Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Double Irish arrangement" in English language version.
The grand architect of much of that success: Feargal O'Rourke, the scion of a political dynasty who heads the tax practice in PriceWaterhouseCoopers in Ireland
Bloomberg Special Reports: Corporate Tax Inversions
Meanwhile, the tax rate reported by those Irish subsidiaries of U.S. companies plummeted to 3% from 9% by 2010
The U.S. didn't sign the groundbreaking tax treaty inked by 68 [later 70] countries in Paris June 7, [2017] because the U.S. tax treaty network has a low degree of exposure to base erosion and profit shifting issues", a U.S. Department of Treasury official said at a transfer pricing conference co-sponsored by Bloomberg BNA and Baker McKenzie in Washington
In 2007 to 2009, WPP, United Business Media, Henderson Group, Shire, Informa, Regus, Charter and Brit Insurance all left the UK. By 2015, WPP, UBM, Henderson Group, Informa and Brit Insurance have all returned
most of the profits booked by U.S. firms abroad continue to appear in a few low tax jurisdictions, and well, the resulting data distortions are getting pretty big. I am pretty confident the U.S. tax reform didn't solve the issue of profit-shifting.
Figure 5.1 The Double Irish
Finally, we find that U.S. firms with operations in some tax haven countries have higher federal tax rates on foreign income than other firms. This result suggests that in some cases, tax haven operations may increase U.S. tax collections at the expense of foreign country tax collections.
Examples of such tax havens include Ireland and Luxembourg in Europe, Hong Kong and Singapore in Asia, and various Caribbean island nations in the Americas
IP onshoring is something we should be expecting to see much more of as we move towards the end of the decade. Buckle up!
Eurostat's structural business statistics give a range of measures of the business economy broken down by the controlling country of the enterprises. Here is the Gross Operating Surplus generated in Ireland in 2015 for the countries with figures reported by Eurostat.
Brussels. 30.8.2016 C(2016) 5605 final. Total Pages (130)
Nevertheless the rise in [Irish] GNI is still very substantial because the additional income flows of the companies (interest and dividends) concerned are considerably smaller than the value added of their activities
This selective treatment allowed Apple to pay an effective corporate tax rate of 1 per cent on its European profits in 2003 down to 0.005 per cent in 2014.
Intellectual Property: The effective corporation tax rate can be reduced to as low as 2.5% for Irish companies whose trade involves the exploitation of intellectual property. The Irish IP regime is broad and applies to all types of IP. A generous scheme of capital allowances in Ireland offers significant incentives to companies who locate their activities in Ireland. A well-known global company [Accenture in 2009] recently moved the ownership and exploitation of an IP portfolio worth approximately $7 billion to Ireland
Brussels is challenging the 'Double Irish' tax avoidance measure prized by big U.S. tech and pharma groups, putting pressure on Dublin to close it down or face a full-blown investigation. .. The initial enquiries have signalled that Brussels wants Dublin to call time on the tax gambit, which has helped Ireland become a hub for American tech and pharma giants operating in Europe.
Table 2: Shifted Profits: Country-by-Country Estimates (2015)
U.S. multinationals use tax havens more than multinationals from other countries which have kept their controlled foreign corporations regulations. No other non-haven OECD country records as high a share of foreign profits booked in tax havens as the United States. ... This suggests that half of all the global profits shifted to tax havens are shifted by U.S. multinationals
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)Ireland's effective tax rate on all foreign corporates (U.S. and non-U.S.) is 4%
Table 1: Jurisdictions Listed as Tax Havens or Financial Privacy Jurisdictions and the Sources of Those Jurisdictions
So, if you think about a lot of technology companies that are housed in Ireland and have massive operations there, they're not going to maybe need those in the same way, and those can be relocated back to the U.S.
However, Mr O'Rourke, who is also a cousin of the late Finance Minister Brian Lenihan, told Bloomberg that changes in Ireland and across the globe on tax was inevitable. Mr O'Rourke was also a member of the Government's Commission on Taxation, which sat in 2008 and 2009.
Another sophisticated loophole in the tax system means the removal of the "Double Irish" tax-avoidance strategy won't actually have any real impact for U.S. firms in Ireland seeking to lower their tax bills. An influential U.S. tax journal has found that the Irish subsidiaries of U.S. companies can easily opt to use another loophole, known as the "check the box" rule, to enjoy the same tax benefits created by the Double Irish.
Apple restructured its tax operations in 2015 using the State's capital allowance for intangible assets (CAIA), helping trigger the so-called Leprechaun Economics effect that year when the Irish economy suddenly surged by 26pc
The total value of U.S. business investment in Ireland – ranging from data centres to the world's most advanced manufacturing facilities – stands at $387bn (€334bn) – this is more than the combined U.S. investment in South America, Africa and the Middle East, and more than the BRIC countries combined.
Multinational management consultancy Accenture is receiving tax relief on the $7bn (€5.4bn) it spent building up a portfolio of intellectual property rights. ... The Arthur Cox document, 'Uses of Ireland for German Companies', states: 'A well-known global company recently moved the ownership and exploitation of an intellectual property portfolio worth approximately $7bn to Ireland.'
Study claims State shelters more multinational profits than the entire Caribbean
Explanatory video from the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists
Prior to opening a Single Malt structure, Teleflex operated a Double Irish tax structure, according to Christian Aid. 'Since Teleflex set up its Double Irish structure, through this and [presumably] other tax strategies its global effective tax rate has dropped to just over 3 per cent', the NGO flagged.
Global legal firm Baker McKenzie representing a coalition of 24 multinational U.S. software firms, including Microsoft, lobbied Michael Noonan, as [Irish] minister for finance, to resist the [OECD MLI] proposals in January 2017. In a letter to him, the group recommended Ireland not adopt article 12, as the changes 'will have effects lasting decades' and could 'hamper global investment and growth due to uncertainty around taxation'. The letter said that 'keeping the current standard will make Ireland a more attractive location for a regional headquarters by reducing the level of uncertainty in the tax relationship with Ireland's trading partners'.
Using a structure dubbed the 'single malt', some US multinationals have been using Irish-registered, Malta-resident, companies to cut tax liabilities in countries where they sell their goods and services. Minister for Finance Paschal Donohoe confirmed on Tuesday that a new agreement between Revenue and the Maltese tax authorities will close the loophole.
The Irish arm of LinkedIn reported a 20 per cent rise in revenues last year and returned to the black, helped by the disposal of intellectual property assets to its parent Microsoft Ireland.
Apple has changed its own corporate structure, restructured a new Irish Beps tool called Capital Allowances for Intangible Assets (CAIA), also nicknamed the 'Green Jersey'. The bookkeeping change was so significant that it contributed to the extraordinary one-off revision in Irish GDP for 2015 by 26 per cent (later revised to 34.4 per cent).
Why, then, when we look at debt on a per-capita basis, is it still so high? Per person, the Irish are right up the top of the leaderboard, with government debt per person of $45,941 (€43,230) as of March 1st, behind only Japan ($80,465) and the US ($48,203).
But Mr Kenny noted that Oxfam included Ireland's 12.5 per cent corporation tax rate as one of the factors for deeming it a tax haven. 'The 12.5 per cent is fully in line with the OECD and international best practice in having a low rate and applying it to a very wide tax base.'
A study by Dr Jim Stewart, associate professor in finance at Trinity College Dublin, suggests that in 2011 the subsidiaries of U.S. multinationals in Ireland paid an effective tax rate of 2.2 per cent.
'Ireland solidifies its position as the #1 tax haven,' Zucman said on Twitter. 'U.S. firms book more profits in Ireland than in China, Japan, Germany, France & Mexico combined. Irish tax rate: 5.7%.'
The tax deduction can be used to achieve an effective tax rate of 2.5% on profits from the exploitation of the IP purchased. Provided the IP is held for five years, a subsequent disposal of the IP will not result in a clawback.
By our reckoning, the 500 largest U.S. nonfinancial companies have now accumulated around $1 trillion more than their businesses need. The majority of this is held offshore, in non-U.S. overseas subsidiaries, to avoid the incremental U.S. income taxes they would pay if they repatriated the money under current U.S. laws
When combined with other features of Ireland's IP tax regime, an effective rate as low as 2.5% can be achieved on IP related income
In the late 1980s, Apple was among the pioneers in creating a tax structure – known as the Double Irish – that allowed the company to move profits into tax havens around the world
Pearse Doherty: It was interesting that when [MEP] Matt Carthy put that to the Minister's predecessor (Michael Noonan), his response was that this was very unpatriotic and he should wear the green jersey. That was the former Minister's response to the fact there is a major loophole, whether intentional or unintentional, in our tax code that has allowed large companies to continue to use the double Irish [called single malt]
As a result of the Bush Administration's efforts, the OECD backed away from its efforts to target 'harmful tax practices' and shifted the scope of its efforts to improving exchanges of tax information between member countries.
Structure 1: The profits of the Irish company will typically be subject to the corporation tax rate of 12.5% if the company has the requisite level of substance to be considered trading. The tax depreciation and interest expense can reduce the effective rate of tax to a minimum of 2.5%
It concludes that the TCJA increases the tax burden on U.S. residence for many, and perhaps most, U.S. MNCs. The paper also argues that the GILTI and 'Foreign-Derived Intangible Income' (FDII) provisions are likely to create substantial distortions to the ownership of assets, both in the U.S. and around the world
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)We also know that the cash component of that is about $1 trillion. Therefore, we know from this that we're not talking simply about foreign investment in real foreign assets because somewhere in the neighborhood of $1 trillion is in cash and cash equivalents
Case Studies of transitions from "Worldwide" to "Territorial"
The use of private 'unlimited liability company' (ULC) status, which exempts companies from filing financial reports publicly. The fact that Apple, Google and many others continue to keep their Irish financial information secret is due to a failure by the Irish government to implement the 2013 EU Accounting Directive, which would require full public financial statements, until 2017, and even then retaining an exemption from financial reporting for certain holding companies until 2022
(23–26) Tax relief for acquisition of intangible assets: A number of amendments to the scheme were made in Finance Act 2010 on foot, among other reasons, of the recommendations of the Innovation Taskforce Report. (1) The period in which a specified intangible asset must be used in the trade to avoid a clawback of allowances was reduced from 15 years to 10 years. (2) The list of specified intangible assets covered by the scheme was augmented by the inclusion of applications for the grant or registration of patents, copyright etc. and a broader definition of 'know-how'. (3) Relief will now be available for capital expenditure incurred prior to the commencement of a trade on the provision of specified intangible assets for the purposes of the trade.
2.2 Tax Relief for Acquisition of Intangible Assets: A scheme of tax relief for the acquisition of specified intangible assets was announced in the 2009 Supplementary Budget and introduced in Finance Act 2009. This measure was introduced to support the development of the knowledge economy and the provision of high-quality employment
Local subsidiaries of multinationals must always be required to file their accounts on public record, which is not the case at present. Ireland is not just a tax haven at present, it is also a corporate secrecy jurisdiction.
Earlier this year, anti-poverty charity Oxfam had estimated U.S. companies had $1.4tn in subsidiaries based offshore, while the $1.68tn that Moody's estimates is being stashed by U.S. companies is a sum equivalent to the size of the Canadian economy
Two Years After the controversial 'double Irish' loophole was closed to new entrants, Google continued using the system to funnel billions in untaxed profits to Bermuda.
Suggestions that Ireland are a tax haven simply because of our longstanding 12.5% corporate tax rate are totally out of line with the agreed global consensus that a low corporate tax rate applied to a wide tax base is good economic policy for attracting investment and supporting economic growth.
Meanwhile, through a myriad of subsidiaries and system of inter-company charges involving a variation on the infamous so-called 'double Irish' structure, its local operations have also legally shaved their tax bills with the Exchequer despite pulling in huge sales.
The new agreement will not come into force until near the end of September 2019 but a Department of Finance spokesman said that this would effectively shut off the loophole immediately because companies needed a lead-in time of about a year to use it.
Ever hear of a Double Irish? It's not a drink, but one of the dodgy tax strategies that help American companies keep their profits nearly tax free abroad. Such strategies are at the heart of what may well turn out to be the most important corporate tax case in history
It focuses particularly on the dominant approach within the economics literature on income shifting, which dates back to Hines and Rice (1994) and which we refer to as the "Hines–Rice" approach.
Intellectual property (IP) has become the leading tax avoidance vehicle
Table 1: 52 Tax Havens
Germany taxes only 5% of the active foreign business profits of its resident corporations. .. Furthermore, German firms do not have incentives to structure their foreign operations in ways that avoid repatriating income. Therefore, the tax incentives for German firms to establish tax haven affiliates are likely to differ from those of U.S. firms and bear strong similarities to those of other G–7 and OECD firms.
Together the seven tax havens with populations greater than one million (Hong Kong, Ireland, Liberia, Lebanon, Panama, Singapore, and Switzerland) account for 80 percent of total tax haven population and 89 percent of tax haven GDP
Pearse Doherty: It was interesting that when [MEP] Matt Carthy put that to the Minister's predecessor (Michael Noonan), his response was that this was very unpatriotic and he should wear the green jersey. That was the former Minister's response to the fact there is a major loophole, whether intentional or unintentional, in our tax code that has allowed large companies to continue to use the double Irish [called single malt]
It focuses particularly on the dominant approach within the economics literature on income shifting, which dates back to Hines and Rice (1994) and which we refer to as the "Hines–Rice" approach.
Intellectual property (IP) has become the leading tax avoidance vehicle
This selective treatment allowed Apple to pay an effective corporate tax rate of 1 per cent on its European profits in 2003 down to 0.005 per cent in 2014.
Table 2: Shifted Profits: Country-by-Country Estimates (2015)
We also know that the cash component of that is about $1 trillion. Therefore, we know from this that we're not talking simply about foreign investment in real foreign assets because somewhere in the neighborhood of $1 trillion is in cash and cash equivalents
By our reckoning, the 500 largest U.S. nonfinancial companies have now accumulated around $1 trillion more than their businesses need. The majority of this is held offshore, in non-U.S. overseas subsidiaries, to avoid the incremental U.S. income taxes they would pay if they repatriated the money under current U.S. laws
Earlier this year, anti-poverty charity Oxfam had estimated U.S. companies had $1.4tn in subsidiaries based offshore, while the $1.68tn that Moody's estimates is being stashed by U.S. companies is a sum equivalent to the size of the Canadian economy
Ever hear of a Double Irish? It's not a drink, but one of the dodgy tax strategies that help American companies keep their profits nearly tax free abroad. Such strategies are at the heart of what may well turn out to be the most important corporate tax case in history
In the late 1980s, Apple was among the pioneers in creating a tax structure – known as the Double Irish – that allowed the company to move profits into tax havens around the world
The grand architect of much of that success: Feargal O'Rourke, the scion of a political dynasty who heads the tax practice in PriceWaterhouseCoopers in Ireland
Figure 5.1 The Double Irish
Together the seven tax havens with populations greater than one million (Hong Kong, Ireland, Liberia, Lebanon, Panama, Singapore, and Switzerland) account for 80 percent of total tax haven population and 89 percent of tax haven GDP
Table 1: Jurisdictions Listed as Tax Havens or Financial Privacy Jurisdictions and the Sources of Those Jurisdictions
Brussels is challenging the 'Double Irish' tax avoidance measure prized by big U.S. tech and pharma groups, putting pressure on Dublin to close it down or face a full-blown investigation. .. The initial enquiries have signalled that Brussels wants Dublin to call time on the tax gambit, which has helped Ireland become a hub for American tech and pharma giants operating in Europe.
Two Years After the controversial 'double Irish' loophole was closed to new entrants, Google continued using the system to funnel billions in untaxed profits to Bermuda.
U.S. multinationals use tax havens more than multinationals from other countries which have kept their controlled foreign corporations regulations. No other non-haven OECD country records as high a share of foreign profits booked in tax havens as the United States. ... This suggests that half of all the global profits shifted to tax havens are shifted by U.S. multinationals
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)As a result of the Bush Administration's efforts, the OECD backed away from its efforts to target 'harmful tax practices' and shifted the scope of its efforts to improving exchanges of tax information between member countries.
The U.S. didn't sign the groundbreaking tax treaty inked by 68 [later 70] countries in Paris June 7, [2017] because the U.S. tax treaty network has a low degree of exposure to base erosion and profit shifting issues", a U.S. Department of Treasury official said at a transfer pricing conference co-sponsored by Bloomberg BNA and Baker McKenzie in Washington
'Ireland solidifies its position as the #1 tax haven,' Zucman said on Twitter. 'U.S. firms book more profits in Ireland than in China, Japan, Germany, France & Mexico combined. Irish tax rate: 5.7%.'
Study claims State shelters more multinational profits than the entire Caribbean
Such profit shifting leads to a total annual revenue loss of $200 billion globally
Explanatory video from the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists
Brussels. 30.8.2016 C(2016) 5605 final. Total Pages (130)
However, Mr O'Rourke, who is also a cousin of the late Finance Minister Brian Lenihan, told Bloomberg that changes in Ireland and across the globe on tax was inevitable. Mr O'Rourke was also a member of the Government's Commission on Taxation, which sat in 2008 and 2009.
Another sophisticated loophole in the tax system means the removal of the "Double Irish" tax-avoidance strategy won't actually have any real impact for U.S. firms in Ireland seeking to lower their tax bills. An influential U.S. tax journal has found that the Irish subsidiaries of U.S. companies can easily opt to use another loophole, known as the "check the box" rule, to enjoy the same tax benefits created by the Double Irish.
Prior to opening a Single Malt structure, Teleflex operated a Double Irish tax structure, according to Christian Aid. 'Since Teleflex set up its Double Irish structure, through this and [presumably] other tax strategies its global effective tax rate has dropped to just over 3 per cent', the NGO flagged.
Global legal firm Baker McKenzie representing a coalition of 24 multinational U.S. software firms, including Microsoft, lobbied Michael Noonan, as [Irish] minister for finance, to resist the [OECD MLI] proposals in January 2017. In a letter to him, the group recommended Ireland not adopt article 12, as the changes 'will have effects lasting decades' and could 'hamper global investment and growth due to uncertainty around taxation'. The letter said that 'keeping the current standard will make Ireland a more attractive location for a regional headquarters by reducing the level of uncertainty in the tax relationship with Ireland's trading partners'.
Using a structure dubbed the 'single malt', some US multinationals have been using Irish-registered, Malta-resident, companies to cut tax liabilities in countries where they sell their goods and services. Minister for Finance Paschal Donohoe confirmed on Tuesday that a new agreement between Revenue and the Maltese tax authorities will close the loophole.
The new agreement will not come into force until near the end of September 2019 but a Department of Finance spokesman said that this would effectively shut off the loophole immediately because companies needed a lead-in time of about a year to use it.
The Irish arm of LinkedIn reported a 20 per cent rise in revenues last year and returned to the black, helped by the disposal of intellectual property assets to its parent Microsoft Ireland.
Intellectual Property: The effective corporation tax rate can be reduced to as low as 2.5% for Irish companies whose trade involves the exploitation of intellectual property. The Irish IP regime is broad and applies to all types of IP. A generous scheme of capital allowances in Ireland offers significant incentives to companies who locate their activities in Ireland. A well-known global company [Accenture in 2009] recently moved the ownership and exploitation of an IP portfolio worth approximately $7 billion to Ireland
(23–26) Tax relief for acquisition of intangible assets: A number of amendments to the scheme were made in Finance Act 2010 on foot, among other reasons, of the recommendations of the Innovation Taskforce Report. (1) The period in which a specified intangible asset must be used in the trade to avoid a clawback of allowances was reduced from 15 years to 10 years. (2) The list of specified intangible assets covered by the scheme was augmented by the inclusion of applications for the grant or registration of patents, copyright etc. and a broader definition of 'know-how'. (3) Relief will now be available for capital expenditure incurred prior to the commencement of a trade on the provision of specified intangible assets for the purposes of the trade.
2.2 Tax Relief for Acquisition of Intangible Assets: A scheme of tax relief for the acquisition of specified intangible assets was announced in the 2009 Supplementary Budget and introduced in Finance Act 2009. This measure was introduced to support the development of the knowledge economy and the provision of high-quality employment
The tax deduction can be used to achieve an effective tax rate of 2.5% on profits from the exploitation of the IP purchased. Provided the IP is held for five years, a subsequent disposal of the IP will not result in a clawback.
Multinational management consultancy Accenture is receiving tax relief on the $7bn (€5.4bn) it spent building up a portfolio of intellectual property rights. ... The Arthur Cox document, 'Uses of Ireland for German Companies', states: 'A well-known global company recently moved the ownership and exploitation of an intellectual property portfolio worth approximately $7bn to Ireland.'
Bloomberg Special Reports: Corporate Tax Inversions
When combined with other features of Ireland's IP tax regime, an effective rate as low as 2.5% can be achieved on IP related income
Structure 1: The profits of the Irish company will typically be subject to the corporation tax rate of 12.5% if the company has the requisite level of substance to be considered trading. The tax depreciation and interest expense can reduce the effective rate of tax to a minimum of 2.5%
IP onshoring is something we should be expecting to see much more of as we move towards the end of the decade. Buckle up!
U.S. companies are the most aggressive users of profit-shifting techniques, which often relocate paper profits without bringing jobs and wages, according to the study by economists Thomas Torslov and Ludvig Wier of the University of Copenhagen and Gabriel Zucman of the University of California, Berkeley
Nevertheless the rise in [Irish] GNI is still very substantial because the additional income flows of the companies (interest and dividends) concerned are considerably smaller than the value added of their activities
Why, then, when we look at debt on a per-capita basis, is it still so high? Per person, the Irish are right up the top of the leaderboard, with government debt per person of $45,941 (€43,230) as of March 1st, behind only Japan ($80,465) and the US ($48,203).
Germany taxes only 5% of the active foreign business profits of its resident corporations. .. Furthermore, German firms do not have incentives to structure their foreign operations in ways that avoid repatriating income. Therefore, the tax incentives for German firms to establish tax haven affiliates are likely to differ from those of U.S. firms and bear strong similarities to those of other G–7 and OECD firms.
The total value of U.S. business investment in Ireland – ranging from data centres to the world's most advanced manufacturing facilities – stands at $387bn (€334bn) – this is more than the combined U.S. investment in South America, Africa and the Middle East, and more than the BRIC countries combined.
But Mr Kenny noted that Oxfam included Ireland's 12.5 per cent corporation tax rate as one of the factors for deeming it a tax haven. 'The 12.5 per cent is fully in line with the OECD and international best practice in having a low rate and applying it to a very wide tax base.'
Suggestions that Ireland are a tax haven simply because of our longstanding 12.5% corporate tax rate are totally out of line with the agreed global consensus that a low corporate tax rate applied to a wide tax base is good economic policy for attracting investment and supporting economic growth.
A study by Dr Jim Stewart, associate professor in finance at Trinity College Dublin, suggests that in 2011 the subsidiaries of U.S. multinationals in Ireland paid an effective tax rate of 2.2 per cent.
Ireland's effective tax rate on all foreign corporates (U.S. and non-U.S.) is 4%
Meanwhile, the tax rate reported by those Irish subsidiaries of U.S. companies plummeted to 3% from 9% by 2010
Eurostat's structural business statistics give a range of measures of the business economy broken down by the controlling country of the enterprises. Here is the Gross Operating Surplus generated in Ireland in 2015 for the countries with figures reported by Eurostat.
Case Studies of transitions from "Worldwide" to "Territorial"
In 2007 to 2009, WPP, United Business Media, Henderson Group, Shire, Informa, Regus, Charter and Brit Insurance all left the UK. By 2015, WPP, UBM, Henderson Group, Informa and Brit Insurance have all returned
So, if you think about a lot of technology companies that are housed in Ireland and have massive operations there, they're not going to maybe need those in the same way, and those can be relocated back to the U.S.
most of the profits booked by U.S. firms abroad continue to appear in a few low tax jurisdictions, and well, the resulting data distortions are getting pretty big. I am pretty confident the U.S. tax reform didn't solve the issue of profit-shifting.
The use of private 'unlimited liability company' (ULC) status, which exempts companies from filing financial reports publicly. The fact that Apple, Google and many others continue to keep their Irish financial information secret is due to a failure by the Irish government to implement the 2013 EU Accounting Directive, which would require full public financial statements, until 2017, and even then retaining an exemption from financial reporting for certain holding companies until 2022
Local subsidiaries of multinationals must always be required to file their accounts on public record, which is not the case at present. Ireland is not just a tax haven at present, it is also a corporate secrecy jurisdiction.
Meanwhile, through a myriad of subsidiaries and system of inter-company charges involving a variation on the infamous so-called 'double Irish' structure, its local operations have also legally shaved their tax bills with the Exchequer despite pulling in huge sales.
Round Island's legal address is in the headquarters of a Dublin law firm, Matheson Ormsby Prentice, that advertises its expertise in helping multinational companies use Ireland to shelter income from taxes.
Such profit shifting leads to a total annual revenue loss of $200 billion globally
U.S. companies are the most aggressive users of profit-shifting techniques, which often relocate paper profits without bringing jobs and wages, according to the study by economists Thomas Torslov and Ludvig Wier of the University of Copenhagen and Gabriel Zucman of the University of California, Berkeley
Round Island's legal address is in the headquarters of a Dublin law firm, Matheson Ormsby Prentice, that advertises its expertise in helping multinational companies use Ireland to shelter income from taxes.