, Larry (15 September 2020). "Democratic regression in comparative perspective: scope, methods, and causes". Democratization. 28: 22–42. doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1807517. ISSN 1351-0347.
Ozan O.Varol (23 August 2018). "Stealth Authoritarianism in Turkey". In Mark A. Graber; Sanford Levinson; Mark V. Tushnet (eds.). Constitutional Democracy in Crisis?. Oxford University Press. pp. 339–354. ISBN 978-0-19-088898-5. OCLC 1030444422. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
Wolkenstein, Fabio (11 May 2022). "What is democratic backsliding?". Constellations. 30 (3): 261–275. doi:10.1111/1467-8675.12627. ISSN 1351-0487.
Scheppele, Kim Lane (2018). "Autocratic Legalism". The University of Chicago Law Review. 85 (2): 545–584. ISSN 0041-9494. JSTOR 26455917.
Rosenberg, S (1 January 2019). Democracy Devouring Itself: The Rise of the Incompetent Citizen and the Appeal of Right-Wing Populism. eScholarship, University of California. OCLC 1055900632.
Moffitt, Benjamin (2018). "The Populism/Anti-Populism Divide in Western Europe". Democratic Theory. 5 (2): 1–16. doi:10.3167/dt.2018.050202. ISSN 2332-8894. S2CID 158084905.
Buben, Radek; Kouba, Karel (April 2024). "Democracy and Institutional Change in Times of Crises in Latin America". Journal of Politics in Latin America. 16 (1): 90–109. doi:10.1177/1866802X241226986. ISSN 1866-802X.
Rhodes-Purdy, Matthew; Madrid, Raúl L. (27 November 2019). "The perils of personalism". Democratization. 27 (2): 321–339. doi:10.1080/13510347.2019.1696310. ISSN 1351-0347. S2CID 212974380.
Welzel, Christian (2021). "Why The Future Is Democratic". Journal of Democracy. 32 (2): 132–144. doi:10.1353/jod.2021.0024. ISSN 1086-3214. S2CID 234920048. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
Malka, Ariel; Lelkes, Yphtach; Bakker, Bert N.; Spivack, Eliyahu (2020). "Who Is Open to Authoritarian Governance within Western Democracies?". Perspectives on Politics. 20 (3): 808–827. doi:10.1017/S1537592720002091. ISSN 1537-5927. S2CID 225207244. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
Mettler, Suzanne (2020). Four Threats: The Recurring Crises of American Democracy. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-250-24442-0. OCLC 1155487679.
Orhan, Yunus Emre (2022). "The relationship between affective polarization and democratic backsliding: comparative evidence". Democratization. 29 (4): 714–735. doi:10.1080/13510347.2021.2008912. ISSN 1351-0347. S2CID 248304434.
Mechkova, Valeriya; Lührmann, Anna; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2017). "How Much Democratic Backsliding?". Journal of Democracy. 28 (4): 162–169. doi:10.1353/jod.2017.0075. ISSN 1086-3214. S2CID 158736288.
Sabatini, Christopher (1 November 2016). "The Final Blow to Venezuela's Democracy: What Latin America Can Do About It". Foreign Affairs. ISSN 0015-7120. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
Mayr, Walter (20 September 2024). "A Blind Eye?: Albanian Leader Rama a Darling of Europe Despite Corruption Back Home". Der Spiegel. ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
Ding, Iza; Slater, Dan (2 January 2021). "Democratic decoupling". Democratization. 28 (1): 63–80. doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1842361. ISSN 1351-0347. S2CID 231643689.
Welzel, Christian Peter (2017). "A Tale of Culture-Bound Regime Evolution". Democratization. doi:10.1080/13510347.2018.1542430. ISSN 1351-0347. S2CID 148625260.
Yaniv Roznai (2018). "Israel: A Crisis of Liberal Democracy?". In Mark A. Graber; Sanford Levinson; Mark V. Tushnet (eds.). Constitutional Democracy in Crisis?. Oxford University Press. pp. 355–376. ISBN 978-0-19-088898-5. OCLC 1030444422. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
Ding, Iza; Slater, Dan (23 November 2020). "Democratic decoupling". Democratization. 28: 63–80. doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1842361. ISSN 1351-0347.
Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Marquardt, Kyle L.; Seim, Brigitte; Coppedge, Michael; Edgell, Amanda B.; Medzihorsky, Juraj; Pemstein, Daniel; Teorell, Jan; Gerring, John; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2024). "Conceptual and Measurement Issues in Assessing Democratic Backsliding". PS: Political Science & Politics. 57 (2): 162–177. doi:10.1017/S104909652300077X. ISSN 1049-0965.

Democratic backsliding (English Wikipedia)

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