Diarrhea (English Wikipedia)

Maton A, Hopkins J, McLaughlin CM, Johnson S, Warner MQ, LaHart D, et al. (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-981176-0. OCLC 32308337.

bestbets.org

"BestBets: Does Withholding milk feeds reduce the duration of diarrhoea in children with acute gastroenteritis?". Archived from the original on 4 May 2009.

books.google.com

Crockett ME, Keystone JS (2012). "Protection of Travelers". In Fischer M, Long SS, Prober CG (eds.). Principles and practice of pediatric infectious diseases (4th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier Saunders. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-4557-3985-1.
Schlossberg D (2008). Clinical Infectious Disease. Cambridge University Press. p. 349. ISBN 978-1-139-57665-9. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2017.

cdc.gov

"Global Diarrhea Burden". CDC. 24 January 2013. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
"Diarrheal Diseases in Less Developed Countries". CDC. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
King CK, Glass R, Bresee JS, Duggan C (November 2003). "Managing acute gastroenteritis among children: oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy". MMWR. Recommendations and Reports. 52 (RR-16): 1–16. PMID 14627948. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014.
Community Health Worker Training Materials for Cholera Prevention and Control Archived 20 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, CDC, slides at back are dated 17 November 2010. Page 7 states "... Continue to breastfeed your baby if the baby has watery diarrhea, even when traveling to get treatment. Adults and older children should continue to eat frequently."

choosingwisely.org

ACEP (14 October 2013). "Nation's Emergency Physicians Announce List of Test and Procedures to Question as Part of Choosing Wisely Campaign". Choosing Wisely. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.

clevelandclinic.org

my.clevelandclinic.org

"Diarrhea: Types, Causes, Complications & Treatment". Cleveland Clinic. Archived from the original on 19 July 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022.

dcp2.org

Disease Control Priorities Project. "Public Health Significance of Diarrheal Illnesses". The World Bank Group. Archived from the original on 25 January 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2013.

doi.org

Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
Sapone A, Bai JC, Ciacci C, Dolinsek J, Green PH, Hadjivassiliou M, et al. (February 2012). "Spectrum of gluten-related disorders: consensus on new nomenclature and classification". BMC Medicine (Review). 10: 13. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-13. PMC 3292448. PMID 22313950.
Slattery SA, Niaz O, Aziz Q, Ford AC, Farmer AD (July 2015). "Systematic review with meta-analysis: the prevalence of bile acid malabsorption in the irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea" (PDF). Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 42 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1111/apt.13227. PMID 25913530. S2CID 34603226. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
DuPont HL (April 2014). "Acute infectious diarrhea in immunocompetent adults". The New England Journal of Medicine. 370 (16): 1532–40. doi:10.1056/nejmra1301069. PMID 24738670.
Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. (Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators) (August 2015). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 386 (9995): 743–800. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4. PMC 4561509. PMID 26063472.
Moon C, Zhang W, Sundaram N, Yarlagadda S, Reddy VS, Arora K, et al. (December 2015). "Drug-induced secretory diarrhea: A role for CFTR". Pharmacological Research. 102: 107–112. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.024. PMC 4684461. PMID 26429773.
Sweetser S (June 2012). "Evaluating the patient with diarrhea: a case-based approach". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 87 (6): 596–602. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.02.015. PMC 3538472. PMID 22677080.
Guerrant RL, Schorling JB, McAuliffe JF, de Souza MA (July 1992). "Diarrhea as a cause and an effect of malnutrition: diarrhea prevents catch-up growth and malnutrition increases diarrhea frequency and duration". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 47 (1 Pt 2): 28–35. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1992.47.28. PMID 1632474.
Grantham-McGregor SM, Walker SP, Chang S (February 2000). "Nutritional deficiencies and later behavioural development". The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 59 (1): 47–54. doi:10.1017/S0029665100000069. PMID 10828173.
Wilson ME (December 2005). "Diarrhea in nontravelers: risk and etiology". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 41. 41 (Suppl 8): S541-6. doi:10.1086/432949. PMID 16267716.
Navaneethan U, Giannella RA (November 2008). "Mechanisms of infectious diarrhea". Nature Clinical Practice. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 5 (11): 637–47. doi:10.1038/ncpgasthep1264. PMID 18813221. S2CID 34096072.
Patel MM, Hall AJ, Vinjé J, Parashar UD (January 2009). "Noroviruses: a comprehensive review". Journal of Clinical Virology. 44 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2008.10.009. PMID 19084472.
Greenberg HB, Estes MK (May 2009). "Rotaviruses: from pathogenesis to vaccination". Gastroenterology. 136 (6): 1939–51. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.02.076. PMC 3690811. PMID 19457420.
Uhnoo I, Svensson L, Wadell G (September 1990). "Enteric adenoviruses". Baillière's Clinical Gastroenterology. 4 (3): 627–42. doi:10.1016/0950-3528(90)90053-J. PMID 1962727.
Mitchell DK (November 2002). "Astrovirus gastroenteritis". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 21 (11): 1067–9. doi:10.1097/00006454-200211000-00018. PMID 12442031. S2CID 3177998.
Viswanathan VK, Hodges K, Hecht G (February 2009). "Enteric infection meets intestinal function: how bacterial pathogens cause diarrhoea". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 7 (2): 110–9. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2053. PMC 3326399. PMID 19116615.
Rupnik M, Wilcox MH, Gerding DN (July 2009). "Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 7 (7): 526–36. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2164. PMID 19528959. S2CID 23376891.
Rossignol JF, Lopez-Chegne N, Julcamoro LM, Carrion ME, Bardin MC (March 2012). "Nitazoxanide for the empiric treatment of pediatric infectious diarrhea". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 106 (3): 167–73. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2011.11.007. PMID 22301075.
Alam NH, Ashraf H (2003). "Treatment of infectious diarrhea in children". Paediatric Drugs. 5 (3): 151–65. doi:10.2165/00128072-200305030-00002. PMID 12608880. S2CID 26076784.
Brown J, Cairncross S, Ensink JH (August 2013). "Water, sanitation, hygiene and enteric infections in children". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 98 (8): 629–34. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2011-301528. PMC 3717778. PMID 23761692.
Black RE, Sazawal S (May 2001). "Zinc and childhood infectious disease morbidity and mortality". The British Journal of Nutrition. 85 (Suppl 2): S125-9. doi:10.1079/bjn2000304. PMID 11509100.
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Bahl R, Bhandari N, Hambidge KM, Bhan MK (August 1998). "Plasma zinc as a predictor of diarrheal and respiratory morbidity in children in an urban slum setting". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 68 (2 Suppl): 414S–417S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/68.2.414S. PMID 9701154.
Sommer A, Katz J, Tarwotjo I (November 1984). "Increased risk of respiratory disease and diarrhea in children with preexisting mild vitamin A deficiency". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 40 (5): 1090–5. doi:10.1093/ajcn/40.5.1090. PMID 6496388.
West KP (September 2002). "Extent of vitamin A deficiency among preschool children and women of reproductive age". The Journal of Nutrition. 132 (9 Suppl): 2857S–2866S. doi:10.1093/jn/132.9.2857S. PMID 12221262.
Longstreth GF, Thompson WG, Chey WD, Houghton LA, Mearin F, Spiller RC (April 2006). "Functional bowel disorders". Gastroenterology. 130 (5): 1480–91. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.11.061. PMID 16678561.
Wedlake L, A'Hern R, Russell D, Thomas K, Walters JR, Andreyev HJ (October 2009). "Systematic review: the prevalence of idiopathic bile acid malabsorption as diagnosed by SeHCAT scanning in patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 30 (7): 707–17. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04081.x. PMID 19570102. S2CID 11327665.
Lee KJ (October 2015). "Pharmacologic Agents for Chronic Diarrhea". Intestinal Research. 13 (4): 306–12. doi:10.5217/ir.2015.13.4.306. PMC 4641856. PMID 26576135.
Das S, Jayaratne R, Barrett KE (2018). "The Role of Ion Transporters in the Pathophysiology of Infectious Diarrhea". Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 6 (1): 33–45. doi:10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.02.009. PMC 6007821. PMID 29928670.
DuPont HL, Hornick RB (December 1973). "Adverse effect of lomotil therapy in shigellosis". JAMA. 226 (13): 1525–8. doi:10.1001/jama.226.13.1525. PMID 4587313.
Ruuska T, Vesikari T (1990). "Rotavirus disease in Finnish children: use of numerical scores for clinical severity of diarrhoeal episodes". Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 22 (3): 259–67. doi:10.3109/00365549009027046. PMID 2371542.
Arasaradnam RP, Brown S, Forbes A, Fox MR, Hungin P, Kelman L, et al. (August 2018). "Guidelines for the investigation of chronic diarrhoea in adults: British Society of Gastroenterology, 3rd edition". Gut. 67 (8): 1380–1399. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315909. PMC 6204957. PMID 29653941.
Smalley W, Falck-Ytter C, Carrasco-Labra A, Wani S, Lytvyn L, Falck-Ytter Y (September 2019). "AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Laboratory Evaluation of Functional Diarrhea and Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Adults (IBS-D)". Gastroenterology. 157 (3): 851–854. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.07.004. PMID 31302098.
Walker CL, Rudan I, Liu L, Nair H, Theodoratou E, Bhutta ZA, et al. (April 2013). "Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea". Lancet. 381 (9875): 1405–1416. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60222-6. PMC 7159282. PMID 23582727.
Walker CL, Aryee MJ, Boschi-Pinto C, Black RE (2012). "Estimating diarrhea mortality among young children in low and middle income countries". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e29151. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...729151F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029151. PMC 3250411. PMID 22235266.
Wolf J, Prüss-Ustün A, Cumming O, Bartram J, Bonjour S, Cairncross S, et al. (August 2014). "Assessing the impact of drinking water and sanitation on diarrhoeal disease in low- and middle-income settings: systematic review and meta-regression" (PDF). Tropical Medicine & International Health. 19 (8): 928–42. doi:10.1111/tmi.12331. PMID 24811732. S2CID 22903164. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
Ejemot-Nwadiaro RI, Ehiri JE, Arikpo D, Meremikwu MM, Critchley JA (January 2021). "Hand-washing promotion for preventing diarrhoea". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12 (1): CD004265. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004265.pub4. PMC 8094449. PMID 33539552.
Spears D, Ghosh A, Cumming O (2013). "Open defecation and childhood stunting in India: an ecological analysis of new data from 112 districts". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e73784. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...873784S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073784. PMC 3774764. PMID 24066070.
Majorin F, Torondel B, Ka Seen Chan G, Clasen T, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (September 2019). "Interventions to improve disposal of child faeces for preventing diarrhoea and soil-transmitted helminth infection". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (9): CD011055. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011055.pub2. PMC 6757260. PMID 31549742.
Clasen TF, Bostoen K, Schmidt WP, Boisson S, Fung IC, Jenkins MW, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (June 2010). "Interventions to improve disposal of human excreta for preventing diarrhoea". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010 (6): CD007180. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007180.pub2. PMC 6532559. PMID 20556776.
Curtis V, Cairncross S (May 2003). "Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 3 (5): 275–81. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00606-6. PMID 12726975.
Cairncross S, Hunt C, Boisson S, Bostoen K, Curtis V, Fung IC, et al. (April 2010). "Water, sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhoea". International Journal of Epidemiology. 39 (Suppl 1): i193-205. doi:10.1093/ije/dyq035. PMC 2845874. PMID 20348121.
Black RE, Morris SS, Bryce J (June 2003). "Where and why are 10 million children dying every year?". Lancet. 361 (9376): 2226–34. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13779-8. PMID 12842379. S2CID 14509705.
Arnold BF, Colford JM (February 2007). "Treating water with chlorine at point-of-use to improve water quality and reduce child diarrhea in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 76 (2): 354–64. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.354. PMID 17297049.
Rheingans RD, Antil L, Dreibelbis R, Podewils LJ, Bresee JS, Parashar UD (November 2009). "Economic costs of rotavirus gastroenteritis and cost-effectiveness of vaccination in developing countries" (PDF). The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 200 (Suppl 1): S16-27. doi:10.1086/605026. PMID 19817595.
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Black RE (May 2003). "Zinc deficiency, infectious disease and mortality in the developing world". The Journal of Nutrition. 133 (5 Suppl 1): 1485S–9S. doi:10.1093/jn/133.5.1485S. PMID 12730449.
Bhutta ZA, Black RE, Brown KH, Gardner JM, Gore S, Hidayat A, et al. (December 1999). "Prevention of diarrhea and pneumonia by zinc supplementation in children in developing countries: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Zinc Investigators' Collaborative Group". The Journal of Pediatrics. 135 (6): 689–97. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(99)70086-7. PMID 10586170.
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Chhagan MK, Van den Broeck J, Luabeya KK, Mpontshane N, Bennish ML (September 2014). "Cost of childhood diarrhoea in rural South Africa: exploring cost-effectiveness of universal zinc supplementation". Public Health Nutrition. 17 (9): 2138–45. doi:10.1017/S1368980013002152. PMC 11108711. PMID 23930984.
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Hempel S, Newberry SJ, Maher AR, Wang Z, Miles JN, Shanman R, et al. (May 2012). "Probiotics for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 307 (18): 1959–69. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.3507. PMID 22570464.
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harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Walker CL, Aryee MJ, Boschi-Pinto C, Black RE (2012). "Estimating diarrhea mortality among young children in low and middle income countries". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e29151. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...729151F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029151. PMC 3250411. PMID 22235266.
Spears D, Ghosh A, Cumming O (2013). "Open defecation and childhood stunting in India: an ecological analysis of new data from 112 districts". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e73784. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...873784S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073784. PMC 3774764. PMID 24066070.

iffgd.org

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mayoclinic.org

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merriam-webster.com

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nice.org.uk

guidance.nice.org.uk

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nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
Sapone A, Bai JC, Ciacci C, Dolinsek J, Green PH, Hadjivassiliou M, et al. (February 2012). "Spectrum of gluten-related disorders: consensus on new nomenclature and classification". BMC Medicine (Review). 10: 13. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-13. PMC 3292448. PMID 22313950.
Slattery SA, Niaz O, Aziz Q, Ford AC, Farmer AD (July 2015). "Systematic review with meta-analysis: the prevalence of bile acid malabsorption in the irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea" (PDF). Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 42 (1): 3–11. doi:10.1111/apt.13227. PMID 25913530. S2CID 34603226. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
DuPont HL (April 2014). "Acute infectious diarrhea in immunocompetent adults". The New England Journal of Medicine. 370 (16): 1532–40. doi:10.1056/nejmra1301069. PMID 24738670.
Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. (Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators) (August 2015). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 386 (9995): 743–800. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4. PMC 4561509. PMID 26063472.
Moon C, Zhang W, Sundaram N, Yarlagadda S, Reddy VS, Arora K, et al. (December 2015). "Drug-induced secretory diarrhea: A role for CFTR". Pharmacological Research. 102: 107–112. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.024. PMC 4684461. PMID 26429773.
Sweetser S (June 2012). "Evaluating the patient with diarrhea: a case-based approach". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 87 (6): 596–602. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.02.015. PMC 3538472. PMID 22677080.
Guerrant RL, Schorling JB, McAuliffe JF, de Souza MA (July 1992). "Diarrhea as a cause and an effect of malnutrition: diarrhea prevents catch-up growth and malnutrition increases diarrhea frequency and duration". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 47 (1 Pt 2): 28–35. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1992.47.28. PMID 1632474.
Grantham-McGregor SM, Walker SP, Chang S (February 2000). "Nutritional deficiencies and later behavioural development". The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 59 (1): 47–54. doi:10.1017/S0029665100000069. PMID 10828173.
Wilson ME (December 2005). "Diarrhea in nontravelers: risk and etiology". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 41. 41 (Suppl 8): S541-6. doi:10.1086/432949. PMID 16267716.
Navaneethan U, Giannella RA (November 2008). "Mechanisms of infectious diarrhea". Nature Clinical Practice. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 5 (11): 637–47. doi:10.1038/ncpgasthep1264. PMID 18813221. S2CID 34096072.
Patel MM, Hall AJ, Vinjé J, Parashar UD (January 2009). "Noroviruses: a comprehensive review". Journal of Clinical Virology. 44 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2008.10.009. PMID 19084472.
Greenberg HB, Estes MK (May 2009). "Rotaviruses: from pathogenesis to vaccination". Gastroenterology. 136 (6): 1939–51. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.02.076. PMC 3690811. PMID 19457420.
Uhnoo I, Svensson L, Wadell G (September 1990). "Enteric adenoviruses". Baillière's Clinical Gastroenterology. 4 (3): 627–42. doi:10.1016/0950-3528(90)90053-J. PMID 1962727.
Mitchell DK (November 2002). "Astrovirus gastroenteritis". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 21 (11): 1067–9. doi:10.1097/00006454-200211000-00018. PMID 12442031. S2CID 3177998.
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