Drake equation (English Wikipedia)

Physics Today 14 (4), 40–46 (1961). Drake, F. D. (April 1961). "Project Ozma". pubs.aip.org. American Institute of Physics. Retrieved 27 April 2023. The question of the existence of intelligent life elsewhere in space has long fascinated people, but, until recently, has been properly left to the science‐fiction writers.

archive.org

Bonner, J. T. (1988). The evolution of complexity by means of natural selection. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08494-7.

archives-ouvertes.fr

hal.archives-ouvertes.fr

Selsis, Franck; Kasting, James F.; Levrard, Benjamin; Paillet, Jimmy; Ribas, Ignasi; Delfosse, Xavier (2007). "Habitable planets around the star Gl 581?". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 476 (3): 1373–1387. arXiv:0710.5294. Bibcode:2007A&A...476.1373S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078091. S2CID 11492499.

arxiv.org

Glade, N.; Ballet, P.; Bastien, O. (2012). "A stochastic process approach of the drake equation parameters". International Journal of Astrobiology. 11 (2): 103–108. arXiv:1112.1506. Bibcode:2012IJAsB..11..103G. doi:10.1017/S1473550411000413. S2CID 119250730.
Glade, N.; Ballet, P.; Bastien, O. (2012). "A stochastic process approach of the drake equation parameters". International Journal of Astrobiology. 11 (2): 103–108. arXiv:1112.1506. Bibcode:2012IJAsB..11..103G. doi:10.1017/S1473550411000413. S2CID 119250730. Note: This reference has a table of 1961 values, claimed to be taken from Drake & Sobel, but these differ from the book.
Robitaille, Thomas P.; Barbara A. Whitney (2010). "The present-day star formation rate of the Milky Way determined from Spitzer-detected young stellar objects". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 710 (1): L11. arXiv:1001.3672. Bibcode:2010ApJ...710L..11R. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/710/1/L11. S2CID 118703635.
Kennicutt, Robert C.; Evans, Neal J. (22 September 2012). "Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 50 (1): 531–608. arXiv:1204.3552. Bibcode:2012ARA&A..50..531K. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125610. S2CID 118667387.
Cassan, A.; et al. (11 January 2012). "One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations". Nature. 481 (7380): 167–169. arXiv:1202.0903. Bibcode:2012Natur.481..167C. doi:10.1038/nature10684. PMID 22237108. S2CID 2614136.
Petigura, Eric A.; Howard, Andrew W.; Marcy, Geoffrey W. (31 October 2013). "Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (48): 19273–19278. arXiv:1311.6806. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11019273P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1319909110. PMC 3845182. PMID 24191033.
Lineweaver, C. H.; Fenner, Y.; Gibson, B. K. (2004). "The Galactic Habitable Zone and the Age Distribution of Complex Life in the Milky Way". Science. 303 (5654): 59–62. arXiv:astro-ph/0401024. Bibcode:2004Sci...303...59L. doi:10.1126/science.1092322. PMID 14704421. S2CID 18140737.
Dressing, C. D.; Charbonneau, D. (2013). "The Occurrence Rate of Small Planets around Small Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 767 (1): 95. arXiv:1302.1647. Bibcode:2013ApJ...767...95D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/95. S2CID 29441006.
Heller, René; Barnes, Rory (29 April 2014). "Constraints on the Habitability of Extrasolar Moons". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 8 (S293): 159–164. arXiv:1210.5172. Bibcode:2014IAUS..293..159H. doi:10.1017/S1743921313012738. S2CID 92988047.
Westby, Tom; Conselice, Christopher J. (15 June 2020). "The Astrobiological Copernican Weak and Strong Limits for Intelligent Life". The Astrophysical Journal. 896 (1): 58. arXiv:2004.03968. Bibcode:2020ApJ...896...58W. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab8225. S2CID 215415788.
Kipping, David (18 May 2020). "An objective Bayesian analysis of life's early start and our late arrival". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (22): 11995–12003. arXiv:2005.09008. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11711995K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1921655117. PMC 7275750. PMID 32424083.
Forgan, D.; Elvis, M. (2011). "Extrasolar Asteroid Mining as Forensic Evidence for Extraterrestrial Intelligence". International Journal of Astrobiology. 10 (4): 307–313. arXiv:1103.5369. Bibcode:2011IJAsB..10..307F. doi:10.1017/S1473550411000127. S2CID 119111392.
von Bloh, W.; Bounama, C.; Cuntz, M.; Franck, S. (2007). "The habitability of super-Earths in Gliese 581". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 476 (3): 1365–1371. arXiv:0705.3758. Bibcode:2007A&A...476.1365V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077939. S2CID 14475537.
Selsis, Franck; Kasting, James F.; Levrard, Benjamin; Paillet, Jimmy; Ribas, Ignasi; Delfosse, Xavier (2007). "Habitable planets around the star Gl 581?". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 476 (3): 1373–1387. arXiv:0710.5294. Bibcode:2007A&A...476.1373S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078091. S2CID 11492499.
Lineweaver, C. H.; Davis, T. M. (2002). "Does the rapid appearance of life on Earth suggest that life is common in the universe?". Astrobiology. 2 (3): 293–304. arXiv:astro-ph/0205014. Bibcode:2002AsBio...2..293L. doi:10.1089/153110702762027871. PMID 12530239. S2CID 431699.
Forgan, D. (2009). "A numerical testbed for hypotheses of extraterrestrial life and intelligence". International Journal of Astrobiology. 8 (2): 121–131. arXiv:0810.2222. Bibcode:2009IJAsB...8..121F. doi:10.1017/S1473550408004321. S2CID 17469638.
Frank, Adam; Sullivan III, W. T. (22 April 2016). "A New Empirical Constraint on the Prevalence of Technological Species in the Universe". Astrobiology. 16 (5) (published 13 May 2016): 359–362. arXiv:1510.08837. Bibcode:2016AsBio..16..359F. doi:10.1089/ast.2015.1418. PMID 27105054.
Christopher J. Conselice; et al. (2016). "The Evolution of Galaxy Number Density at $z < 8$ and its Implications". The Astrophysical Journal. 830 (2): 83. arXiv:1607.03909. Bibcode:2016ApJ...830...83C. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/830/2/83. S2CID 17424588.
Sandberg, Anders; Drexler, Eric; Ord, Toby (6 June 2018). "Dissolving the Fermi Paradox". arXiv:1806.02404 [physics.pop-ph].

astro-tom.com

Schilling, Govert (November 2011). "The Chance of Finding Aliens: Reevaluating the Drake Equation". astro-tom.com.

astronomynow.com

SETI: A celebration of the first 50 years. Keith Cooper. Astronomy Now. 2000

bbc.co.uk

Palmer, J. (11 January 2012). "Exoplanets are around every star, study suggests". BBC. Retrieved 12 January 2012.

bigthink.com

"The unsurprising non-detection of intelligent aliens". Big Think. 23 April 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2024.

books.google.com

Wanjek, C. (2015). The Drake Equation. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107073654. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
Webb, S. (2015). If the Universe Is Teeming with Aliens ... WHERE IS EVERYBODY?: Seventy-Five Solutions to the Fermi Paradox and the Problem of Extraterrestrial Life. Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3319132358.

cosmosmagazine.com

^{[better source needed]} Dean, T. (10 August 2009). "A review of the Drake Equation". Cosmos Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.

cplire.ru

Zaitsev, A. (May 2005). "The Drake Equation: Adding a METI Factor". SETI League. Retrieved 20 April 2013.

csicop.org

Tarter, Jill C. (May–June 2006). "The Cosmic Haystack Is Large". Skeptical Inquirer. 30 (3). Retrieved 21 August 2013.

daviddarling.info

Darling, D. J. "Green Bank conference (1961)". The Encyclopedia of Science. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 13 August 2013.

doi.org

Burchell, M. J. (2006). "W(h)ither the Drake equation?". International Journal of Astrobiology. 5 (3): 243–250. Bibcode:2006IJAsB...5..243B. doi:10.1017/S1473550406003107. S2CID 121060763.
Glade, N.; Ballet, P.; Bastien, O. (2012). "A stochastic process approach of the drake equation parameters". International Journal of Astrobiology. 11 (2): 103–108. arXiv:1112.1506. Bibcode:2012IJAsB..11..103G. doi:10.1017/S1473550411000413. S2CID 119250730.
Cocconi, G.; Morisson, P. (1959). "Searching for Interstellar Communications" (PDF). Nature. 184 (4690): 844–846. Bibcode:1959Natur.184..844C. doi:10.1038/184844a0. S2CID 4220318. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
Glade, N.; Ballet, P.; Bastien, O. (2012). "A stochastic process approach of the drake equation parameters". International Journal of Astrobiology. 11 (2): 103–108. arXiv:1112.1506. Bibcode:2012IJAsB..11..103G. doi:10.1017/S1473550411000413. S2CID 119250730. Note: This reference has a table of 1961 values, claimed to be taken from Drake & Sobel, but these differ from the book.
Robitaille, Thomas P.; Barbara A. Whitney (2010). "The present-day star formation rate of the Milky Way determined from Spitzer-detected young stellar objects". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 710 (1): L11. arXiv:1001.3672. Bibcode:2010ApJ...710L..11R. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/710/1/L11. S2CID 118703635.
Kennicutt, Robert C.; Evans, Neal J. (22 September 2012). "Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 50 (1): 531–608. arXiv:1204.3552. Bibcode:2012ARA&A..50..531K. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125610. S2CID 118667387.
Cassan, A.; et al. (11 January 2012). "One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations". Nature. 481 (7380): 167–169. arXiv:1202.0903. Bibcode:2012Natur.481..167C. doi:10.1038/nature10684. PMID 22237108. S2CID 2614136.
Petigura, Eric A.; Howard, Andrew W.; Marcy, Geoffrey W. (31 October 2013). "Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (48): 19273–19278. arXiv:1311.6806. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11019273P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1319909110. PMC 3845182. PMID 24191033.
Trimble, V. (1997). "Origin of the biologically important elements". Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere. 27 (1–3): 3–21. Bibcode:1997OLEB...27....3T. doi:10.1023/A:1006561811750. PMID 9150565. S2CID 7612499.
Lineweaver, C. H.; Fenner, Y.; Gibson, B. K. (2004). "The Galactic Habitable Zone and the Age Distribution of Complex Life in the Milky Way". Science. 303 (5654): 59–62. arXiv:astro-ph/0401024. Bibcode:2004Sci...303...59L. doi:10.1126/science.1092322. PMID 14704421. S2CID 18140737.
Dressing, C. D.; Charbonneau, D. (2013). "The Occurrence Rate of Small Planets around Small Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 767 (1): 95. arXiv:1302.1647. Bibcode:2013ApJ...767...95D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/95. S2CID 29441006.
Heller, René; Barnes, Rory (29 April 2014). "Constraints on the Habitability of Extrasolar Moons". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 8 (S293): 159–164. arXiv:1210.5172. Bibcode:2014IAUS..293..159H. doi:10.1017/S1743921313012738. S2CID 92988047.
Davies, P. (2007). "Are Aliens Among Us?". Scientific American. 297 (6): 62–69. Bibcode:2007SciAm.297f..62D. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1207-62.
Crick, F. H. C.; Orgel, L. E. (1973). "Directed Panspermia" (PDF). Icarus. 19 (3): 341–346. Bibcode:1973Icar...19..341C. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(73)90110-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2011.
Westby, Tom; Conselice, Christopher J. (15 June 2020). "The Astrobiological Copernican Weak and Strong Limits for Intelligent Life". The Astrophysical Journal. 896 (1): 58. arXiv:2004.03968. Bibcode:2020ApJ...896...58W. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab8225. S2CID 215415788.
Kipping, David (18 May 2020). "An objective Bayesian analysis of life's early start and our late arrival". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (22): 11995–12003. arXiv:2005.09008. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11711995K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1921655117. PMC 7275750. PMID 32424083.
Forgan, D.; Elvis, M. (2011). "Extrasolar Asteroid Mining as Forensic Evidence for Extraterrestrial Intelligence". International Journal of Astrobiology. 10 (4): 307–313. arXiv:1103.5369. Bibcode:2011IJAsB..10..307F. doi:10.1017/S1473550411000127. S2CID 119111392.
Tarter, Jill C. (September 2001). "The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI)". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 39: 511–548. Bibcode:2001ARA&A..39..511T. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.39.1.511. S2CID 261531924.
Shermer, M. (August 2002). "Why ET Hasn't Called". Scientific American. 287 (2): 21. Bibcode:2002SciAm.287b..33S. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0802-33.
Vinn, O. (2024). "Potential incompatibility of inherited behavior patterns with civilization: Implications for Fermi paradox". Science Progress. 107 (3): 1–6. doi:10.1177/00368504241272491. PMC 11307330. PMID 39105260.
"The value of $N$ remains highly uncertain. Even if we had a perfect knowledge of the first two terms in the equation, there are still five remaining terms, each of which could be uncertain by factors of 1,000." from Wilson, TL (2001). "The search for extraterrestrial intelligence". Nature. 409 (6823). Nature Publishing Group: 1110–1114. Bibcode:2001Natur.409.1110W. doi:10.1038/35059235. PMID 11234025. S2CID 205014501., or more informally, "The Drake Equation can have any value from "billions and billions" to zero", Michael Crichton, as quoted in Douglas A. Vakoch; et al. (2015). The Drake Equation: Estimating the prevalence of extraterrestrial life through the ages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-10-707365-4., p. 13
von Bloh, W.; Bounama, C.; Cuntz, M.; Franck, S. (2007). "The habitability of super-Earths in Gliese 581". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 476 (3): 1365–1371. arXiv:0705.3758. Bibcode:2007A&A...476.1365V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077939. S2CID 14475537.
Selsis, Franck; Kasting, James F.; Levrard, Benjamin; Paillet, Jimmy; Ribas, Ignasi; Delfosse, Xavier (2007). "Habitable planets around the star Gl 581?". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 476 (3): 1373–1387. arXiv:0710.5294. Bibcode:2007A&A...476.1373S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078091. S2CID 11492499.
Lineweaver, C. H.; Davis, T. M. (2002). "Does the rapid appearance of life on Earth suggest that life is common in the universe?". Astrobiology. 2 (3): 293–304. arXiv:astro-ph/0205014. Bibcode:2002AsBio...2..293L. doi:10.1089/153110702762027871. PMID 12530239. S2CID 431699.
Forgan, D. (2009). "A numerical testbed for hypotheses of extraterrestrial life and intelligence". International Journal of Astrobiology. 8 (2): 121–131. arXiv:0810.2222. Bibcode:2009IJAsB...8..121F. doi:10.1017/S1473550408004321. S2CID 17469638.
Frank, Adam; Sullivan III, W. T. (22 April 2016). "A New Empirical Constraint on the Prevalence of Technological Species in the Universe". Astrobiology. 16 (5) (published 13 May 2016): 359–362. arXiv:1510.08837. Bibcode:2016AsBio..16..359F. doi:10.1089/ast.2015.1418. PMID 27105054.
Maccone, C. (2010). "The Statistical Drake Equation". Acta Astronautica. 67 (11–12): 1366–1383. Bibcode:2010AcAau..67.1366M. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.05.003. S2CID 121239391.
Golden, Leslie M. (1 August 2021). "A joint mind consideration of the Drake equation in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence". Acta Astronautica. 185: 333–336. Bibcode:2021AcAau.185..333G. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2021.03.020. ISSN 0094-5765. S2CID 233663920.
Christopher J. Conselice; et al. (2016). "The Evolution of Galaxy Number Density at $z < 8$ and its Implications". The Astrophysical Journal. 830 (2): 83. arXiv:1607.03909. Bibcode:2016ApJ...830...83C. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/830/2/83. S2CID 17424588.
Jones, E. M. (1 March 1985). "Where is everybody?" An account of Fermi's question (PDF) (Report). Los Alamos National Laboratory. Bibcode:1985STIN...8530988J. doi:10.2172/5746675. OSTI 5746675. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2013.

elte.hu

astro.elte.hu

Hetesi, Z.; Regaly, Z. (2006). "A new interpretation of Drake-equation" (PDF). Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 59: 11–14. Bibcode:2006JBIS...59...11H. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2009.

frombob.to

Jones, D. S. (26 September 2001). "Beyond the Drake Equation". Retrieved 17 April 2013.

ghostarchive.org

Overbye, Dennis (4 November 2013). "Far-Off Planets Like the Earth Dot the Galaxy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
Lee, Pascal (24 October 2020). "N~1: Alone in the Milky Way, Mt Tam". YouTube. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021.
Fountain, Henry (17 October 2016). "Two Trillion Galaxies, at the Very Least". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2016.

gmu.edu

hanson.gmu.edu

Hanson, R. (15 September 1998). "The Great Filter – Are We Almost Past It?". Retrieved 21 August 2013.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Burchell, M. J. (2006). "W(h)ither the Drake equation?". International Journal of Astrobiology. 5 (3): 243–250. Bibcode:2006IJAsB...5..243B. doi:10.1017/S1473550406003107. S2CID 121060763.
Glade, N.; Ballet, P.; Bastien, O. (2012). "A stochastic process approach of the drake equation parameters". International Journal of Astrobiology. 11 (2): 103–108. arXiv:1112.1506. Bibcode:2012IJAsB..11..103G. doi:10.1017/S1473550411000413. S2CID 119250730.
Drake, Frank D. (1 January 1965). The Radio Search for Intelligent Extraterrestrial Life. Bibcode:1965cae..book..323D.
Cocconi, G.; Morisson, P. (1959). "Searching for Interstellar Communications" (PDF). Nature. 184 (4690): 844–846. Bibcode:1959Natur.184..844C. doi:10.1038/184844a0. S2CID 4220318. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
Glade, N.; Ballet, P.; Bastien, O. (2012). "A stochastic process approach of the drake equation parameters". International Journal of Astrobiology. 11 (2): 103–108. arXiv:1112.1506. Bibcode:2012IJAsB..11..103G. doi:10.1017/S1473550411000413. S2CID 119250730. Note: This reference has a table of 1961 values, claimed to be taken from Drake & Sobel, but these differ from the book.
Robitaille, Thomas P.; Barbara A. Whitney (2010). "The present-day star formation rate of the Milky Way determined from Spitzer-detected young stellar objects". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 710 (1): L11. arXiv:1001.3672. Bibcode:2010ApJ...710L..11R. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/710/1/L11. S2CID 118703635.
Kennicutt, Robert C.; Evans, Neal J. (22 September 2012). "Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 50 (1): 531–608. arXiv:1204.3552. Bibcode:2012ARA&A..50..531K. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125610. S2CID 118667387.
Cassan, A.; et al. (11 January 2012). "One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations". Nature. 481 (7380): 167–169. arXiv:1202.0903. Bibcode:2012Natur.481..167C. doi:10.1038/nature10684. PMID 22237108. S2CID 2614136.
Petigura, Eric A.; Howard, Andrew W.; Marcy, Geoffrey W. (31 October 2013). "Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (48): 19273–19278. arXiv:1311.6806. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11019273P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1319909110. PMC 3845182. PMID 24191033.
Trimble, V. (1997). "Origin of the biologically important elements". Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere. 27 (1–3): 3–21. Bibcode:1997OLEB...27....3T. doi:10.1023/A:1006561811750. PMID 9150565. S2CID 7612499.
Lineweaver, C. H.; Fenner, Y.; Gibson, B. K. (2004). "The Galactic Habitable Zone and the Age Distribution of Complex Life in the Milky Way". Science. 303 (5654): 59–62. arXiv:astro-ph/0401024. Bibcode:2004Sci...303...59L. doi:10.1126/science.1092322. PMID 14704421. S2CID 18140737.
Dressing, C. D.; Charbonneau, D. (2013). "The Occurrence Rate of Small Planets around Small Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 767 (1): 95. arXiv:1302.1647. Bibcode:2013ApJ...767...95D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/95. S2CID 29441006.
Heller, René; Barnes, Rory (29 April 2014). "Constraints on the Habitability of Extrasolar Moons". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 8 (S293): 159–164. arXiv:1210.5172. Bibcode:2014IAUS..293..159H. doi:10.1017/S1743921313012738. S2CID 92988047.
Davies, P. (2007). "Are Aliens Among Us?". Scientific American. 297 (6): 62–69. Bibcode:2007SciAm.297f..62D. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1207-62.
Crick, F. H. C.; Orgel, L. E. (1973). "Directed Panspermia" (PDF). Icarus. 19 (3): 341–346. Bibcode:1973Icar...19..341C. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(73)90110-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2011.
Westby, Tom; Conselice, Christopher J. (15 June 2020). "The Astrobiological Copernican Weak and Strong Limits for Intelligent Life". The Astrophysical Journal. 896 (1): 58. arXiv:2004.03968. Bibcode:2020ApJ...896...58W. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab8225. S2CID 215415788.
Kipping, David (18 May 2020). "An objective Bayesian analysis of life's early start and our late arrival". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (22): 11995–12003. arXiv:2005.09008. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11711995K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1921655117. PMC 7275750. PMID 32424083.
Forgan, D.; Elvis, M. (2011). "Extrasolar Asteroid Mining as Forensic Evidence for Extraterrestrial Intelligence". International Journal of Astrobiology. 10 (4): 307–313. arXiv:1103.5369. Bibcode:2011IJAsB..10..307F. doi:10.1017/S1473550411000127. S2CID 119111392.
Tarter, Jill C. (September 2001). "The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI)". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 39: 511–548. Bibcode:2001ARA&A..39..511T. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.39.1.511. S2CID 261531924.
Shermer, M. (August 2002). "Why ET Hasn't Called". Scientific American. 287 (2): 21. Bibcode:2002SciAm.287b..33S. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0802-33.
"The value of $N$ remains highly uncertain. Even if we had a perfect knowledge of the first two terms in the equation, there are still five remaining terms, each of which could be uncertain by factors of 1,000." from Wilson, TL (2001). "The search for extraterrestrial intelligence". Nature. 409 (6823). Nature Publishing Group: 1110–1114. Bibcode:2001Natur.409.1110W. doi:10.1038/35059235. PMID 11234025. S2CID 205014501., or more informally, "The Drake Equation can have any value from "billions and billions" to zero", Michael Crichton, as quoted in Douglas A. Vakoch; et al. (2015). The Drake Equation: Estimating the prevalence of extraterrestrial life through the ages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-10-707365-4., p. 13
von Bloh, W.; Bounama, C.; Cuntz, M.; Franck, S. (2007). "The habitability of super-Earths in Gliese 581". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 476 (3): 1365–1371. arXiv:0705.3758. Bibcode:2007A&A...476.1365V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077939. S2CID 14475537.
Selsis, Franck; Kasting, James F.; Levrard, Benjamin; Paillet, Jimmy; Ribas, Ignasi; Delfosse, Xavier (2007). "Habitable planets around the star Gl 581?". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 476 (3): 1373–1387. arXiv:0710.5294. Bibcode:2007A&A...476.1373S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078091. S2CID 11492499.
Lineweaver, C. H.; Davis, T. M. (2002). "Does the rapid appearance of life on Earth suggest that life is common in the universe?". Astrobiology. 2 (3): 293–304. arXiv:astro-ph/0205014. Bibcode:2002AsBio...2..293L. doi:10.1089/153110702762027871. PMID 12530239. S2CID 431699.
Forgan, D. (2009). "A numerical testbed for hypotheses of extraterrestrial life and intelligence". International Journal of Astrobiology. 8 (2): 121–131. arXiv:0810.2222. Bibcode:2009IJAsB...8..121F. doi:10.1017/S1473550408004321. S2CID 17469638.
Frank, Adam; Sullivan III, W. T. (22 April 2016). "A New Empirical Constraint on the Prevalence of Technological Species in the Universe". Astrobiology. 16 (5) (published 13 May 2016): 359–362. arXiv:1510.08837. Bibcode:2016AsBio..16..359F. doi:10.1089/ast.2015.1418. PMID 27105054.
Hetesi, Z.; Regaly, Z. (2006). "A new interpretation of Drake-equation" (PDF). Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 59: 11–14. Bibcode:2006JBIS...59...11H. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2009.
Maccone, C. (2010). "The Statistical Drake Equation". Acta Astronautica. 67 (11–12): 1366–1383. Bibcode:2010AcAau..67.1366M. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.05.003. S2CID 121239391.
Golden, Leslie M. (1 August 2021). "A joint mind consideration of the Drake equation in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence". Acta Astronautica. 185: 333–336. Bibcode:2021AcAau.185..333G. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2021.03.020. ISSN 0094-5765. S2CID 233663920.
Brin, G. D. (1983). "The Great Silence – The Controversy Concerning Extraterrestrial Intelligent Life". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 24 (3): 283–309. Bibcode:1983QJRAS..24..283B.
Christopher J. Conselice; et al. (2016). "The Evolution of Galaxy Number Density at $z < 8$ and its Implications". The Astrophysical Journal. 830 (2): 83. arXiv:1607.03909. Bibcode:2016ApJ...830...83C. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/830/2/83. S2CID 17424588.
Jones, E. M. (1 March 1985). "Where is everybody?" An account of Fermi's question (PDF) (Report). Los Alamos National Laboratory. Bibcode:1985STIN...8530988J. doi:10.2172/5746675. OSTI 5746675. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2013.

heise.de

Zaun, H. (1 November 2011). "Es war wie eine 180-Grad-Wende von diesem peinlichen Geheimnis!" [It was like a 180 degree turn from this embarrassing secret]. Telepolis (in German). Retrieved 13 August 2013.

iaragroup.org

Cocconi, G.; Morisson, P. (1959). "Searching for Interstellar Communications" (PDF). Nature. 184 (4690): 844–846. Bibcode:1959Natur.184..844C. doi:10.1038/184844a0. S2CID 4220318. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2013.

independent.co.uk

Sulleyman, Aatif (2 November 2017). "Stephen Hawking warns artificial intelligence 'may replace humans altogether'". independent.co.uk.

io9.com

"A New Equation Reveals Our Exact Odds of Finding Alien Life". io9. 21 June 2013.

latimes.com

Khan, Amina (4 November 2013). "Milky Way may host billions of Earth-size planets". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 November 2013.

libretexts.org

phys.libretexts.org

"The Drake Equation". phys.libretexts.org. 13 August 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2024.

michaelshermer.com

Shermer, M. (August 2002). "Why ET Hasn't Called". Scientific American. 287 (2): 21. Bibcode:2002SciAm.287b..33S. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0802-33.

nasa.gov

jpl.nasa.gov

"NASA Unveils Design for Message Heading to Jupiter's Moon Europa". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Retrieved 11 March 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

nationalgeographic.com

news.nationalgeographic.com

Drake, N. (30 June 2014). "How my Dad's Equation Sparked the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2016.

news.google.com

newspaper, staff (8 November 1959). "Life On Other Planets?". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2 October 2015.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Cassan, A.; et al. (11 January 2012). "One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations". Nature. 481 (7380): 167–169. arXiv:1202.0903. Bibcode:2012Natur.481..167C. doi:10.1038/nature10684. PMID 22237108. S2CID 2614136.
Petigura, Eric A.; Howard, Andrew W.; Marcy, Geoffrey W. (31 October 2013). "Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (48): 19273–19278. arXiv:1311.6806. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11019273P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1319909110. PMC 3845182. PMID 24191033.
Trimble, V. (1997). "Origin of the biologically important elements". Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere. 27 (1–3): 3–21. Bibcode:1997OLEB...27....3T. doi:10.1023/A:1006561811750. PMID 9150565. S2CID 7612499.
Lineweaver, C. H.; Fenner, Y.; Gibson, B. K. (2004). "The Galactic Habitable Zone and the Age Distribution of Complex Life in the Milky Way". Science. 303 (5654): 59–62. arXiv:astro-ph/0401024. Bibcode:2004Sci...303...59L. doi:10.1126/science.1092322. PMID 14704421. S2CID 18140737.
Kipping, David (18 May 2020). "An objective Bayesian analysis of life's early start and our late arrival". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (22): 11995–12003. arXiv:2005.09008. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11711995K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1921655117. PMC 7275750. PMID 32424083.
Vinn, O. (2024). "Potential incompatibility of inherited behavior patterns with civilization: Implications for Fermi paradox". Science Progress. 107 (3): 1–6. doi:10.1177/00368504241272491. PMC 11307330. PMID 39105260.
"The value of $N$ remains highly uncertain. Even if we had a perfect knowledge of the first two terms in the equation, there are still five remaining terms, each of which could be uncertain by factors of 1,000." from Wilson, TL (2001). "The search for extraterrestrial intelligence". Nature. 409 (6823). Nature Publishing Group: 1110–1114. Bibcode:2001Natur.409.1110W. doi:10.1038/35059235. PMID 11234025. S2CID 205014501., or more informally, "The Drake Equation can have any value from "billions and billions" to zero", Michael Crichton, as quoted in Douglas A. Vakoch; et al. (2015). The Drake Equation: Estimating the prevalence of extraterrestrial life through the ages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-10-707365-4., p. 13
Lineweaver, C. H.; Davis, T. M. (2002). "Does the rapid appearance of life on Earth suggest that life is common in the universe?". Astrobiology. 2 (3): 293–304. arXiv:astro-ph/0205014. Bibcode:2002AsBio...2..293L. doi:10.1089/153110702762027871. PMID 12530239. S2CID 431699.
Frank, Adam; Sullivan III, W. T. (22 April 2016). "A New Empirical Constraint on the Prevalence of Technological Species in the Universe". Astrobiology. 16 (5) (published 13 May 2016): 359–362. arXiv:1510.08837. Bibcode:2016AsBio..16..359F. doi:10.1089/ast.2015.1418. PMID 27105054.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Petigura, Eric A.; Howard, Andrew W.; Marcy, Geoffrey W. (31 October 2013). "Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (48): 19273–19278. arXiv:1311.6806. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11019273P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1319909110. PMC 3845182. PMID 24191033.
Kipping, David (18 May 2020). "An objective Bayesian analysis of life's early start and our late arrival". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (22): 11995–12003. arXiv:2005.09008. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11711995K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1921655117. PMC 7275750. PMID 32424083.
Vinn, O. (2024). "Potential incompatibility of inherited behavior patterns with civilization: Implications for Fermi paradox". Science Progress. 107 (3): 1–6. doi:10.1177/00368504241272491. PMC 11307330. PMID 39105260.

profiles.nlm.nih.gov

Crick, F. H. C.; Orgel, L. E. (1973). "Directed Panspermia" (PDF). Icarus. 19 (3): 341–346. Bibcode:1973Icar...19..341C. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(73)90110-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2011.

nytimes.com

Overbye, Dennis (4 November 2013). "Far-Off Planets Like the Earth Dot the Galaxy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
Frank, Adam (10 June 2016). "Yes, There Have Been Aliens". The New York Times.
Jones, Chris (7 December 2016). "'The World Sees Me as the One Who Will Find Another Earth' – The star-crossed life of Sara Seager, an astrophysicist obsessed with discovering distant planets". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
Fountain, Henry (17 October 2016). "Two Trillion Galaxies, at the Very Least". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2016.

osti.gov

Jones, E. M. (1 March 1985). "Where is everybody?" An account of Fermi's question (PDF) (Report). Los Alamos National Laboratory. Bibcode:1985STIN...8530988J. doi:10.2172/5746675. OSTI 5746675. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2013.

pbs.org

Aguirre, L. (1 July 2008). "The Drake Equation". Nova ScienceNow. PBS. Retrieved 7 March 2010.

phys.org

Columbia University. "New study estimates the odds of life and intelligence emerging beyond our planet". Phys.org. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
"Are we alone? Setting some limits to our uniqueness". phys.org. 28 April 2016.

planetary.org

"Ernst Mayr on SETI". The Planetary Society. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010.
Alexander, A. "The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: A Short History – Part 7: The Birth of the Drake Equation". The Planetary Society. Archived from the original on 6 March 2005.

psu.edu

sites.psu.edu

jtw13 (31 July 2019). "Freeman Dyson's First Law of SETI Investigations". AstroWright. Retrieved 2 August 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

e-education.psu.edu

"The Drake Equation". psu.edu.

realclearscience.com

Hartsfield, Tom (11 March 2015). "Why the Drake Equation Is Useless | RealClearScience". www.realclearscience.com. Retrieved 29 April 2024.

sciencedirect.com

Golden, Leslie M. (1 August 2021). "A joint mind consideration of the Drake equation in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence". Acta Astronautica. 185: 333–336. Bibcode:2021AcAau.185..333G. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2021.03.020. ISSN 0094-5765. S2CID 233663920.

scitechdaily.com

"Red Dwarf Stars Could Leave Habitable Earth-Like Planets Vulnerable to Radiation". SciTech Daily. 2 July 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2015.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Burchell, M. J. (2006). "W(h)ither the Drake equation?". International Journal of Astrobiology. 5 (3): 243–250. Bibcode:2006IJAsB...5..243B. doi:10.1017/S1473550406003107. S2CID 121060763.
Glade, N.; Ballet, P.; Bastien, O. (2012). "A stochastic process approach of the drake equation parameters". International Journal of Astrobiology. 11 (2): 103–108. arXiv:1112.1506. Bibcode:2012IJAsB..11..103G. doi:10.1017/S1473550411000413. S2CID 119250730.
Cocconi, G.; Morisson, P. (1959). "Searching for Interstellar Communications" (PDF). Nature. 184 (4690): 844–846. Bibcode:1959Natur.184..844C. doi:10.1038/184844a0. S2CID 4220318. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
Glade, N.; Ballet, P.; Bastien, O. (2012). "A stochastic process approach of the drake equation parameters". International Journal of Astrobiology. 11 (2): 103–108. arXiv:1112.1506. Bibcode:2012IJAsB..11..103G. doi:10.1017/S1473550411000413. S2CID 119250730. Note: This reference has a table of 1961 values, claimed to be taken from Drake & Sobel, but these differ from the book.
Robitaille, Thomas P.; Barbara A. Whitney (2010). "The present-day star formation rate of the Milky Way determined from Spitzer-detected young stellar objects". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 710 (1): L11. arXiv:1001.3672. Bibcode:2010ApJ...710L..11R. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/710/1/L11. S2CID 118703635.
Kennicutt, Robert C.; Evans, Neal J. (22 September 2012). "Star Formation in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 50 (1): 531–608. arXiv:1204.3552. Bibcode:2012ARA&A..50..531K. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125610. S2CID 118667387.
Cassan, A.; et al. (11 January 2012). "One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations". Nature. 481 (7380): 167–169. arXiv:1202.0903. Bibcode:2012Natur.481..167C. doi:10.1038/nature10684. PMID 22237108. S2CID 2614136.
Trimble, V. (1997). "Origin of the biologically important elements". Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere. 27 (1–3): 3–21. Bibcode:1997OLEB...27....3T. doi:10.1023/A:1006561811750. PMID 9150565. S2CID 7612499.
Lineweaver, C. H.; Fenner, Y.; Gibson, B. K. (2004). "The Galactic Habitable Zone and the Age Distribution of Complex Life in the Milky Way". Science. 303 (5654): 59–62. arXiv:astro-ph/0401024. Bibcode:2004Sci...303...59L. doi:10.1126/science.1092322. PMID 14704421. S2CID 18140737.
Dressing, C. D.; Charbonneau, D. (2013). "The Occurrence Rate of Small Planets around Small Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 767 (1): 95. arXiv:1302.1647. Bibcode:2013ApJ...767...95D. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/767/1/95. S2CID 29441006.
Heller, René; Barnes, Rory (29 April 2014). "Constraints on the Habitability of Extrasolar Moons". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 8 (S293): 159–164. arXiv:1210.5172. Bibcode:2014IAUS..293..159H. doi:10.1017/S1743921313012738. S2CID 92988047.
Westby, Tom; Conselice, Christopher J. (15 June 2020). "The Astrobiological Copernican Weak and Strong Limits for Intelligent Life". The Astrophysical Journal. 896 (1): 58. arXiv:2004.03968. Bibcode:2020ApJ...896...58W. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab8225. S2CID 215415788.
Forgan, D.; Elvis, M. (2011). "Extrasolar Asteroid Mining as Forensic Evidence for Extraterrestrial Intelligence". International Journal of Astrobiology. 10 (4): 307–313. arXiv:1103.5369. Bibcode:2011IJAsB..10..307F. doi:10.1017/S1473550411000127. S2CID 119111392.
Tarter, Jill C. (September 2001). "The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI)". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 39: 511–548. Bibcode:2001ARA&A..39..511T. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.39.1.511. S2CID 261531924.
"The value of $N$ remains highly uncertain. Even if we had a perfect knowledge of the first two terms in the equation, there are still five remaining terms, each of which could be uncertain by factors of 1,000." from Wilson, TL (2001). "The search for extraterrestrial intelligence". Nature. 409 (6823). Nature Publishing Group: 1110–1114. Bibcode:2001Natur.409.1110W. doi:10.1038/35059235. PMID 11234025. S2CID 205014501., or more informally, "The Drake Equation can have any value from "billions and billions" to zero", Michael Crichton, as quoted in Douglas A. Vakoch; et al. (2015). The Drake Equation: Estimating the prevalence of extraterrestrial life through the ages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-10-707365-4., p. 13
von Bloh, W.; Bounama, C.; Cuntz, M.; Franck, S. (2007). "The habitability of super-Earths in Gliese 581". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 476 (3): 1365–1371. arXiv:0705.3758. Bibcode:2007A&A...476.1365V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077939. S2CID 14475537.
Selsis, Franck; Kasting, James F.; Levrard, Benjamin; Paillet, Jimmy; Ribas, Ignasi; Delfosse, Xavier (2007). "Habitable planets around the star Gl 581?". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 476 (3): 1373–1387. arXiv:0710.5294. Bibcode:2007A&A...476.1373S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078091. S2CID 11492499.
Lineweaver, C. H.; Davis, T. M. (2002). "Does the rapid appearance of life on Earth suggest that life is common in the universe?". Astrobiology. 2 (3): 293–304. arXiv:astro-ph/0205014. Bibcode:2002AsBio...2..293L. doi:10.1089/153110702762027871. PMID 12530239. S2CID 431699.
Forgan, D. (2009). "A numerical testbed for hypotheses of extraterrestrial life and intelligence". International Journal of Astrobiology. 8 (2): 121–131. arXiv:0810.2222. Bibcode:2009IJAsB...8..121F. doi:10.1017/S1473550408004321. S2CID 17469638.
Maccone, C. (2010). "The Statistical Drake Equation". Acta Astronautica. 67 (11–12): 1366–1383. Bibcode:2010AcAau..67.1366M. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.05.003. S2CID 121239391.
Golden, Leslie M. (1 August 2021). "A joint mind consideration of the Drake equation in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence". Acta Astronautica. 185: 333–336. Bibcode:2021AcAau.185..333G. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2021.03.020. ISSN 0094-5765. S2CID 233663920.
Christopher J. Conselice; et al. (2016). "The Evolution of Galaxy Number Density at $z < 8$ and its Implications". The Astrophysical Journal. 830 (2): 83. arXiv:1607.03909. Bibcode:2016ApJ...830...83C. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/830/2/83. S2CID 17424588.

sentientdevelopments.com

Dvorsky, G. (31 May 2007). "The Drake Equation is obsolete". Sentient Developments. Retrieved 21 August 2013.

seti.org

"What do we need to know about to discover life in space?". SETI Institute. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
"The Drake Equation: Could It Be Wrong?". SETI Institute. Retrieved 29 April 2024.

setileague.org

"Chapter 3 – Philosophy: "Solving the Drake Equation". Ask Dr. SETI. SETI League. December 2002. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
"Drake Equation Plaque". Retrieved 13 August 2013.

skyandtelescope.org

Schilling, G.; MacRobert, A. M. (2013). "The Chance of Finding Aliens". Sky & Telescope. Archived from the original on 14 February 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
Govert Schilling; Alan M. MacRobert (3 June 2009). "The Chance of Finding Aliens". Sky & Telescope.

space.com

Devin Powell, Astrobiology Magazine (4 September 2013). "The Drake Equation Revisited: Interview with Planet Hunter Sara Seager". Space.com.
Devin Powell (4 September 2013). "The Drake Equation Revisited: Interview with Planet Hunter Sara Seager". Space.com. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
Sutter, Paul (27 December 2018). "Alien Hunters, Stop Using the Drake Equation". Space.com. Retrieved 18 February 2019.

theguardian.com

Davis, Nicola (15 June 2020). "Scientists say most likely number of contactable alien civilisations is 36". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 June 2020.

ukfsn.org

acampbell.ukfsn.org

Campbell, A. (13 March 2005). "Review of Life's Solution by Simon Conway Morris". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011.

washingtonpost.com

Krauthammer, C. (29 December 2011). "Are we alone in the Universe?". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 August 2013.

web.archive.org

Drake, N. (30 June 2014). "How my Dad's Equation Sparked the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
Cocconi, G.; Morisson, P. (1959). "Searching for Interstellar Communications" (PDF). Nature. 184 (4690): 844–846. Bibcode:1959Natur.184..844C. doi:10.1038/184844a0. S2CID 4220318. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
Schilling, G.; MacRobert, A. M. (2013). "The Chance of Finding Aliens". Sky & Telescope. Archived from the original on 14 February 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
"The Drake Equation Revisited: Part I". Astrobiology Magazine. 29 September 2003. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
Darling, D. J. "Green Bank conference (1961)". The Encyclopedia of Science. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
Crick, F. H. C.; Orgel, L. E. (1973). "Directed Panspermia" (PDF). Icarus. 19 (3): 341–346. Bibcode:1973Icar...19..341C. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(73)90110-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2011.
"Ernst Mayr on SETI". The Planetary Society. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010.
Campbell, A. (13 March 2005). "Review of Life's Solution by Simon Conway Morris". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011.
Lee, Pascal (6 March 2021). "N~1: Alone in the Milky Way – Kalamazoo Astronomical Society". YouTube. Archived from the original on 15 March 2021.
^{[better source needed]} Dean, T. (10 August 2009). "A review of the Drake Equation". Cosmos Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
Hetesi, Z.; Regaly, Z. (2006). "A new interpretation of Drake-equation" (PDF). Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 59: 11–14. Bibcode:2006JBIS...59...11H. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2009.
Alexander, A. "The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence: A Short History – Part 7: The Birth of the Drake Equation". The Planetary Society. Archived from the original on 6 March 2005.
Jones, E. M. (1 March 1985). "Where is everybody?" An account of Fermi's question (PDF) (Report). Los Alamos National Laboratory. Bibcode:1985STIN...8530988J. doi:10.2172/5746675. OSTI 5746675. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2013.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Golden, Leslie M. (1 August 2021). "A joint mind consideration of the Drake equation in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence". Acta Astronautica. 185: 333–336. Bibcode:2021AcAau.185..333G. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2021.03.020. ISSN 0094-5765. S2CID 233663920.

youtube.com

"The Search For Life : The Drake Equation 2010 – Part 1". BBC Four. 2010. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
Lee, Pascal (24 October 2020). "N~1: Alone in the Milky Way, Mt Tam". YouTube. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021.
Lee, Pascal (6 March 2021). "N~1: Alone in the Milky Way – Kalamazoo Astronomical Society". YouTube. Archived from the original on 15 March 2021.
"Carl Sagan - Cosmos - Drake Equation". YouTube. 24 March 2009.
"Carl Sagan - Cosmos - Drake Equation". YouTube. 24 March 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2024.