Dogue de Bordeaux (English Wikipedia)

Gino., Pugnetti (1980). Simon & Schuster's guide to dogs. Schuler, Elizabeth Meriwether. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 57. ISBN 0671255266. OCLC 6200215.

bakalo.com

Evans, K.; Adams, V. (2010). "Proportion of litters of purebred dogs born by caesarean section" (PDF). The Journal of Small Animal Practice. 51 (2): 113–118. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00902.x. PMID 20136998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-06.

doi.org

McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (2024-02-01). "Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death". Scientific Reports. 14 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 531. Bibcode:2024NatSR..14..531M. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10834484. PMID 38302530.
O’Neill, D. G.; Pegram, C.; Crocker, P.; Brodbelt, D. C.; Church, D. B.; Packer, R. M. A. (2020-10-14). "Unravelling the health status of brachycephalic dogs in the UK using multivariable analysis". Scientific Reports. 10 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 17251. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1017251O. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73088-y. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7560694. PMID 33057051.
Hendricks, Joan C. (1992). "Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 22 (5). Elsevier BV: 1145–1153. doi:10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50306-0. ISSN 0195-5616. PMID 1523786.
Hendricks, J. C.; Kline, L. R.; Kovalski, R. J.; O'Brien, J. A.; Morrison, A. R.; Pack, A. I. (1987-10-01). "The English bulldog: a natural model of sleep-disordered breathing". Journal of Applied Physiology. 63 (4). American Physiological Society: 1344–1350. doi:10.1152/jappl.1987.63.4.1344. ISSN 8750-7587. PMID 3693167.
Hendricks, Joan C. (1992). "Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 22 (5). Elsevier BV: 1145–1153. doi:10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50306-0. ISSN 0195-5616. PMID 1523786.
Meola, Stacy D. (2013). "Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome". Topics in Companion Animal Medicine. 28 (3). Elsevier BV: 91–96. doi:10.1053/j.tcam.2013.06.004. ISSN 1938-9736. PMID 24182996.
Sebbag, Lionel; Sanchez, Rick F. (2023). "The pandemic of ocular surface disease in brachycephalic dogs: The brachycephalic ocular syndrome". Veterinary Ophthalmology. 26 (S1): 31–46. doi:10.1111/vop.13054. ISSN 1463-5216. PMID 36585820.
Hobi, Stefan; Barrs, Vanessa R.; Bęczkowski, Paweł M. (2023-06-16). "Dermatological Problems of Brachycephalic Dogs". Animals. 13 (12). MDPI AG: 2016. doi:10.3390/ani13122016. ISSN 2076-2615. PMC 10294810. PMID 37370526.
Gruenheid, Michaela; Aarnes, Turi K.; McLoughlin, Mary A.; Simpson, Elaine M.; Mathys, Dimitria A.; Mollenkopf, Dixie F.; Wittum, Thomas E. (2018-08-01). "Risk of anesthesia-related complications in brachycephalic dogs". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 253 (3). American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA): 301–306. doi:10.2460/javma.253.3.301. ISSN 0003-1488. PMID 30020004.
Ewers Clark, Anna (2022-12-22). "Heatstroke and brachycephalic dogs – is there an increased risk?". Veterinary Evidence. 7 (4). doi:10.18849/ve.v7i4.534. ISSN 2396-9776.
Kienle, Richard D.; Thomas, William P.; Pion, Paul D. (1994). "The Natural Clinical History of Canine Congenital Subaortic Stenosis". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 8 (6). Wiley: 423–431. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.1994.tb03262.x. ISSN 0891-6640. PMID 7884729.
Höllmer, M.; Willesen, J. L.; Jensen, A. T.; Koch, J. (2008). "Aortic stenosis in the Dogue de Bordeaux". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 49 (9): 432–437. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00569.x. PMID 18684150.
Ohad, D.G.; Avrahami, A.; Waner, T.; David, L. (2013). "The occurrence and suspected mode of inheritance of congenital subaortic stenosis and tricuspid valve dysplasia in Dogue de Bordeaux dogs". The Veterinary Journal. 197 (2). Elsevier BV: 351–357. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.01.012. ISSN 1090-0233. PMID 23434219.
Locatelli, C.; Santini, A.; Bonometti, G. A.; Palermo, V.; Scarpa, P.; Sala, E.; Brambilla, P. G. (2011). "Echocardiographic values in clinically healthy adult dogue de Bordeaux dogs". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 52 (5). Wiley: 246–253. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01055.x. ISSN 0022-4510. PMID 21539569.
O'Neill, D. G.; Turgoose, E.; Church, D. B.; Brodbelt, D. C.; Hendricks, A. (2020). "Juvenile-onset and adult-onset demodicosis in dogs in the UK: prevalence and breed associations". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 61 (1): 32–41. doi:10.1111/jsap.13067. ISSN 0022-4510. PMC 7003809. PMID 31584708.
Roels, Joséphine; Genevois, Jean-Pierre; Fostier-Humbert, Mathilde; Porsmoguer, Charles; Blondel, Margaux; Chanoit, Guillaume; Fau, Didier; Cachon, Thibaut (2024-03-26). "Prevalence of elbow dysplasia in 13 dog breeds in France: a retrospective radiographic study (2002–2022)". American Journal of Veterinary Research. 85 (6): 1–8. doi:10.2460/ajvr.23.12.0290. ISSN 0002-9645. PMID 38518402.
Borge, K. S.; Tønnessen, R.; Nødtvedt, A.; Indrebø, A. (2011). "Litter size at birth in purebred dogs—A retrospective study of 224 breeds". Theriogenology. 75 (5): 911–919. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.10.034. PMID 21196028.
Tønnessen, R.; Borge, K. S.; Nødtvedt, A.; Indrebø, A. (2012). "Canine perinatal mortality: A cohort study of 224 breeds". Theriogenology. 77 (9): 1788–1801. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.12.023. PMID 22365700.
Evans, K.; Adams, V. (2010). "Proportion of litters of purebred dogs born by caesarean section" (PDF). The Journal of Small Animal Practice. 51 (2): 113–118. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00902.x. PMID 20136998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-06.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (2024-02-01). "Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death". Scientific Reports. 14 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 531. Bibcode:2024NatSR..14..531M. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10834484. PMID 38302530.
O’Neill, D. G.; Pegram, C.; Crocker, P.; Brodbelt, D. C.; Church, D. B.; Packer, R. M. A. (2020-10-14). "Unravelling the health status of brachycephalic dogs in the UK using multivariable analysis". Scientific Reports. 10 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 17251. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1017251O. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73088-y. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7560694. PMID 33057051.

lapvso.com

"Naso-plantar keratoderma in the Dogue de Bordeaux: epidemiology, clinical and genetic data" (PDF). Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique Vétérinaire du Sud-Ouest. Retrieved 29 December 2013.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (2024-02-01). "Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death". Scientific Reports. 14 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 531. Bibcode:2024NatSR..14..531M. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10834484. PMID 38302530.
O’Neill, D. G.; Pegram, C.; Crocker, P.; Brodbelt, D. C.; Church, D. B.; Packer, R. M. A. (2020-10-14). "Unravelling the health status of brachycephalic dogs in the UK using multivariable analysis". Scientific Reports. 10 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 17251. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1017251O. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73088-y. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7560694. PMID 33057051.
Hendricks, Joan C. (1992). "Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 22 (5). Elsevier BV: 1145–1153. doi:10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50306-0. ISSN 0195-5616. PMID 1523786.
TC, Amis; C, Kurpershoek (1986). "Pattern of breathing in brachycephalic dogs". American Journal of Veterinary Research. 47 (10): 2200–2204. ISSN 0002-9645. PMID 3777646. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
Hendricks, J. C.; Kline, L. R.; Kovalski, R. J.; O'Brien, J. A.; Morrison, A. R.; Pack, A. I. (1987-10-01). "The English bulldog: a natural model of sleep-disordered breathing". Journal of Applied Physiology. 63 (4). American Physiological Society: 1344–1350. doi:10.1152/jappl.1987.63.4.1344. ISSN 8750-7587. PMID 3693167.
Hendricks, Joan C. (1992). "Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 22 (5). Elsevier BV: 1145–1153. doi:10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50306-0. ISSN 0195-5616. PMID 1523786.
Meola, Stacy D. (2013). "Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome". Topics in Companion Animal Medicine. 28 (3). Elsevier BV: 91–96. doi:10.1053/j.tcam.2013.06.004. ISSN 1938-9736. PMID 24182996.
Sebbag, Lionel; Sanchez, Rick F. (2023). "The pandemic of ocular surface disease in brachycephalic dogs: The brachycephalic ocular syndrome". Veterinary Ophthalmology. 26 (S1): 31–46. doi:10.1111/vop.13054. ISSN 1463-5216. PMID 36585820.
Hobi, Stefan; Barrs, Vanessa R.; Bęczkowski, Paweł M. (2023-06-16). "Dermatological Problems of Brachycephalic Dogs". Animals. 13 (12). MDPI AG: 2016. doi:10.3390/ani13122016. ISSN 2076-2615. PMC 10294810. PMID 37370526.
Gruenheid, Michaela; Aarnes, Turi K.; McLoughlin, Mary A.; Simpson, Elaine M.; Mathys, Dimitria A.; Mollenkopf, Dixie F.; Wittum, Thomas E. (2018-08-01). "Risk of anesthesia-related complications in brachycephalic dogs". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 253 (3). American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA): 301–306. doi:10.2460/javma.253.3.301. ISSN 0003-1488. PMID 30020004.
Kienle, Richard D.; Thomas, William P.; Pion, Paul D. (1994). "The Natural Clinical History of Canine Congenital Subaortic Stenosis". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 8 (6). Wiley: 423–431. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.1994.tb03262.x. ISSN 0891-6640. PMID 7884729.
Höllmer, M.; Willesen, J. L.; Jensen, A. T.; Koch, J. (2008). "Aortic stenosis in the Dogue de Bordeaux". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 49 (9): 432–437. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00569.x. PMID 18684150.
Ohad, D.G.; Avrahami, A.; Waner, T.; David, L. (2013). "The occurrence and suspected mode of inheritance of congenital subaortic stenosis and tricuspid valve dysplasia in Dogue de Bordeaux dogs". The Veterinary Journal. 197 (2). Elsevier BV: 351–357. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.01.012. ISSN 1090-0233. PMID 23434219.
Locatelli, C.; Santini, A.; Bonometti, G. A.; Palermo, V.; Scarpa, P.; Sala, E.; Brambilla, P. G. (2011). "Echocardiographic values in clinically healthy adult dogue de Bordeaux dogs". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 52 (5). Wiley: 246–253. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01055.x. ISSN 0022-4510. PMID 21539569.
O'Neill, D. G.; Turgoose, E.; Church, D. B.; Brodbelt, D. C.; Hendricks, A. (2020). "Juvenile-onset and adult-onset demodicosis in dogs in the UK: prevalence and breed associations". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 61 (1): 32–41. doi:10.1111/jsap.13067. ISSN 0022-4510. PMC 7003809. PMID 31584708.
Roels, Joséphine; Genevois, Jean-Pierre; Fostier-Humbert, Mathilde; Porsmoguer, Charles; Blondel, Margaux; Chanoit, Guillaume; Fau, Didier; Cachon, Thibaut (2024-03-26). "Prevalence of elbow dysplasia in 13 dog breeds in France: a retrospective radiographic study (2002–2022)". American Journal of Veterinary Research. 85 (6): 1–8. doi:10.2460/ajvr.23.12.0290. ISSN 0002-9645. PMID 38518402.
Borge, K. S.; Tønnessen, R.; Nødtvedt, A.; Indrebø, A. (2011). "Litter size at birth in purebred dogs—A retrospective study of 224 breeds". Theriogenology. 75 (5): 911–919. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.10.034. PMID 21196028.
Tønnessen, R.; Borge, K. S.; Nødtvedt, A.; Indrebø, A. (2012). "Canine perinatal mortality: A cohort study of 224 breeds". Theriogenology. 77 (9): 1788–1801. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.12.023. PMID 22365700.
Evans, K.; Adams, V. (2010). "Proportion of litters of purebred dogs born by caesarean section" (PDF). The Journal of Small Animal Practice. 51 (2): 113–118. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00902.x. PMID 20136998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-06.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (2024-02-01). "Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death". Scientific Reports. 14 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 531. Bibcode:2024NatSR..14..531M. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10834484. PMID 38302530.
O’Neill, D. G.; Pegram, C.; Crocker, P.; Brodbelt, D. C.; Church, D. B.; Packer, R. M. A. (2020-10-14). "Unravelling the health status of brachycephalic dogs in the UK using multivariable analysis". Scientific Reports. 10 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 17251. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1017251O. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73088-y. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7560694. PMID 33057051.
Hobi, Stefan; Barrs, Vanessa R.; Bęczkowski, Paweł M. (2023-06-16). "Dermatological Problems of Brachycephalic Dogs". Animals. 13 (12). MDPI AG: 2016. doi:10.3390/ani13122016. ISSN 2076-2615. PMC 10294810. PMID 37370526.
O'Neill, D. G.; Turgoose, E.; Church, D. B.; Brodbelt, D. C.; Hendricks, A. (2020). "Juvenile-onset and adult-onset demodicosis in dogs in the UK: prevalence and breed associations". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 61 (1): 32–41. doi:10.1111/jsap.13067. ISSN 0022-4510. PMC 7003809. PMID 31584708.

orvis.com

"Dogues de Bordeaux". www.orvis.com. Retrieved 2022-02-26.

thekennelclub.org.uk

"The Kennel Club". Retrieved 2016-11-26.
"Dogue de Bordeaux". The Kennel Club. Retrieved 23 February 2024.

veterinarypartner.com

Lundgrun, Becky (26 June 2006). "Reverse Sneezing (Pharyngeal Gag Reflex)". VeterinaryPartner.com. Retrieved 26 December 2009.

vetwest.com.au

"Dogue de Bordeaux". Vetwest Animal Hospitals. 2014-08-08. Retrieved 2022-03-24.

web.archive.org

"The history of the breed". Dogue de Bordeaux Club & Rescue. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
"Reasearch [sic] programe on Footpad hyperkeratosis in Dogue de Bordeaux". Antagene. Archived from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
Evans, K.; Adams, V. (2010). "Proportion of litters of purebred dogs born by caesarean section" (PDF). The Journal of Small Animal Practice. 51 (2): 113–118. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00902.x. PMID 20136998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-06.

webs.com

doguedebordeauxclub.webs.com

"The history of the breed". Dogue de Bordeaux Club & Rescue. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2014.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Bell, Jerold (2012). Veterinary medical guide to dog and cat breeds. Kathleen Cavanagh, Larry Tilley, Francis W. K. Smith. Jackson, WY: CRC Press. p. 158. ISBN 9781482241419. OCLC 878262855.
Gino., Pugnetti (1980). Simon & Schuster's guide to dogs. Schuler, Elizabeth Meriwether. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 57. ISBN 0671255266. OCLC 6200215.
McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (2024-02-01). "Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death". Scientific Reports. 14 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 531. Bibcode:2024NatSR..14..531M. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10834484. PMID 38302530.
O’Neill, D. G.; Pegram, C.; Crocker, P.; Brodbelt, D. C.; Church, D. B.; Packer, R. M. A. (2020-10-14). "Unravelling the health status of brachycephalic dogs in the UK using multivariable analysis". Scientific Reports. 10 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 17251. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1017251O. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73088-y. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7560694. PMID 33057051.
Hendricks, Joan C. (1992). "Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 22 (5). Elsevier BV: 1145–1153. doi:10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50306-0. ISSN 0195-5616. PMID 1523786.
TC, Amis; C, Kurpershoek (1986). "Pattern of breathing in brachycephalic dogs". American Journal of Veterinary Research. 47 (10): 2200–2204. ISSN 0002-9645. PMID 3777646. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
Hendricks, J. C.; Kline, L. R.; Kovalski, R. J.; O'Brien, J. A.; Morrison, A. R.; Pack, A. I. (1987-10-01). "The English bulldog: a natural model of sleep-disordered breathing". Journal of Applied Physiology. 63 (4). American Physiological Society: 1344–1350. doi:10.1152/jappl.1987.63.4.1344. ISSN 8750-7587. PMID 3693167.
Hendricks, Joan C. (1992). "Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 22 (5). Elsevier BV: 1145–1153. doi:10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50306-0. ISSN 0195-5616. PMID 1523786.
Meola, Stacy D. (2013). "Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome". Topics in Companion Animal Medicine. 28 (3). Elsevier BV: 91–96. doi:10.1053/j.tcam.2013.06.004. ISSN 1938-9736. PMID 24182996.
Sebbag, Lionel; Sanchez, Rick F. (2023). "The pandemic of ocular surface disease in brachycephalic dogs: The brachycephalic ocular syndrome". Veterinary Ophthalmology. 26 (S1): 31–46. doi:10.1111/vop.13054. ISSN 1463-5216. PMID 36585820.
Hobi, Stefan; Barrs, Vanessa R.; Bęczkowski, Paweł M. (2023-06-16). "Dermatological Problems of Brachycephalic Dogs". Animals. 13 (12). MDPI AG: 2016. doi:10.3390/ani13122016. ISSN 2076-2615. PMC 10294810. PMID 37370526.
Gruenheid, Michaela; Aarnes, Turi K.; McLoughlin, Mary A.; Simpson, Elaine M.; Mathys, Dimitria A.; Mollenkopf, Dixie F.; Wittum, Thomas E. (2018-08-01). "Risk of anesthesia-related complications in brachycephalic dogs". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 253 (3). American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA): 301–306. doi:10.2460/javma.253.3.301. ISSN 0003-1488. PMID 30020004.
Ewers Clark, Anna (2022-12-22). "Heatstroke and brachycephalic dogs – is there an increased risk?". Veterinary Evidence. 7 (4). doi:10.18849/ve.v7i4.534. ISSN 2396-9776.
Kienle, Richard D.; Thomas, William P.; Pion, Paul D. (1994). "The Natural Clinical History of Canine Congenital Subaortic Stenosis". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 8 (6). Wiley: 423–431. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.1994.tb03262.x. ISSN 0891-6640. PMID 7884729.
Ohad, D.G.; Avrahami, A.; Waner, T.; David, L. (2013). "The occurrence and suspected mode of inheritance of congenital subaortic stenosis and tricuspid valve dysplasia in Dogue de Bordeaux dogs". The Veterinary Journal. 197 (2). Elsevier BV: 351–357. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.01.012. ISSN 1090-0233. PMID 23434219.
Locatelli, C.; Santini, A.; Bonometti, G. A.; Palermo, V.; Scarpa, P.; Sala, E.; Brambilla, P. G. (2011). "Echocardiographic values in clinically healthy adult dogue de Bordeaux dogs". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 52 (5). Wiley: 246–253. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01055.x. ISSN 0022-4510. PMID 21539569.
O'Neill, D. G.; Turgoose, E.; Church, D. B.; Brodbelt, D. C.; Hendricks, A. (2020). "Juvenile-onset and adult-onset demodicosis in dogs in the UK: prevalence and breed associations". Journal of Small Animal Practice. 61 (1): 32–41. doi:10.1111/jsap.13067. ISSN 0022-4510. PMC 7003809. PMID 31584708.
Gough, Thomas (2008). Breed predispositions to disease in dogs and cats. Oxford, UK: Wiley. p. 68. ISBN 9780470690802. OCLC 232611746.
Roels, Joséphine; Genevois, Jean-Pierre; Fostier-Humbert, Mathilde; Porsmoguer, Charles; Blondel, Margaux; Chanoit, Guillaume; Fau, Didier; Cachon, Thibaut (2024-03-26). "Prevalence of elbow dysplasia in 13 dog breeds in France: a retrospective radiographic study (2002–2022)". American Journal of Veterinary Research. 85 (6): 1–8. doi:10.2460/ajvr.23.12.0290. ISSN 0002-9645. PMID 38518402.