Dutch language (English Wikipedia)

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Afrikaans is a daughter language of Dutch; see Booij 1999, p. 2, Jansen, Schreuder & Neijt 2007, p. 5, Mennen, Levelt & Gerrits 2006, p. 1, Booij 2003, p. 4, Hiskens, Auer & Kerswill 2005, p. 19, Heeringa & de Wet 2007, pp. 1, 3, 5.
Afrikaans was historically called Cape Dutch; see Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Conradie 2005, p. 208, Sebba 1997, p. 160, Langer & Davies 2005, p. 144, Deumert 2002, p. 3, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 130.
Afrikaans is rooted in 17th-century dialects of Dutch; see Holm 1989, p. 338, Geerts & Clyne 1992, p. 71, Mesthrie 1995, p. 214, Niesler, Louw & Roux 2005, p. 459.
Afrikaans is variously described as a creole, a partially creolised language, or a deviant variety of Dutch and has a vastly simplified grammar compared to Dutch; see Sebba 2007, p. 116. Booij, Geert (1999), "The Phonology of Dutch.", Oxford Linguistics, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X, archived from the original on March 9, 2023, retrieved May 24, 2010 Jansen, Carel; Schreuder, Robert; Neijt, Anneke (2007), "The influence of spelling conventions on perceived plurality in compounds. A comparison of Afrikaans and Dutch." (PDF), Written Language & Literacy 10:2, Radboud University Nijmegen, archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Mennen, Ineke; Levelt, Clara; Gerrits, Ellen (2006), "Acquisition of Dutch phonology: an overview.", Speech Science Research Centre Working Paper WP10, Queen Margaret University College, archived from the original on May 13, 2021, retrieved May 19, 2010 Booij, Geert (2003), "Constructional idioms and periphrasis: the progressive construction in Dutch." (PDF), Paradigms and Periphrasis, University of Kentucky, archived from the original (PDF) on May 3, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Hiskens, Frans; Auer, Peter; Kerswill, Paul (2005), The study of dialect convergence and divergence: conceptual and methodological considerations (PDF), Lancaster University, archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022, retrieved May 19, 2010 Heeringa, Wilbert; de Wet, Febe (2007), The origin of Afrikaans pronunciation: a comparison to west Germanic languages and Dutch dialects (PDF), University of Groningen, pp. 445–467, archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Deumert, Ana; Vandenbussche, Wim (2003), "Germanic standardizations: past to present", Trends in Linguistics, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027218560, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Conradie, C. Jac (2005), "The final stages of deflection – The case of Afrikaans "het"", Historical Linguistics 2005, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027247994, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 29, 2010 Sebba, Mark (1997), Contact languages: pidgins and creoles, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 9780312175719, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Langer, Nils; Davies, Winifred V. (2005), Linguistic purism in the Germanic languages, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110183375, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Deumert, Ana (2002), "Standardization and social networks – The emergence and diffusion of standard Afrikaans", Standardization – Studies from the Germanic languages, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027247471, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 29, 2010 Berdichevsky, Norman (2004), Nations, language, and citizenship, Norman Berdichevsky, ISBN 9780786427000, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 Holm, John A. (1989), Pidgins and Creoles: References survey, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521359405, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Geerts, G.; Clyne, Michael G. (1992), Pluricentric languages: differing norms in different nations, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110128550, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Mesthrie, Rajend, ed. (1995), Language and Social History: Studies in South African Sociolinguistics, New Africa Books, ISBN 9780864862808, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved August 23, 2008 Niesler, Thomas; Louw, Philippa; Roux, Justus (2005), "Phonetic analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu using South African speech databases" (PDF), Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 23 (4): 459–474, doi:10.2989/16073610509486401, S2CID 7138676, archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2012 Sebba, Mark (2007), Spelling and society: the culture and politics of orthography around the world, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781139462020, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010
It has the widest geographical and racial distribution of all official languages of South Africa; see Webb 2003, pp. 7, 8, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 131. It has by far the largest geographical distribution; see Alant 2004, p. 45.
It is widely spoken and understood as a second or third language; see Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Kamwangamalu 2004, p. 207, Myers-Scotton 2006, p. 389, Simpson 2008, p. 324, Palmer 2001, p. 141, Webb 2002, p. 74, Herriman & Burnaby 1996, p. 18, Page & Sonnenburg 2003, p. 7, Brook Napier 2007, pp. 69, 71.
An estimated 40 percent of South Africans have at least a basic level of communication in Afrikaans; see Webb 2003, p. 7 McLean & McCormick 1996, p. 333. Afrikaans is a lingua franca of Namibia; see Deumert 2004, p. 1, Adegbija 1994, p. 26, Batibo 2005, p. 79, Donaldson 1993, p. xiii, Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Baker & Prys Jones 1998, p. 364, Domínguez & López 1995, p. 399, Page & Sonnenburg 2003, p. 8, CIA 2010.
While the number of total speakers of Afrikaans is unknown, estimates range between 15 and 23 million. Afrikaans has 16.3 million speakers; see de Swaan 2001, p. 216. Afrikaans has a total of 16 million speakers; see Machan 2009, p. 174. About 9 million people speak Afrikaans as a second or third language; see Alant 2004, p. 45, Proost 2006, p. 402. Afrikaans has over 5 million native speakers and 15 million second language speakers; see Réguer 2004, p. 20. Afrikaans has about 6 million native and 16 million second language speakers; see Domínguez & López 1995, p. 340. In South Africa, over 23 million people speak Afrikaans to some degree, of which a third are first-language speakers; see Page & Sonnenburg 2003, p. 7. L2 "Black Afrikaans" is spoken, with different degrees of fluency, by an estimated 15 million; see Stell 2008, p. 1.
Dutch and Afrikaans share mutual intelligibility; see Gooskens 2007, p. 453, Holm 1989, p. 338, Baker & Prys Jones 1998, p. 302, Egil Breivik & Håkon Jahr 1987, p. 232. For written mutual intelligibility; see Sebba 2007, p. 116, Sebba 1997, p. 161.
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410,000 in the United States, 159,000 in Canada, 47,000 in Australia; see Simpson 2009, p. 307. Between 200,000 and 400,000 in US alone; see McGoldrick, Giordano & Garcia-Preto 2005, p. 536. Simpson, J.M.Y. (2009), Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.), Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world: Dutch, Elsevier, ISBN 9780080877754, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved June 29, 2010 McGoldrick, Monica; Giordano, Joseph; Garcia-Preto, Nydia (2005), Ethnicity and family therapy, Guilford Press, ISBN 9781606237946, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved April 7, 2011
In France, a historical dialect called French Flemish is spoken. There are about 80,000 Dutch speakers in France; see Simpson 2009, p. 307. In French Flanders, only a remnant of 20,000 Flemish-speakers remain; see Berdichevsky 2004, p. 90. French Flemish is spoken in the north-west of France by an estimated population of 20,000 daily speakers and 40,000 occasional speakers; see European Commission 2010.
A dialect continuum exists between Dutch and German through the Kleverlandish, Lower Saxon and Limburgish dialects.
In 1941, 400,000 Indonesians spoke Dutch, and Dutch exerted a major influence on Indonesian; see Sneddon 2003, p. 161. In 1941, about 0.5% of the inland population had a reasonable knowledge of Dutch; see Maier 2005, p. 12. At the beginning of World War II, about one million Asians had an active command of Dutch, while an additional half million had a passive knowledge; see Jones 2008, p. xxxi. Many older Indonesians speak Dutch as a second language; see Thomson 2003, p. 80. Some of the ethnic Chinese in Indonesia speak Dutch amongst each other; see Tan 2008, pp. 62–64, Erdentuğ & Colombijn 2002, p. 104. Dutch is spoken by "smaller groups of speakers" in Indonesia; see Bussmann 2002, p. 83. Some younger Indonesians learn Dutch as a foreign language because their parents and grandparents may speak it and because in some circles, Dutch is regarded as the language of the elite; see Vos 2001, p. 91. At present, only educated people of the oldest generation, in addition to specialists who require knowledge of the language, can speak Dutch fluently; see Ammon et al. 2006, p. 2017. Around 6.4% of present-day Indonesian vocabulary can be traced back to Dutch words, see Tadmor 2009, p. 698. Simpson, J.M.Y. (2009), Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.), Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world: Dutch, Elsevier, ISBN 9780080877754, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved June 29, 2010 Berdichevsky, Norman (2004), Nations, language, and citizenship, Norman Berdichevsky, ISBN 9780786427000, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 European Commission (2010), "Flemish in France", Research Centre of Multilingualism, Euromosaic, archived from the original on June 20, 2019, retrieved June 29, 2010 Sneddon, James N. (2003), The Indonesian language: its history and role in modern society, UNSW Press, ISBN 9780868405988, retrieved June 29, 2010 Maier, H.M.J. (2005), A Hidden Language – Dutch in Indonesia, Institute of European Studies, UC Berkeley, archived from the original on January 19, 2012, retrieved June 3, 2010 Jones, Russell (2008), "Loan-words in Indonesian and Malay", Indonesian Etymological Project, KITLV Office Jakarta, Yayasan Obor Indonesia, ISBN 9789794617014, retrieved June 29, 2010 Thomson, William R. (2003), Page, Kogan (ed.), Asia & Pacific Review 2003/04: The Economic and Business Report: Indonesia, Kogan Page Publishers, pp. 76–85, ISBN 9780749440633, retrieved June 3, 2010 Tan, Mely G. (2008), "Etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia: kumpulan tulisan", Ethnic Chinese in Indonesia; collected articles., Yayasan Obor Indonesia, ISBN 9789794616895, retrieved June 29, 2010 Erdentuğ, Aygen; Colombijn, Freek (2002), Urban ethnic encounters: the spatial consequences, Routledge, ISBN 9780203218778, retrieved June 29, 2010 Bussmann, Hadumod (2002), Gender across languages, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027218439, retrieved April 7, 2011 Vos, Mei Li (2001), International cooperation between politics and practice: how Dutch Indonesian cooperation changed remarkably little after a diplomatic rupture, Het Spinhuis, ISBN 9789055892013, retrieved June 29, 2010 Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; Trudgill, Peter, eds. (2006). Sociolinguistics: an international handbook of the science of language and society. Vol. 3 (2nd, revised and extended ed.). Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110184181. Retrieved June 29, 2010. Tadmor, Uri (2009), "Loanwords in Indonesian", in Martin Haspelmath; Uri Tadmor (eds.), Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 686–716, ISBN 9783110218435, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved October 2, 2020
Dutch and English are the closest relatives of German; see Abraham 2006, p. 124. Dutch is the closest relative of German; see Czepluch & Abraham 2004, p. 13. Dutch and English are closely related; see Ingram 1989, p. 494, Todd 2004, p. 37, Kager 1989, p. 105, Hogg 2002, p. 134, De Bot, Lowie & Verspoor 2005, pp. 130, 166, Weissenborn & Höhle 2001, p. 209, Crisma & Longobarde 2009, p. 250. Dutch and English are very closely related languages; see Fitzpatrick 2007, p. 188. Dutch is, after Frisian, the closest relative of English; see Mallory & Adams 2006, p. 23, Classe 2000, p. 390, Hogg 2002, p. 3, Denning, Kessler & Leben 2007, p. 22. English is most closely related to Dutch; see Lightfoot 1999, p. 22, and more so than to German; see Sonnenschein 2008, p. 100, Kennedy Wyld 2009, p. 190. Abraham, Werner (2006), "Case, valency and transitivity: Bare and prepositional differential case marking", in Kulikov, L.I.; Malchukov, A.L.; De Swart, Peter (eds.), Studies in Language, vol. 77, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027230870, retrieved November 6, 2010 Czepluch, Hartmut; Abraham, Werner (2004), Focus on Germanic typology, Akademie Verlag, ISBN 9783050041063, retrieved May 19, 2010 Ingram, David (1989), First language acquisition: method, description, and explanation, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521349161, retrieved November 6, 2010 Todd, Loreto (2004), Pidgins and Creoles, Routledge, ISBN 9780415053112, retrieved November 6, 2010 Kager, René (1989), "A metrical theory of stress and destressing in English and Dutch", Linguistic models, vol. 14, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9789067654364, retrieved June 29, 2010 Hogg, Richard M. (2002), An introduction to Old English, Oxford University Press US, ISBN 9780195219487, retrieved November 6, 2010 De Bot, Kees; Lowie, Wander; Verspoor, Marjolyn (2005), Second language acquisition, Routledge, ISBN 9780415338707, retrieved November 6, 2010 Weissenborn, Jürgen; Höhle, Barbara (2001), "Approaches to bootstrapping", Phonological, lexical, syntactic and neurophysiological aspects of early language acquisition, vol. 1, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027224919, retrieved November 6, 2010 Crisma, Paola; Longobarde, Giuseppe (2009), "Historical syntax and linguistic theory", Oxford linguistics, Oxford University Press US, ISBN 9780191567988, retrieved November 6, 2010 Fitzpatrick, Eileen (2007), "Corpus linguistics beyond the word: corpus research from phrase to discourse, Volume 2004", Language and Computers: Studies in Practical Linguistics, vol. 60, Rodopi, ISBN 978-9042021358, retrieved November 9, 2010 Mallory, J.P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (2006), The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199287918, retrieved May 31, 2010 Classe, Olive (2000), "Encyclopedia of Literary Translation into English", Second Edition, Fitzroy Dearborn, ISBN 9781884964367, retrieved May 19, 2010 Hogg, Richard M. (2002), An introduction to Old English, Oxford University Press US, ISBN 9780195219487, retrieved November 6, 2010 Denning, Keith; Kessler, Brett; Leben, William R. (2007), English vocabulary elements, Oxford University Press US, ISBN 9780199724352, retrieved May 19, 2010 Lightfoot, David (1999), "The development of language: acquisition, change, and evolution", Blackwell/Maryland lectures in language and cognition, vol. 1, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 9780631210603, retrieved November 6, 2010 Sonnenschein, E.A. (2008), A New English Grammar Based on the Recommendations of the Joint Committee on Grammatical Terminology, Read Books, ISBN 9781408689295, retrieved November 6, 2010 Kennedy Wyld, Henry Cecil (2009), The Growth of English: An Elementary Account of the Present Form of Our Language, and Its Development, BiblioBazaar, LLC, ISBN 9781103063192, retrieved November 6, 2010
Dutch is traditionally described as morphologically between English and German, but syntactically closer to German; see Clyne 2003, p. 133. Dutch has been positioned to be between English and German; see Putnam 2011, p. 108, Bussmann 2002, p. 83, Müller 1995, p. 121, Onysko & Michel 2010, p. 210. Typologically, Dutch takes a position between German and English, a similar word order to that of German, grammatical gender, and a largely Germanic vocabulary with many cognates to German words. It is morphologically close to English, and the case system and subjunctive have largely fallen out of use; see Swan & Smith 2001, p. 6. Clyne, Michael G. (2003), Dynamics of language contact: English and immigrant languages, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521786485, retrieved April 7, 2011 Putnam, Michael T. (2011), Studies on German-language Islands, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 978-9027205902, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved April 7, 2011 Bussmann, Hadumod (2002), Gender across languages, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027218439, retrieved April 7, 2011 Müller, Gereon (1995), A-bar syntax: a study in movement types, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110144697, retrieved April 7, 2011 Onysko, Alexander; Michel, Sascha (2010), Cognitive Perspectives on Word Formation, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110223590, retrieved April 7, 2011 Swan, Michael; Smith, Bernard (2001), Learner English: a teacher's guide to interference and other problems, Volume 1, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521779395, retrieved April 7, 2011
Dutch shares with English its simplified morphology and the abandonment of the grammatical case system; see Booij 1999, p. 1, Simpson 2009, p. 309. In contrast to German, case markings have become vestigial in English and Dutch; see Hogg 2002, p. 134, Abraham 2006, p. 118, Bussmann 2002, p. 83, Swan & Smith 2001, p. 6. The umlaut in Dutch and English matured to a much lesser extent than in German; see Simpson 2009, p. 307, Lass 1994, p. 70, Deprez 1997, p. 251. Booij, Geert (1999), "The Phonology of Dutch.", Oxford Linguistics, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X, archived from the original on March 9, 2023, retrieved May 24, 2010 Simpson, J.M.Y. (2009), Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.), Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world: Dutch, Elsevier, ISBN 9780080877754, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved June 29, 2010 Hogg, Richard M. (2002), An introduction to Old English, Oxford University Press US, ISBN 9780195219487, retrieved November 6, 2010 Abraham, Werner (2006), "Case, valency and transitivity: Bare and prepositional differential case marking", in Kulikov, L.I.; Malchukov, A.L.; De Swart, Peter (eds.), Studies in Language, vol. 77, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027230870, retrieved November 6, 2010 Bussmann, Hadumod (2002), Gender across languages, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027218439, retrieved April 7, 2011 Swan, Michael; Smith, Bernard (2001), Learner English: a teacher's guide to interference and other problems, Volume 1, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521779395, retrieved April 7, 2011 Simpson, J.M.Y. (2009), Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.), Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world: Dutch, Elsevier, ISBN 9780080877754, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved June 29, 2010 Lass, Roger (1994), Old English: a historical linguistic companion, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521458481, retrieved November 6, 2010 Deprez, Kas (1997), "Diets, Nederlands, Nederduits, Hollands, Vlaams, Belgisch Nederlands", in Clyne, Michael G. (ed.), Undoing and redoing corpus planning, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 249–312, ISBN 9783110155099, retrieved May 10, 2011
Dutch has effectively two genders; see Booij 1999, p. 1, Simpson 2009, p. 309, De Vogelaer 2009, p. 71. Grammatical gender has little grammatical consequences in Dutch; see Bussmann 2002, p. 84 Booij, Geert (1999), "The Phonology of Dutch.", Oxford Linguistics, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X, archived from the original on March 9, 2023, retrieved May 24, 2010 Simpson, J.M.Y. (2009), Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.), Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world: Dutch, Elsevier, ISBN 9780080877754, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved June 29, 2010 De Vogelaer, Gunther (2009), "Language variation—European perspectives II: Changing pronominal gender in Dutch: transmission or diffusion?", in Tsiplakou, Stavroula; Karyolemou, Marilena; Pavlou, Pavlos Y. (eds.), International Conference on Language Variation in Europe, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9789027234858, retrieved May 9, 2011 Bussmann, Hadumod (2002), Gender across languages, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027218439, retrieved April 7, 2011
Simpson 2009, p. 307, Booij 1999, p. 1 Dutch and German do not have a strict SVO order as in English; see Hogg 2002, pp. 87, 134. In contrast to English, which has SVO as the underlying word order, for Dutch and German this is SV₁OV₂ or (in subordinate clauses) SOV; see Ingram 1989, p. 495, Jordens & Lalleman 1988, pp. 149, 150, 177. Dutch has almost the same word order as German; see Swan & Smith 2001, p. 6. Simpson, J.M.Y. (2009), Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.), Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world: Dutch, Elsevier, ISBN 9780080877754, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved June 29, 2010 Booij, Geert (1999), "The Phonology of Dutch.", Oxford Linguistics, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X, archived from the original on March 9, 2023, retrieved May 24, 2010 Hogg, Richard M. (2002), An introduction to Old English, Oxford University Press US, ISBN 9780195219487, retrieved November 6, 2010 Ingram, David (1989), First language acquisition: method, description, and explanation, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521349161, retrieved November 6, 2010 Jordens, Peter; Lalleman, Josine A. (1988), "Language development", Algemene Vereniging voor Taalwetenschap, vol. 5, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9789067654012, retrieved November 6, 2010 Swan, Michael; Smith, Bernard (2001), Learner English: a teacher's guide to interference and other problems, Volume 1, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521779395, retrieved April 7, 2011
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It has the widest geographical and racial distribution of all official languages of South Africa; see Webb 2003, pp. 7, 8, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 131. It has by far the largest geographical distribution; see Alant 2004, p. 45.
It is widely spoken and understood as a second or third language; see Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Kamwangamalu 2004, p. 207, Myers-Scotton 2006, p. 389, Simpson 2008, p. 324, Palmer 2001, p. 141, Webb 2002, p. 74, Herriman & Burnaby 1996, p. 18, Page & Sonnenburg 2003, p. 7, Brook Napier 2007, pp. 69, 71.
An estimated 40 percent of South Africans have at least a basic level of communication in Afrikaans; see Webb 2003, p. 7 McLean & McCormick 1996, p. 333. Afrikaans is a lingua franca of Namibia; see Deumert 2004, p. 1, Adegbija 1994, p. 26, Batibo 2005, p. 79, Donaldson 1993, p. xiii, Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Baker & Prys Jones 1998, p. 364, Domínguez & López 1995, p. 399, Page & Sonnenburg 2003, p. 8, CIA 2010.
While the number of total speakers of Afrikaans is unknown, estimates range between 15 and 23 million. Afrikaans has 16.3 million speakers; see de Swaan 2001, p. 216. Afrikaans has a total of 16 million speakers; see Machan 2009, p. 174. About 9 million people speak Afrikaans as a second or third language; see Alant 2004, p. 45, Proost 2006, p. 402. Afrikaans has over 5 million native speakers and 15 million second language speakers; see Réguer 2004, p. 20. Afrikaans has about 6 million native and 16 million second language speakers; see Domínguez & López 1995, p. 340. In South Africa, over 23 million people speak Afrikaans to some degree, of which a third are first-language speakers; see Page & Sonnenburg 2003, p. 7. L2 "Black Afrikaans" is spoken, with different degrees of fluency, by an estimated 15 million; see Stell 2008, p. 1.
Dutch and Afrikaans share mutual intelligibility; see Gooskens 2007, p. 453, Holm 1989, p. 338, Baker & Prys Jones 1998, p. 302, Egil Breivik & Håkon Jahr 1987, p. 232. For written mutual intelligibility; see Sebba 2007, p. 116, Sebba 1997, p. 161.
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Afrikaans is a daughter language of Dutch; see Booij 1999, p. 2, Jansen, Schreuder & Neijt 2007, p. 5, Mennen, Levelt & Gerrits 2006, p. 1, Booij 2003, p. 4, Hiskens, Auer & Kerswill 2005, p. 19, Heeringa & de Wet 2007, pp. 1, 3, 5.
Afrikaans was historically called Cape Dutch; see Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Conradie 2005, p. 208, Sebba 1997, p. 160, Langer & Davies 2005, p. 144, Deumert 2002, p. 3, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 130.
Afrikaans is rooted in 17th-century dialects of Dutch; see Holm 1989, p. 338, Geerts & Clyne 1992, p. 71, Mesthrie 1995, p. 214, Niesler, Louw & Roux 2005, p. 459.
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In France, a historical dialect called French Flemish is spoken. There are about 80,000 Dutch speakers in France; see Simpson 2009, p. 307. In French Flanders, only a remnant of 20,000 Flemish-speakers remain; see Berdichevsky 2004, p. 90. French Flemish is spoken in the north-west of France by an estimated population of 20,000 daily speakers and 40,000 occasional speakers; see European Commission 2010.
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Afrikaans is a daughter language of Dutch; see Booij 1999, p. 2, Jansen, Schreuder & Neijt 2007, p. 5, Mennen, Levelt & Gerrits 2006, p. 1, Booij 2003, p. 4, Hiskens, Auer & Kerswill 2005, p. 19, Heeringa & de Wet 2007, pp. 1, 3, 5.
Afrikaans was historically called Cape Dutch; see Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Conradie 2005, p. 208, Sebba 1997, p. 160, Langer & Davies 2005, p. 144, Deumert 2002, p. 3, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 130.
Afrikaans is rooted in 17th-century dialects of Dutch; see Holm 1989, p. 338, Geerts & Clyne 1992, p. 71, Mesthrie 1995, p. 214, Niesler, Louw & Roux 2005, p. 459.
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Afrikaans is a daughter language of Dutch; see Booij 1999, p. 2, Jansen, Schreuder & Neijt 2007, p. 5, Mennen, Levelt & Gerrits 2006, p. 1, Booij 2003, p. 4, Hiskens, Auer & Kerswill 2005, p. 19, Heeringa & de Wet 2007, pp. 1, 3, 5.
Afrikaans was historically called Cape Dutch; see Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Conradie 2005, p. 208, Sebba 1997, p. 160, Langer & Davies 2005, p. 144, Deumert 2002, p. 3, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 130.
Afrikaans is rooted in 17th-century dialects of Dutch; see Holm 1989, p. 338, Geerts & Clyne 1992, p. 71, Mesthrie 1995, p. 214, Niesler, Louw & Roux 2005, p. 459.
Afrikaans is variously described as a creole, a partially creolised language, or a deviant variety of Dutch and has a vastly simplified grammar compared to Dutch; see Sebba 2007, p. 116. Booij, Geert (1999), "The Phonology of Dutch.", Oxford Linguistics, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X, archived from the original on March 9, 2023, retrieved May 24, 2010 Jansen, Carel; Schreuder, Robert; Neijt, Anneke (2007), "The influence of spelling conventions on perceived plurality in compounds. A comparison of Afrikaans and Dutch." (PDF), Written Language & Literacy 10:2, Radboud University Nijmegen, archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Mennen, Ineke; Levelt, Clara; Gerrits, Ellen (2006), "Acquisition of Dutch phonology: an overview.", Speech Science Research Centre Working Paper WP10, Queen Margaret University College, archived from the original on May 13, 2021, retrieved May 19, 2010 Booij, Geert (2003), "Constructional idioms and periphrasis: the progressive construction in Dutch." (PDF), Paradigms and Periphrasis, University of Kentucky, archived from the original (PDF) on May 3, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Hiskens, Frans; Auer, Peter; Kerswill, Paul (2005), The study of dialect convergence and divergence: conceptual and methodological considerations (PDF), Lancaster University, archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022, retrieved May 19, 2010 Heeringa, Wilbert; de Wet, Febe (2007), The origin of Afrikaans pronunciation: a comparison to west Germanic languages and Dutch dialects (PDF), University of Groningen, pp. 445–467, archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Deumert, Ana; Vandenbussche, Wim (2003), "Germanic standardizations: past to present", Trends in Linguistics, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027218560, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Conradie, C. Jac (2005), "The final stages of deflection – The case of Afrikaans "het"", Historical Linguistics 2005, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027247994, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 29, 2010 Sebba, Mark (1997), Contact languages: pidgins and creoles, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 9780312175719, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Langer, Nils; Davies, Winifred V. (2005), Linguistic purism in the Germanic languages, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110183375, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Deumert, Ana (2002), "Standardization and social networks – The emergence and diffusion of standard Afrikaans", Standardization – Studies from the Germanic languages, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027247471, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 29, 2010 Berdichevsky, Norman (2004), Nations, language, and citizenship, Norman Berdichevsky, ISBN 9780786427000, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 Holm, John A. (1989), Pidgins and Creoles: References survey, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521359405, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Geerts, G.; Clyne, Michael G. (1992), Pluricentric languages: differing norms in different nations, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110128550, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Mesthrie, Rajend, ed. (1995), Language and Social History: Studies in South African Sociolinguistics, New Africa Books, ISBN 9780864862808, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved August 23, 2008 Niesler, Thomas; Louw, Philippa; Roux, Justus (2005), "Phonetic analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu using South African speech databases" (PDF), Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 23 (4): 459–474, doi:10.2989/16073610509486401, S2CID 7138676, archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2012 Sebba, Mark (2007), Spelling and society: the culture and politics of orthography around the world, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781139462020, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010

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Afrikaans is a daughter language of Dutch; see Booij 1999, p. 2, Jansen, Schreuder & Neijt 2007, p. 5, Mennen, Levelt & Gerrits 2006, p. 1, Booij 2003, p. 4, Hiskens, Auer & Kerswill 2005, p. 19, Heeringa & de Wet 2007, pp. 1, 3, 5.
Afrikaans was historically called Cape Dutch; see Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Conradie 2005, p. 208, Sebba 1997, p. 160, Langer & Davies 2005, p. 144, Deumert 2002, p. 3, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 130.
Afrikaans is rooted in 17th-century dialects of Dutch; see Holm 1989, p. 338, Geerts & Clyne 1992, p. 71, Mesthrie 1995, p. 214, Niesler, Louw & Roux 2005, p. 459.
Afrikaans is variously described as a creole, a partially creolised language, or a deviant variety of Dutch and has a vastly simplified grammar compared to Dutch; see Sebba 2007, p. 116. Booij, Geert (1999), "The Phonology of Dutch.", Oxford Linguistics, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X, archived from the original on March 9, 2023, retrieved May 24, 2010 Jansen, Carel; Schreuder, Robert; Neijt, Anneke (2007), "The influence of spelling conventions on perceived plurality in compounds. A comparison of Afrikaans and Dutch." (PDF), Written Language & Literacy 10:2, Radboud University Nijmegen, archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Mennen, Ineke; Levelt, Clara; Gerrits, Ellen (2006), "Acquisition of Dutch phonology: an overview.", Speech Science Research Centre Working Paper WP10, Queen Margaret University College, archived from the original on May 13, 2021, retrieved May 19, 2010 Booij, Geert (2003), "Constructional idioms and periphrasis: the progressive construction in Dutch." (PDF), Paradigms and Periphrasis, University of Kentucky, archived from the original (PDF) on May 3, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Hiskens, Frans; Auer, Peter; Kerswill, Paul (2005), The study of dialect convergence and divergence: conceptual and methodological considerations (PDF), Lancaster University, archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022, retrieved May 19, 2010 Heeringa, Wilbert; de Wet, Febe (2007), The origin of Afrikaans pronunciation: a comparison to west Germanic languages and Dutch dialects (PDF), University of Groningen, pp. 445–467, archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Deumert, Ana; Vandenbussche, Wim (2003), "Germanic standardizations: past to present", Trends in Linguistics, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027218560, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Conradie, C. Jac (2005), "The final stages of deflection – The case of Afrikaans "het"", Historical Linguistics 2005, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027247994, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 29, 2010 Sebba, Mark (1997), Contact languages: pidgins and creoles, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 9780312175719, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Langer, Nils; Davies, Winifred V. (2005), Linguistic purism in the Germanic languages, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110183375, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Deumert, Ana (2002), "Standardization and social networks – The emergence and diffusion of standard Afrikaans", Standardization – Studies from the Germanic languages, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027247471, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 29, 2010 Berdichevsky, Norman (2004), Nations, language, and citizenship, Norman Berdichevsky, ISBN 9780786427000, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 Holm, John A. (1989), Pidgins and Creoles: References survey, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521359405, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Geerts, G.; Clyne, Michael G. (1992), Pluricentric languages: differing norms in different nations, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110128550, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Mesthrie, Rajend, ed. (1995), Language and Social History: Studies in South African Sociolinguistics, New Africa Books, ISBN 9780864862808, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved August 23, 2008 Niesler, Thomas; Louw, Philippa; Roux, Justus (2005), "Phonetic analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu using South African speech databases" (PDF), Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 23 (4): 459–474, doi:10.2989/16073610509486401, S2CID 7138676, archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2012 Sebba, Mark (2007), Spelling and society: the culture and politics of orthography around the world, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781139462020, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010

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onzetaal.nl (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Sterke werkwoorden". Onze Taal (in Dutch). Archived from the original on December 11, 2022. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
"Hun of hen?". Genootschap Onze Taal – Taaladviesdienst (in Dutch). Archived from the original on June 6, 2007. Retrieved May 23, 2007.

overheid.nl (Global: 3,945^th place; English: 6,476^th place)

wetten.overheid.nl

See Spellingwet (in Dutch), archived from the original on October 24, 2019, retrieved October 24, 2019
This came into force on February 22, 2006, replacing the Act on the Spelling of the Dutch Language of February 14, 1947. see Wet voorschriften schrijfwijze Nederlandsche taal (in Dutch), archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved October 24, 2019
see Besluit bekendmaking spellingvoorschriften 2005 (in Dutch), archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved October 24, 2019
This decree entered into force on August 1, 2006, replacing the Spelling Decree of June 19, 1996. see Spellingbesluit (in Dutch), archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved October 24, 2019
Koninkrijksrelaties, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en. "Algemene wet bestuursrecht". wetten.overheid.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on April 24, 2024. Retrieved April 24, 2024. [Art 2.6: Administrative authorities and persons working under their responsibility shall use the Dutch language, unless provided otherwise by statutory regulation.]

pandora.be (Global: low place; English: low place)

users.pandora.be

"Hermes in uitbreiding" (in Dutch). Users.pandora.be. Archived from the original on June 7, 2008. Retrieved August 12, 2015.

phileon.nl (Global: low place; English: low place)

taal.phileon.nl

"Taal in Nederland .:. Brabants" (in Dutch). Taal.phileon.nl. Archived from the original on June 19, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.

qmu.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

eresearch.qmu.ac.uk

Afrikaans is a daughter language of Dutch; see Booij 1999, p. 2, Jansen, Schreuder & Neijt 2007, p. 5, Mennen, Levelt & Gerrits 2006, p. 1, Booij 2003, p. 4, Hiskens, Auer & Kerswill 2005, p. 19, Heeringa & de Wet 2007, pp. 1, 3, 5.
Afrikaans was historically called Cape Dutch; see Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Conradie 2005, p. 208, Sebba 1997, p. 160, Langer & Davies 2005, p. 144, Deumert 2002, p. 3, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 130.
Afrikaans is rooted in 17th-century dialects of Dutch; see Holm 1989, p. 338, Geerts & Clyne 1992, p. 71, Mesthrie 1995, p. 214, Niesler, Louw & Roux 2005, p. 459.
Afrikaans is variously described as a creole, a partially creolised language, or a deviant variety of Dutch and has a vastly simplified grammar compared to Dutch; see Sebba 2007, p. 116. Booij, Geert (1999), "The Phonology of Dutch.", Oxford Linguistics, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X, archived from the original on March 9, 2023, retrieved May 24, 2010 Jansen, Carel; Schreuder, Robert; Neijt, Anneke (2007), "The influence of spelling conventions on perceived plurality in compounds. A comparison of Afrikaans and Dutch." (PDF), Written Language & Literacy 10:2, Radboud University Nijmegen, archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Mennen, Ineke; Levelt, Clara; Gerrits, Ellen (2006), "Acquisition of Dutch phonology: an overview.", Speech Science Research Centre Working Paper WP10, Queen Margaret University College, archived from the original on May 13, 2021, retrieved May 19, 2010 Booij, Geert (2003), "Constructional idioms and periphrasis: the progressive construction in Dutch." (PDF), Paradigms and Periphrasis, University of Kentucky, archived from the original (PDF) on May 3, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Hiskens, Frans; Auer, Peter; Kerswill, Paul (2005), The study of dialect convergence and divergence: conceptual and methodological considerations (PDF), Lancaster University, archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022, retrieved May 19, 2010 Heeringa, Wilbert; de Wet, Febe (2007), The origin of Afrikaans pronunciation: a comparison to west Germanic languages and Dutch dialects (PDF), University of Groningen, pp. 445–467, archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Deumert, Ana; Vandenbussche, Wim (2003), "Germanic standardizations: past to present", Trends in Linguistics, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027218560, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Conradie, C. Jac (2005), "The final stages of deflection – The case of Afrikaans "het"", Historical Linguistics 2005, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027247994, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 29, 2010 Sebba, Mark (1997), Contact languages: pidgins and creoles, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 9780312175719, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Langer, Nils; Davies, Winifred V. (2005), Linguistic purism in the Germanic languages, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110183375, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Deumert, Ana (2002), "Standardization and social networks – The emergence and diffusion of standard Afrikaans", Standardization – Studies from the Germanic languages, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027247471, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 29, 2010 Berdichevsky, Norman (2004), Nations, language, and citizenship, Norman Berdichevsky, ISBN 9780786427000, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 Holm, John A. (1989), Pidgins and Creoles: References survey, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521359405, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Geerts, G.; Clyne, Michael G. (1992), Pluricentric languages: differing norms in different nations, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110128550, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Mesthrie, Rajend, ed. (1995), Language and Social History: Studies in South African Sociolinguistics, New Africa Books, ISBN 9780864862808, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved August 23, 2008 Niesler, Thomas; Louw, Philippa; Roux, Justus (2005), "Phonetic analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu using South African speech databases" (PDF), Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 23 (4): 459–474, doi:10.2989/16073610509486401, S2CID 7138676, archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2012 Sebba, Mark (2007), Spelling and society: the culture and politics of orthography around the world, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781139462020, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010

researchportal.be (Global: low place; English: low place)

It has the widest geographical and racial distribution of all official languages of South Africa; see Webb 2003, pp. 7, 8, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 131. It has by far the largest geographical distribution; see Alant 2004, p. 45.
It is widely spoken and understood as a second or third language; see Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Kamwangamalu 2004, p. 207, Myers-Scotton 2006, p. 389, Simpson 2008, p. 324, Palmer 2001, p. 141, Webb 2002, p. 74, Herriman & Burnaby 1996, p. 18, Page & Sonnenburg 2003, p. 7, Brook Napier 2007, pp. 69, 71.
An estimated 40 percent of South Africans have at least a basic level of communication in Afrikaans; see Webb 2003, p. 7 McLean & McCormick 1996, p. 333. Afrikaans is a lingua franca of Namibia; see Deumert 2004, p. 1, Adegbija 1994, p. 26, Batibo 2005, p. 79, Donaldson 1993, p. xiii, Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Baker & Prys Jones 1998, p. 364, Domínguez & López 1995, p. 399, Page & Sonnenburg 2003, p. 8, CIA 2010.
While the number of total speakers of Afrikaans is unknown, estimates range between 15 and 23 million. Afrikaans has 16.3 million speakers; see de Swaan 2001, p. 216. Afrikaans has a total of 16 million speakers; see Machan 2009, p. 174. About 9 million people speak Afrikaans as a second or third language; see Alant 2004, p. 45, Proost 2006, p. 402. Afrikaans has over 5 million native speakers and 15 million second language speakers; see Réguer 2004, p. 20. Afrikaans has about 6 million native and 16 million second language speakers; see Domínguez & López 1995, p. 340. In South Africa, over 23 million people speak Afrikaans to some degree, of which a third are first-language speakers; see Page & Sonnenburg 2003, p. 7. L2 "Black Afrikaans" is spoken, with different degrees of fluency, by an estimated 15 million; see Stell 2008, p. 1.
Dutch and Afrikaans share mutual intelligibility; see Gooskens 2007, p. 453, Holm 1989, p. 338, Baker & Prys Jones 1998, p. 302, Egil Breivik & Håkon Jahr 1987, p. 232. For written mutual intelligibility; see Sebba 2007, p. 116, Sebba 1997, p. 161.
It is easier for Dutch speakers to understand Afrikaans than the other way around; see Gooskens 2007, p. 454. Webb, Victor N. (2003), "Language policy development in South Africa" (PDF), Centre for Research in the Politics of Language, University of Pretoria, archived from the original (PDF) on December 9, 2003 Berdichevsky, Norman (2004), Nations, language, and citizenship, Norman Berdichevsky, ISBN 9780786427000, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 Alant, Jaco (2004), Parlons Afrikaans (in French), Éditions L'Harmattan, ISBN 9782747576369, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved June 3, 2010 Deumert, Ana; Vandenbussche, Wim (2003), "Germanic standardizations: past to present", Trends in Linguistics, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027218560, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Kamwangamalu, Nkonko M. (2004), Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (eds.), Language planning and policy in Africa: The language planning situation in South Africa, Multilingual Matters Ltd., ISBN 9781853597251, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 Myers-Scotton, Carol (2006), Multiple voices: an introduction to bilingualism, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 9780631219378, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 Simpson, Andrew (2008), Language and national identity in Africa, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199286751, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 Palmer, Vernon Valentine (2001), Mixed jurisdictions worldwide: the third legal family, Vernon V. Palmer, ISBN 9780521781541, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved June 3, 2010 Webb, Victor N. (2002), "Language in South Africa: the role of language in national transformation, reconstruction and development", Impact Studies in Language and Society, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027218498, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved October 11, 2015 Herriman, Michael L.; Burnaby, Barbara (1996), Language policies in English-dominant countries: six case studies, Multilingual Matters Ltd., ISBN 9781853593468, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Page, Melvin Eugene; Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003), Colonialism: an international, social, cultural, and political encyclopedia, Melvin E. Page, ISBN 9781576073353, archived from the original on January 11, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Brook Napier, Diane (2007), "Language of the land: policy, politics, identity: Languages, language learning, and nationalism in South Africa", in Schuster, Katherine; Witkosky, David (eds.), Studies in the history of education, Information Age Publishing, ISBN 9781593116170, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Webb, Victor N. (2003), "Language policy development in South Africa" (PDF), Centre for Research in the Politics of Language, University of Pretoria, archived from the original (PDF) on December 9, 2003 McLean, Daryl; McCormick, Kay (1996), Fishman, Joshua A.; Conrad, Andrew W.; Rubal-Lopez, Alma (eds.), Post-imperial English: status change in former British and American colonies, 1940–1990: English in South Africa 1940–1996, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110147544, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 Deumert, Ana (2004), Language Standardization and Language Change: The Dynamics of Cape Dutch, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027218579, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved November 10, 2008 Adegbija, Efurosibina E. (1994), Language Attitudes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Sociolinguistic Overview, Multilingual Matters, ISBN 9781853592393, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved November 10, 2008 Batibo, Herman (2005), Language decline and death in Africa: causes, consequences, and challenges, Multilingual Matters Ltd, ISBN 9781853598081, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 24, 2010 Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993), A grammar of Afrikaans, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110134261, archived from the original on January 23, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Deumert, Ana; Vandenbussche, Wim (2003), "Germanic standardizations: past to present", Trends in Linguistics, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027218560, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Baker, Colin; Prys Jones, Sylvia (1998), Encyclopedia of bilingualism and bilingual education, Multilingual Matters Ltd., ISBN 9781853593628, archived from the original on February 11, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Domínguez, Francesc; López, Núria (1995), Sociolinguistic and language planning organizations, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027219516, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Page, Melvin Eugene; Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003), Colonialism: an international, social, cultural, and political encyclopedia, Melvin E. Page, ISBN 9781576073353, archived from the original on January 11, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 CIA (2010), The World Factbook (CIA) — Namibia, Central Intelligence Agency, archived from the original on January 10, 2021, retrieved May 28, 2010 de Swaan, Abram (2001), Words of the world: the global language system, A. de Swaan, ISBN 9780745627489, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved June 3, 2010 Machan, Tim William (2009), Language anxiety: conflict and change in the history of English, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780191552489, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved June 3, 2010 Alant, Jaco (2004), Parlons Afrikaans (in French), Éditions L'Harmattan, ISBN 9782747576369, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved June 3, 2010 Proost, Kristel (2006), "Von Intentionalität zur Bedeutung konventionalisierter Zeichen: Spuren der Kreolisierung im Lexikon des Afrikaans", in Proost, Kristel; Winkler, Edeltraud (eds.), Studien zur Deutschen Sprache (in German), Gunter Narr Verlag, ISBN 9783823362289, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved June 3, 2010 Réguer, Laurent Philippe (2004), Si loin, si proche...: Une langue européenne à découvrir: le néerlandais (in French), Sorbonne Nouvelle, ISBN 9782910212308, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved June 3, 2010 Domínguez, Francesc; López, Núria (1995), Sociolinguistic and language planning organizations, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027219516, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Page, Melvin Eugene; Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003), Colonialism: an international, social, cultural, and political encyclopedia, Melvin E. Page, ISBN 9781576073353, archived from the original on January 11, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Stell, Gerard (2008), Mapping linguistic communication across colour divides: Black Afrikaans in Central South Africa, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, archived from the original on October 6, 2011, retrieved June 2, 2010 Gooskens, Charlotte (2007), "The Contribution of Linguistic Factors to the Intelligibility of Closely Related Languages" (PDF), Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, Volume 28, Issue November 6, 2007, University of Groningen, pp. 445–467, archived (PDF) from the original on April 11, 2019, retrieved May 19, 2010 Holm, John A. (1989), Pidgins and Creoles: References survey, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521359405, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Baker, Colin; Prys Jones, Sylvia (1998), Encyclopedia of bilingualism and bilingual education, Multilingual Matters Ltd., ISBN 9781853593628, archived from the original on February 11, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Egil Breivik, Leiv; Håkon Jahr, Ernst (1987), Language change: contributions to the study of its causes, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110119954, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Sebba, Mark (2007), Spelling and society: the culture and politics of orthography around the world, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781139462020, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Sebba, Mark (1997), Contact languages: pidgins and creoles, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 9780312175719, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Gooskens, Charlotte (2007), "The Contribution of Linguistic Factors to the Intelligibility of Closely Related Languages" (PDF), Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, Volume 28, Issue November 6, 2007, University of Groningen, pp. 445–467, archived (PDF) from the original on April 11, 2019, retrieved May 19, 2010

rijksoverheid.nl (Global: 3,767^th place; English: 5,542^nd place)

Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties (January 11, 2016). "Welke erkende talen heeft Nederland? - Rijksoverheid.nl". www.rijksoverheid.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved September 12, 2023.^{[permanent dead link]}

rug.nl (Global: 2,629^th place; English: 1,971^st place)

let.rug.nl

Afrikaans is a daughter language of Dutch; see Booij 1999, p. 2, Jansen, Schreuder & Neijt 2007, p. 5, Mennen, Levelt & Gerrits 2006, p. 1, Booij 2003, p. 4, Hiskens, Auer & Kerswill 2005, p. 19, Heeringa & de Wet 2007, pp. 1, 3, 5.
Afrikaans was historically called Cape Dutch; see Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Conradie 2005, p. 208, Sebba 1997, p. 160, Langer & Davies 2005, p. 144, Deumert 2002, p. 3, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 130.
Afrikaans is rooted in 17th-century dialects of Dutch; see Holm 1989, p. 338, Geerts & Clyne 1992, p. 71, Mesthrie 1995, p. 214, Niesler, Louw & Roux 2005, p. 459.
Afrikaans is variously described as a creole, a partially creolised language, or a deviant variety of Dutch and has a vastly simplified grammar compared to Dutch; see Sebba 2007, p. 116. Booij, Geert (1999), "The Phonology of Dutch.", Oxford Linguistics, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X, archived from the original on March 9, 2023, retrieved May 24, 2010 Jansen, Carel; Schreuder, Robert; Neijt, Anneke (2007), "The influence of spelling conventions on perceived plurality in compounds. A comparison of Afrikaans and Dutch." (PDF), Written Language & Literacy 10:2, Radboud University Nijmegen, archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Mennen, Ineke; Levelt, Clara; Gerrits, Ellen (2006), "Acquisition of Dutch phonology: an overview.", Speech Science Research Centre Working Paper WP10, Queen Margaret University College, archived from the original on May 13, 2021, retrieved May 19, 2010 Booij, Geert (2003), "Constructional idioms and periphrasis: the progressive construction in Dutch." (PDF), Paradigms and Periphrasis, University of Kentucky, archived from the original (PDF) on May 3, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Hiskens, Frans; Auer, Peter; Kerswill, Paul (2005), The study of dialect convergence and divergence: conceptual and methodological considerations (PDF), Lancaster University, archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022, retrieved May 19, 2010 Heeringa, Wilbert; de Wet, Febe (2007), The origin of Afrikaans pronunciation: a comparison to west Germanic languages and Dutch dialects (PDF), University of Groningen, pp. 445–467, archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Deumert, Ana; Vandenbussche, Wim (2003), "Germanic standardizations: past to present", Trends in Linguistics, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027218560, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Conradie, C. Jac (2005), "The final stages of deflection – The case of Afrikaans "het"", Historical Linguistics 2005, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027247994, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 29, 2010 Sebba, Mark (1997), Contact languages: pidgins and creoles, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 9780312175719, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Langer, Nils; Davies, Winifred V. (2005), Linguistic purism in the Germanic languages, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110183375, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Deumert, Ana (2002), "Standardization and social networks – The emergence and diffusion of standard Afrikaans", Standardization – Studies from the Germanic languages, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027247471, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 29, 2010 Berdichevsky, Norman (2004), Nations, language, and citizenship, Norman Berdichevsky, ISBN 9780786427000, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 Holm, John A. (1989), Pidgins and Creoles: References survey, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521359405, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Geerts, G.; Clyne, Michael G. (1992), Pluricentric languages: differing norms in different nations, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110128550, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Mesthrie, Rajend, ed. (1995), Language and Social History: Studies in South African Sociolinguistics, New Africa Books, ISBN 9780864862808, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved August 23, 2008 Niesler, Thomas; Louw, Philippa; Roux, Justus (2005), "Phonetic analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu using South African speech databases" (PDF), Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 23 (4): 459–474, doi:10.2989/16073610509486401, S2CID 7138676, archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2012 Sebba, Mark (2007), Spelling and society: the culture and politics of orthography around the world, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781139462020, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010
It has the widest geographical and racial distribution of all official languages of South Africa; see Webb 2003, pp. 7, 8, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 131. It has by far the largest geographical distribution; see Alant 2004, p. 45.
It is widely spoken and understood as a second or third language; see Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Kamwangamalu 2004, p. 207, Myers-Scotton 2006, p. 389, Simpson 2008, p. 324, Palmer 2001, p. 141, Webb 2002, p. 74, Herriman & Burnaby 1996, p. 18, Page & Sonnenburg 2003, p. 7, Brook Napier 2007, pp. 69, 71.
An estimated 40 percent of South Africans have at least a basic level of communication in Afrikaans; see Webb 2003, p. 7 McLean & McCormick 1996, p. 333. Afrikaans is a lingua franca of Namibia; see Deumert 2004, p. 1, Adegbija 1994, p. 26, Batibo 2005, p. 79, Donaldson 1993, p. xiii, Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Baker & Prys Jones 1998, p. 364, Domínguez & López 1995, p. 399, Page & Sonnenburg 2003, p. 8, CIA 2010.
While the number of total speakers of Afrikaans is unknown, estimates range between 15 and 23 million. Afrikaans has 16.3 million speakers; see de Swaan 2001, p. 216. Afrikaans has a total of 16 million speakers; see Machan 2009, p. 174. About 9 million people speak Afrikaans as a second or third language; see Alant 2004, p. 45, Proost 2006, p. 402. Afrikaans has over 5 million native speakers and 15 million second language speakers; see Réguer 2004, p. 20. Afrikaans has about 6 million native and 16 million second language speakers; see Domínguez & López 1995, p. 340. In South Africa, over 23 million people speak Afrikaans to some degree, of which a third are first-language speakers; see Page & Sonnenburg 2003, p. 7. L2 "Black Afrikaans" is spoken, with different degrees of fluency, by an estimated 15 million; see Stell 2008, p. 1.
Dutch and Afrikaans share mutual intelligibility; see Gooskens 2007, p. 453, Holm 1989, p. 338, Baker & Prys Jones 1998, p. 302, Egil Breivik & Håkon Jahr 1987, p. 232. For written mutual intelligibility; see Sebba 2007, p. 116, Sebba 1997, p. 161.
It is easier for Dutch speakers to understand Afrikaans than the other way around; see Gooskens 2007, p. 454. Webb, Victor N. (2003), "Language policy development in South Africa" (PDF), Centre for Research in the Politics of Language, University of Pretoria, archived from the original (PDF) on December 9, 2003 Berdichevsky, Norman (2004), Nations, language, and citizenship, Norman Berdichevsky, ISBN 9780786427000, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 Alant, Jaco (2004), Parlons Afrikaans (in French), Éditions L'Harmattan, ISBN 9782747576369, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved June 3, 2010 Deumert, Ana; Vandenbussche, Wim (2003), "Germanic standardizations: past to present", Trends in Linguistics, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027218560, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Kamwangamalu, Nkonko M. (2004), Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (eds.), Language planning and policy in Africa: The language planning situation in South Africa, Multilingual Matters Ltd., ISBN 9781853597251, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 Myers-Scotton, Carol (2006), Multiple voices: an introduction to bilingualism, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 9780631219378, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 Simpson, Andrew (2008), Language and national identity in Africa, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199286751, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 Palmer, Vernon Valentine (2001), Mixed jurisdictions worldwide: the third legal family, Vernon V. Palmer, ISBN 9780521781541, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved June 3, 2010 Webb, Victor N. (2002), "Language in South Africa: the role of language in national transformation, reconstruction and development", Impact Studies in Language and Society, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027218498, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved October 11, 2015 Herriman, Michael L.; Burnaby, Barbara (1996), Language policies in English-dominant countries: six case studies, Multilingual Matters Ltd., ISBN 9781853593468, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Page, Melvin Eugene; Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003), Colonialism: an international, social, cultural, and political encyclopedia, Melvin E. Page, ISBN 9781576073353, archived from the original on January 11, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Brook Napier, Diane (2007), "Language of the land: policy, politics, identity: Languages, language learning, and nationalism in South Africa", in Schuster, Katherine; Witkosky, David (eds.), Studies in the history of education, Information Age Publishing, ISBN 9781593116170, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Webb, Victor N. (2003), "Language policy development in South Africa" (PDF), Centre for Research in the Politics of Language, University of Pretoria, archived from the original (PDF) on December 9, 2003 McLean, Daryl; McCormick, Kay (1996), Fishman, Joshua A.; Conrad, Andrew W.; Rubal-Lopez, Alma (eds.), Post-imperial English: status change in former British and American colonies, 1940–1990: English in South Africa 1940–1996, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110147544, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 Deumert, Ana (2004), Language Standardization and Language Change: The Dynamics of Cape Dutch, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027218579, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved November 10, 2008 Adegbija, Efurosibina E. 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Afrikaans is a daughter language of Dutch; see Booij 1999, p. 2, Jansen, Schreuder & Neijt 2007, p. 5, Mennen, Levelt & Gerrits 2006, p. 1, Booij 2003, p. 4, Hiskens, Auer & Kerswill 2005, p. 19, Heeringa & de Wet 2007, pp. 1, 3, 5.
Afrikaans was historically called Cape Dutch; see Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Conradie 2005, p. 208, Sebba 1997, p. 160, Langer & Davies 2005, p. 144, Deumert 2002, p. 3, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 130.
Afrikaans is rooted in 17th-century dialects of Dutch; see Holm 1989, p. 338, Geerts & Clyne 1992, p. 71, Mesthrie 1995, p. 214, Niesler, Louw & Roux 2005, p. 459.
Afrikaans is variously described as a creole, a partially creolised language, or a deviant variety of Dutch and has a vastly simplified grammar compared to Dutch; see Sebba 2007, p. 116. Booij, Geert (1999), "The Phonology of Dutch.", Oxford Linguistics, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X, archived from the original on March 9, 2023, retrieved May 24, 2010 Jansen, Carel; Schreuder, Robert; Neijt, Anneke (2007), "The influence of spelling conventions on perceived plurality in compounds. A comparison of Afrikaans and Dutch." (PDF), Written Language & Literacy 10:2, Radboud University Nijmegen, archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Mennen, Ineke; Levelt, Clara; Gerrits, Ellen (2006), "Acquisition of Dutch phonology: an overview.", Speech Science Research Centre Working Paper WP10, Queen Margaret University College, archived from the original on May 13, 2021, retrieved May 19, 2010 Booij, Geert (2003), "Constructional idioms and periphrasis: the progressive construction in Dutch." (PDF), Paradigms and Periphrasis, University of Kentucky, archived from the original (PDF) on May 3, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Hiskens, Frans; Auer, Peter; Kerswill, Paul (2005), The study of dialect convergence and divergence: conceptual and methodological considerations (PDF), Lancaster University, archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022, retrieved May 19, 2010 Heeringa, Wilbert; de Wet, Febe (2007), The origin of Afrikaans pronunciation: a comparison to west Germanic languages and Dutch dialects (PDF), University of Groningen, pp. 445–467, archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Deumert, Ana; Vandenbussche, Wim (2003), "Germanic standardizations: past to present", Trends in Linguistics, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027218560, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Conradie, C. Jac (2005), "The final stages of deflection – The case of Afrikaans "het"", Historical Linguistics 2005, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027247994, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 29, 2010 Sebba, Mark (1997), Contact languages: pidgins and creoles, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 9780312175719, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Langer, Nils; Davies, Winifred V. (2005), Linguistic purism in the Germanic languages, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110183375, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Deumert, Ana (2002), "Standardization and social networks – The emergence and diffusion of standard Afrikaans", Standardization – Studies from the Germanic languages, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027247471, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 29, 2010 Berdichevsky, Norman (2004), Nations, language, and citizenship, Norman Berdichevsky, ISBN 9780786427000, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 Holm, John A. (1989), Pidgins and Creoles: References survey, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521359405, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Geerts, G.; Clyne, Michael G. (1992), Pluricentric languages: differing norms in different nations, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110128550, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Mesthrie, Rajend, ed. (1995), Language and Social History: Studies in South African Sociolinguistics, New Africa Books, ISBN 9780864862808, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved August 23, 2008 Niesler, Thomas; Louw, Philippa; Roux, Justus (2005), "Phonetic analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu using South African speech databases" (PDF), Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 23 (4): 459–474, doi:10.2989/16073610509486401, S2CID 7138676, archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2012 Sebba, Mark (2007), Spelling and society: the culture and politics of orthography around the world, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781139462020, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010
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Afrikaans is a daughter language of Dutch; see Booij 1999, p. 2, Jansen, Schreuder & Neijt 2007, p. 5, Mennen, Levelt & Gerrits 2006, p. 1, Booij 2003, p. 4, Hiskens, Auer & Kerswill 2005, p. 19, Heeringa & de Wet 2007, pp. 1, 3, 5.
Afrikaans was historically called Cape Dutch; see Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Conradie 2005, p. 208, Sebba 1997, p. 160, Langer & Davies 2005, p. 144, Deumert 2002, p. 3, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 130.
Afrikaans is rooted in 17th-century dialects of Dutch; see Holm 1989, p. 338, Geerts & Clyne 1992, p. 71, Mesthrie 1995, p. 214, Niesler, Louw & Roux 2005, p. 459.
Afrikaans is variously described as a creole, a partially creolised language, or a deviant variety of Dutch and has a vastly simplified grammar compared to Dutch; see Sebba 2007, p. 116. Booij, Geert (1999), "The Phonology of Dutch.", Oxford Linguistics, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X, archived from the original on March 9, 2023, retrieved May 24, 2010 Jansen, Carel; Schreuder, Robert; Neijt, Anneke (2007), "The influence of spelling conventions on perceived plurality in compounds. A comparison of Afrikaans and Dutch." (PDF), Written Language & Literacy 10:2, Radboud University Nijmegen, archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Mennen, Ineke; Levelt, Clara; Gerrits, Ellen (2006), "Acquisition of Dutch phonology: an overview.", Speech Science Research Centre Working Paper WP10, Queen Margaret University College, archived from the original on May 13, 2021, retrieved May 19, 2010 Booij, Geert (2003), "Constructional idioms and periphrasis: the progressive construction in Dutch." (PDF), Paradigms and Periphrasis, University of Kentucky, archived from the original (PDF) on May 3, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Hiskens, Frans; Auer, Peter; Kerswill, Paul (2005), The study of dialect convergence and divergence: conceptual and methodological considerations (PDF), Lancaster University, archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022, retrieved May 19, 2010 Heeringa, Wilbert; de Wet, Febe (2007), The origin of Afrikaans pronunciation: a comparison to west Germanic languages and Dutch dialects (PDF), University of Groningen, pp. 445–467, archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Deumert, Ana; Vandenbussche, Wim (2003), "Germanic standardizations: past to present", Trends in Linguistics, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027218560, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Conradie, C. Jac (2005), "The final stages of deflection – The case of Afrikaans "het"", Historical Linguistics 2005, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027247994, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 29, 2010 Sebba, Mark (1997), Contact languages: pidgins and creoles, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 9780312175719, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Langer, Nils; Davies, Winifred V. (2005), Linguistic purism in the Germanic languages, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110183375, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Deumert, Ana (2002), "Standardization and social networks – The emergence and diffusion of standard Afrikaans", Standardization – Studies from the Germanic languages, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027247471, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 29, 2010 Berdichevsky, Norman (2004), Nations, language, and citizenship, Norman Berdichevsky, ISBN 9780786427000, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 Holm, John A. (1989), Pidgins and Creoles: References survey, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521359405, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Geerts, G.; Clyne, Michael G. (1992), Pluricentric languages: differing norms in different nations, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110128550, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Mesthrie, Rajend, ed. (1995), Language and Social History: Studies in South African Sociolinguistics, New Africa Books, ISBN 9780864862808, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved August 23, 2008 Niesler, Thomas; Louw, Philippa; Roux, Justus (2005), "Phonetic analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu using South African speech databases" (PDF), Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 23 (4): 459–474, doi:10.2989/16073610509486401, S2CID 7138676, archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2012 Sebba, Mark (2007), Spelling and society: the culture and politics of orthography around the world, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781139462020, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010

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Afrikaans is a daughter language of Dutch; see Booij 1999, p. 2, Jansen, Schreuder & Neijt 2007, p. 5, Mennen, Levelt & Gerrits 2006, p. 1, Booij 2003, p. 4, Hiskens, Auer & Kerswill 2005, p. 19, Heeringa & de Wet 2007, pp. 1, 3, 5.
Afrikaans was historically called Cape Dutch; see Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Conradie 2005, p. 208, Sebba 1997, p. 160, Langer & Davies 2005, p. 144, Deumert 2002, p. 3, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 130.
Afrikaans is rooted in 17th-century dialects of Dutch; see Holm 1989, p. 338, Geerts & Clyne 1992, p. 71, Mesthrie 1995, p. 214, Niesler, Louw & Roux 2005, p. 459.
Afrikaans is variously described as a creole, a partially creolised language, or a deviant variety of Dutch and has a vastly simplified grammar compared to Dutch; see Sebba 2007, p. 116. Booij, Geert (1999), "The Phonology of Dutch.", Oxford Linguistics, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X, archived from the original on March 9, 2023, retrieved May 24, 2010 Jansen, Carel; Schreuder, Robert; Neijt, Anneke (2007), "The influence of spelling conventions on perceived plurality in compounds. A comparison of Afrikaans and Dutch." (PDF), Written Language & Literacy 10:2, Radboud University Nijmegen, archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Mennen, Ineke; Levelt, Clara; Gerrits, Ellen (2006), "Acquisition of Dutch phonology: an overview.", Speech Science Research Centre Working Paper WP10, Queen Margaret University College, archived from the original on May 13, 2021, retrieved May 19, 2010 Booij, Geert (2003), "Constructional idioms and periphrasis: the progressive construction in Dutch." (PDF), Paradigms and Periphrasis, University of Kentucky, archived from the original (PDF) on May 3, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Hiskens, Frans; Auer, Peter; Kerswill, Paul (2005), The study of dialect convergence and divergence: conceptual and methodological considerations (PDF), Lancaster University, archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022, retrieved May 19, 2010 Heeringa, Wilbert; de Wet, Febe (2007), The origin of Afrikaans pronunciation: a comparison to west Germanic languages and Dutch dialects (PDF), University of Groningen, pp. 445–467, archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Deumert, Ana; Vandenbussche, Wim (2003), "Germanic standardizations: past to present", Trends in Linguistics, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027218560, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Conradie, C. Jac (2005), "The final stages of deflection – The case of Afrikaans "het"", Historical Linguistics 2005, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027247994, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 29, 2010 Sebba, Mark (1997), Contact languages: pidgins and creoles, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 9780312175719, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Langer, Nils; Davies, Winifred V. (2005), Linguistic purism in the Germanic languages, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110183375, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Deumert, Ana (2002), "Standardization and social networks – The emergence and diffusion of standard Afrikaans", Standardization – Studies from the Germanic languages, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027247471, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 29, 2010 Berdichevsky, Norman (2004), Nations, language, and citizenship, Norman Berdichevsky, ISBN 9780786427000, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 Holm, John A. (1989), Pidgins and Creoles: References survey, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521359405, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Geerts, G.; Clyne, Michael G. (1992), Pluricentric languages: differing norms in different nations, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110128550, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Mesthrie, Rajend, ed. (1995), Language and Social History: Studies in South African Sociolinguistics, New Africa Books, ISBN 9780864862808, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved August 23, 2008 Niesler, Thomas; Louw, Philippa; Roux, Justus (2005), "Phonetic analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu using South African speech databases" (PDF), Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 23 (4): 459–474, doi:10.2989/16073610509486401, S2CID 7138676, archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2012 Sebba, Mark (2007), Spelling and society: the culture and politics of orthography around the world, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781139462020, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010

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"Universal Declaration of Human Rights". United Nations. Archived from the original on March 16, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2022.

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In France, a historical dialect called French Flemish is spoken. There are about 80,000 Dutch speakers in France; see Simpson 2009, p. 307. In French Flanders, only a remnant of 20,000 Flemish-speakers remain; see Berdichevsky 2004, p. 90. French Flemish is spoken in the north-west of France by an estimated population of 20,000 daily speakers and 40,000 occasional speakers; see European Commission 2010.
A dialect continuum exists between Dutch and German through the Kleverlandish, Lower Saxon and Limburgish dialects.
In 1941, 400,000 Indonesians spoke Dutch, and Dutch exerted a major influence on Indonesian; see Sneddon 2003, p. 161. In 1941, about 0.5% of the inland population had a reasonable knowledge of Dutch; see Maier 2005, p. 12. At the beginning of World War II, about one million Asians had an active command of Dutch, while an additional half million had a passive knowledge; see Jones 2008, p. xxxi. Many older Indonesians speak Dutch as a second language; see Thomson 2003, p. 80. Some of the ethnic Chinese in Indonesia speak Dutch amongst each other; see Tan 2008, pp. 62–64, Erdentuğ & Colombijn 2002, p. 104. Dutch is spoken by "smaller groups of speakers" in Indonesia; see Bussmann 2002, p. 83. Some younger Indonesians learn Dutch as a foreign language because their parents and grandparents may speak it and because in some circles, Dutch is regarded as the language of the elite; see Vos 2001, p. 91. At present, only educated people of the oldest generation, in addition to specialists who require knowledge of the language, can speak Dutch fluently; see Ammon et al. 2006, p. 2017. Around 6.4% of present-day Indonesian vocabulary can be traced back to Dutch words, see Tadmor 2009, p. 698. Simpson, J.M.Y. (2009), Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.), Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world: Dutch, Elsevier, ISBN 9780080877754, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved June 29, 2010 Berdichevsky, Norman (2004), Nations, language, and citizenship, Norman Berdichevsky, ISBN 9780786427000, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 European Commission (2010), "Flemish in France", Research Centre of Multilingualism, Euromosaic, archived from the original on June 20, 2019, retrieved June 29, 2010 Sneddon, James N. (2003), The Indonesian language: its history and role in modern society, UNSW Press, ISBN 9780868405988, retrieved June 29, 2010 Maier, H.M.J. (2005), A Hidden Language – Dutch in Indonesia, Institute of European Studies, UC Berkeley, archived from the original on January 19, 2012, retrieved June 3, 2010 Jones, Russell (2008), "Loan-words in Indonesian and Malay", Indonesian Etymological Project, KITLV Office Jakarta, Yayasan Obor Indonesia, ISBN 9789794617014, retrieved June 29, 2010 Thomson, William R. (2003), Page, Kogan (ed.), Asia & Pacific Review 2003/04: The Economic and Business Report: Indonesia, Kogan Page Publishers, pp. 76–85, ISBN 9780749440633, retrieved June 3, 2010 Tan, Mely G. (2008), "Etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia: kumpulan tulisan", Ethnic Chinese in Indonesia; collected articles., Yayasan Obor Indonesia, ISBN 9789794616895, retrieved June 29, 2010 Erdentuğ, Aygen; Colombijn, Freek (2002), Urban ethnic encounters: the spatial consequences, Routledge, ISBN 9780203218778, retrieved June 29, 2010 Bussmann, Hadumod (2002), Gender across languages, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027218439, retrieved April 7, 2011 Vos, Mei Li (2001), International cooperation between politics and practice: how Dutch Indonesian cooperation changed remarkably little after a diplomatic rupture, Het Spinhuis, ISBN 9789055892013, retrieved June 29, 2010 Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; Trudgill, Peter, eds. (2006). Sociolinguistics: an international handbook of the science of language and society. Vol. 3 (2nd, revised and extended ed.). Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110184181. Retrieved June 29, 2010. Tadmor, Uri (2009), "Loanwords in Indonesian", in Martin Haspelmath; Uri Tadmor (eds.), Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 686–716, ISBN 9783110218435, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved October 2, 2020
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up.ac.za (Global: 6,593^rd place; English: 4,315^th place)

It has the widest geographical and racial distribution of all official languages of South Africa; see Webb 2003, pp. 7, 8, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 131. It has by far the largest geographical distribution; see Alant 2004, p. 45.
It is widely spoken and understood as a second or third language; see Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Kamwangamalu 2004, p. 207, Myers-Scotton 2006, p. 389, Simpson 2008, p. 324, Palmer 2001, p. 141, Webb 2002, p. 74, Herriman & Burnaby 1996, p. 18, Page & Sonnenburg 2003, p. 7, Brook Napier 2007, pp. 69, 71.
An estimated 40 percent of South Africans have at least a basic level of communication in Afrikaans; see Webb 2003, p. 7 McLean & McCormick 1996, p. 333. Afrikaans is a lingua franca of Namibia; see Deumert 2004, p. 1, Adegbija 1994, p. 26, Batibo 2005, p. 79, Donaldson 1993, p. xiii, Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Baker & Prys Jones 1998, p. 364, Domínguez & López 1995, p. 399, Page & Sonnenburg 2003, p. 8, CIA 2010.
While the number of total speakers of Afrikaans is unknown, estimates range between 15 and 23 million. Afrikaans has 16.3 million speakers; see de Swaan 2001, p. 216. Afrikaans has a total of 16 million speakers; see Machan 2009, p. 174. About 9 million people speak Afrikaans as a second or third language; see Alant 2004, p. 45, Proost 2006, p. 402. Afrikaans has over 5 million native speakers and 15 million second language speakers; see Réguer 2004, p. 20. Afrikaans has about 6 million native and 16 million second language speakers; see Domínguez & López 1995, p. 340. In South Africa, over 23 million people speak Afrikaans to some degree, of which a third are first-language speakers; see Page & Sonnenburg 2003, p. 7. L2 "Black Afrikaans" is spoken, with different degrees of fluency, by an estimated 15 million; see Stell 2008, p. 1.
Dutch and Afrikaans share mutual intelligibility; see Gooskens 2007, p. 453, Holm 1989, p. 338, Baker & Prys Jones 1998, p. 302, Egil Breivik & Håkon Jahr 1987, p. 232. For written mutual intelligibility; see Sebba 2007, p. 116, Sebba 1997, p. 161.
It is easier for Dutch speakers to understand Afrikaans than the other way around; see Gooskens 2007, p. 454. Webb, Victor N. (2003), "Language policy development in South Africa" (PDF), Centre for Research in the Politics of Language, University of Pretoria, archived from the original (PDF) on December 9, 2003 Berdichevsky, Norman (2004), Nations, language, and citizenship, Norman Berdichevsky, ISBN 9780786427000, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 Alant, Jaco (2004), Parlons Afrikaans (in French), Éditions L'Harmattan, ISBN 9782747576369, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved June 3, 2010 Deumert, Ana; Vandenbussche, Wim (2003), "Germanic standardizations: past to present", Trends in Linguistics, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027218560, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Kamwangamalu, Nkonko M. (2004), Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (eds.), Language planning and policy in Africa: The language planning situation in South Africa, Multilingual Matters Ltd., ISBN 9781853597251, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 Myers-Scotton, Carol (2006), Multiple voices: an introduction to bilingualism, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 9780631219378, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 Simpson, Andrew (2008), Language and national identity in Africa, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199286751, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 Palmer, Vernon Valentine (2001), Mixed jurisdictions worldwide: the third legal family, Vernon V. Palmer, ISBN 9780521781541, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved June 3, 2010 Webb, Victor N. (2002), "Language in South Africa: the role of language in national transformation, reconstruction and development", Impact Studies in Language and Society, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027218498, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved October 11, 2015 Herriman, Michael L.; Burnaby, Barbara (1996), Language policies in English-dominant countries: six case studies, Multilingual Matters Ltd., ISBN 9781853593468, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Page, Melvin Eugene; Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003), Colonialism: an international, social, cultural, and political encyclopedia, Melvin E. Page, ISBN 9781576073353, archived from the original on January 11, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Brook Napier, Diane (2007), "Language of the land: policy, politics, identity: Languages, language learning, and nationalism in South Africa", in Schuster, Katherine; Witkosky, David (eds.), Studies in the history of education, Information Age Publishing, ISBN 9781593116170, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Webb, Victor N. (2003), "Language policy development in South Africa" (PDF), Centre for Research in the Politics of Language, University of Pretoria, archived from the original (PDF) on December 9, 2003 McLean, Daryl; McCormick, Kay (1996), Fishman, Joshua A.; Conrad, Andrew W.; Rubal-Lopez, Alma (eds.), Post-imperial English: status change in former British and American colonies, 1940–1990: English in South Africa 1940–1996, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110147544, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 Deumert, Ana (2004), Language Standardization and Language Change: The Dynamics of Cape Dutch, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027218579, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved November 10, 2008 Adegbija, Efurosibina E. (1994), Language Attitudes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Sociolinguistic Overview, Multilingual Matters, ISBN 9781853592393, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved November 10, 2008 Batibo, Herman (2005), Language decline and death in Africa: causes, consequences, and challenges, Multilingual Matters Ltd, ISBN 9781853598081, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 24, 2010 Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993), A grammar of Afrikaans, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110134261, archived from the original on January 23, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Deumert, Ana; Vandenbussche, Wim (2003), "Germanic standardizations: past to present", Trends in Linguistics, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027218560, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Baker, Colin; Prys Jones, Sylvia (1998), Encyclopedia of bilingualism and bilingual education, Multilingual Matters Ltd., ISBN 9781853593628, archived from the original on February 11, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Domínguez, Francesc; López, Núria (1995), Sociolinguistic and language planning organizations, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027219516, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Page, Melvin Eugene; Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003), Colonialism: an international, social, cultural, and political encyclopedia, Melvin E. Page, ISBN 9781576073353, archived from the original on January 11, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 CIA (2010), The World Factbook (CIA) — Namibia, Central Intelligence Agency, archived from the original on January 10, 2021, retrieved May 28, 2010 de Swaan, Abram (2001), Words of the world: the global language system, A. de Swaan, ISBN 9780745627489, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved June 3, 2010 Machan, Tim William (2009), Language anxiety: conflict and change in the history of English, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780191552489, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved June 3, 2010 Alant, Jaco (2004), Parlons Afrikaans (in French), Éditions L'Harmattan, ISBN 9782747576369, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved June 3, 2010 Proost, Kristel (2006), "Von Intentionalität zur Bedeutung konventionalisierter Zeichen: Spuren der Kreolisierung im Lexikon des Afrikaans", in Proost, Kristel; Winkler, Edeltraud (eds.), Studien zur Deutschen Sprache (in German), Gunter Narr Verlag, ISBN 9783823362289, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved June 3, 2010 Réguer, Laurent Philippe (2004), Si loin, si proche...: Une langue européenne à découvrir: le néerlandais (in French), Sorbonne Nouvelle, ISBN 9782910212308, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved June 3, 2010 Domínguez, Francesc; López, Núria (1995), Sociolinguistic and language planning organizations, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027219516, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Page, Melvin Eugene; Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003), Colonialism: an international, social, cultural, and political encyclopedia, Melvin E. Page, ISBN 9781576073353, archived from the original on January 11, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Stell, Gerard (2008), Mapping linguistic communication across colour divides: Black Afrikaans in Central South Africa, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, archived from the original on October 6, 2011, retrieved June 2, 2010 Gooskens, Charlotte (2007), "The Contribution of Linguistic Factors to the Intelligibility of Closely Related Languages" (PDF), Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, Volume 28, Issue November 6, 2007, University of Groningen, pp. 445–467, archived (PDF) from the original on April 11, 2019, retrieved May 19, 2010 Holm, John A. (1989), Pidgins and Creoles: References survey, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521359405, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Baker, Colin; Prys Jones, Sylvia (1998), Encyclopedia of bilingualism and bilingual education, Multilingual Matters Ltd., ISBN 9781853593628, archived from the original on February 11, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Egil Breivik, Leiv; Håkon Jahr, Ernst (1987), Language change: contributions to the study of its causes, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110119954, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Sebba, Mark (2007), Spelling and society: the culture and politics of orthography around the world, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781139462020, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Sebba, Mark (1997), Contact languages: pidgins and creoles, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 9780312175719, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Gooskens, Charlotte (2007), "The Contribution of Linguistic Factors to the Intelligibility of Closely Related Languages" (PDF), Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, Volume 28, Issue November 6, 2007, University of Groningen, pp. 445–467, archived (PDF) from the original on April 11, 2019, retrieved May 19, 2010
Webb (2003) Webb, Victor N. (2003), "Language policy development in South Africa" (PDF), Centre for Research in the Politics of Language, University of Pretoria, archived from the original (PDF) on December 9, 2003

upenn.edu (Global: 784^th place; English: 498^th place)

ling.upenn.edu

"Verb Movement in Old and Middle English: Dialect Variation and Language Contact". Ling.upenn.edu. January 20, 1995. Archived from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2012.

uva.nl (Global: 3,161^st place; English: 2,525^th place)

cf.hum.uva.nl

Stroop, Jan (October 1999). "Young Women's Farewell to Standard Dutch". Poldernederlands. Archived from the original on March 14, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2010.

vandale.nl (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Home | Van Dale" (in Dutch). Vandale.nl. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2015.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Afrikaans is a daughter language of Dutch; see Booij 1999, p. 2, Jansen, Schreuder & Neijt 2007, p. 5, Mennen, Levelt & Gerrits 2006, p. 1, Booij 2003, p. 4, Hiskens, Auer & Kerswill 2005, p. 19, Heeringa & de Wet 2007, pp. 1, 3, 5.
Afrikaans was historically called Cape Dutch; see Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Conradie 2005, p. 208, Sebba 1997, p. 160, Langer & Davies 2005, p. 144, Deumert 2002, p. 3, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 130.
Afrikaans is rooted in 17th-century dialects of Dutch; see Holm 1989, p. 338, Geerts & Clyne 1992, p. 71, Mesthrie 1995, p. 214, Niesler, Louw & Roux 2005, p. 459.
Afrikaans is variously described as a creole, a partially creolised language, or a deviant variety of Dutch and has a vastly simplified grammar compared to Dutch; see Sebba 2007, p. 116. Booij, Geert (1999), "The Phonology of Dutch.", Oxford Linguistics, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-823869-X, archived from the original on March 9, 2023, retrieved May 24, 2010 Jansen, Carel; Schreuder, Robert; Neijt, Anneke (2007), "The influence of spelling conventions on perceived plurality in compounds. A comparison of Afrikaans and Dutch." (PDF), Written Language & Literacy 10:2, Radboud University Nijmegen, archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Mennen, Ineke; Levelt, Clara; Gerrits, Ellen (2006), "Acquisition of Dutch phonology: an overview.", Speech Science Research Centre Working Paper WP10, Queen Margaret University College, archived from the original on May 13, 2021, retrieved May 19, 2010 Booij, Geert (2003), "Constructional idioms and periphrasis: the progressive construction in Dutch." (PDF), Paradigms and Periphrasis, University of Kentucky, archived from the original (PDF) on May 3, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Hiskens, Frans; Auer, Peter; Kerswill, Paul (2005), The study of dialect convergence and divergence: conceptual and methodological considerations (PDF), Lancaster University, archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022, retrieved May 19, 2010 Heeringa, Wilbert; de Wet, Febe (2007), The origin of Afrikaans pronunciation: a comparison to west Germanic languages and Dutch dialects (PDF), University of Groningen, pp. 445–467, archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011, retrieved May 19, 2010 Deumert, Ana; Vandenbussche, Wim (2003), "Germanic standardizations: past to present", Trends in Linguistics, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027218560, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Conradie, C. Jac (2005), "The final stages of deflection – The case of Afrikaans "het"", Historical Linguistics 2005, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027247994, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 29, 2010 Sebba, Mark (1997), Contact languages: pidgins and creoles, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 9780312175719, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Langer, Nils; Davies, Winifred V. (2005), Linguistic purism in the Germanic languages, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110183375, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 28, 2010 Deumert, Ana (2002), "Standardization and social networks – The emergence and diffusion of standard Afrikaans", Standardization – Studies from the Germanic languages, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027247471, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 29, 2010 Berdichevsky, Norman (2004), Nations, language, and citizenship, Norman Berdichevsky, ISBN 9780786427000, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 Holm, John A. (1989), Pidgins and Creoles: References survey, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521359405, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Geerts, G.; Clyne, Michael G. (1992), Pluricentric languages: differing norms in different nations, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110128550, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010 Mesthrie, Rajend, ed. (1995), Language and Social History: Studies in South African Sociolinguistics, New Africa Books, ISBN 9780864862808, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved August 23, 2008 Niesler, Thomas; Louw, Philippa; Roux, Justus (2005), "Phonetic analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu using South African speech databases" (PDF), Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 23 (4): 459–474, doi:10.2989/16073610509486401, S2CID 7138676, archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2012 Sebba, Mark (2007), Spelling and society: the culture and politics of orthography around the world, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781139462020, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 19, 2010
It has the widest geographical and racial distribution of all official languages of South Africa; see Webb 2003, pp. 7, 8, Berdichevsky 2004, p. 131. It has by far the largest geographical distribution; see Alant 2004, p. 45.
It is widely spoken and understood as a second or third language; see Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Kamwangamalu 2004, p. 207, Myers-Scotton 2006, p. 389, Simpson 2008, p. 324, Palmer 2001, p. 141, Webb 2002, p. 74, Herriman & Burnaby 1996, p. 18, Page & Sonnenburg 2003, p. 7, Brook Napier 2007, pp. 69, 71.
An estimated 40 percent of South Africans have at least a basic level of communication in Afrikaans; see Webb 2003, p. 7 McLean & McCormick 1996, p. 333. Afrikaans is a lingua franca of Namibia; see Deumert 2004, p. 1, Adegbija 1994, p. 26, Batibo 2005, p. 79, Donaldson 1993, p. xiii, Deumert & Vandenbussche 2003, p. 16, Baker & Prys Jones 1998, p. 364, Domínguez & López 1995, p. 399, Page & Sonnenburg 2003, p. 8, CIA 2010.
While the number of total speakers of Afrikaans is unknown, estimates range between 15 and 23 million. Afrikaans has 16.3 million speakers; see de Swaan 2001, p. 216. Afrikaans has a total of 16 million speakers; see Machan 2009, p. 174. About 9 million people speak Afrikaans as a second or third language; see Alant 2004, p. 45, Proost 2006, p. 402. Afrikaans has over 5 million native speakers and 15 million second language speakers; see Réguer 2004, p. 20. Afrikaans has about 6 million native and 16 million second language speakers; see Domínguez & López 1995, p. 340. In South Africa, over 23 million people speak Afrikaans to some degree, of which a third are first-language speakers; see Page & Sonnenburg 2003, p. 7. L2 "Black Afrikaans" is spoken, with different degrees of fluency, by an estimated 15 million; see Stell 2008, p. 1.
Dutch and Afrikaans share mutual intelligibility; see Gooskens 2007, p. 453, Holm 1989, p. 338, Baker & Prys Jones 1998, p. 302, Egil Breivik & Håkon Jahr 1987, p. 232. For written mutual intelligibility; see Sebba 2007, p. 116, Sebba 1997, p. 161.
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In 1941, 400,000 Indonesians spoke Dutch, and Dutch exerted a major influence on Indonesian; see Sneddon 2003, p. 161. In 1941, about 0.5% of the inland population had a reasonable knowledge of Dutch; see Maier 2005, p. 12. At the beginning of World War II, about one million Asians had an active command of Dutch, while an additional half million had a passive knowledge; see Jones 2008, p. xxxi. Many older Indonesians speak Dutch as a second language; see Thomson 2003, p. 80. Some of the ethnic Chinese in Indonesia speak Dutch amongst each other; see Tan 2008, pp. 62–64, Erdentuğ & Colombijn 2002, p. 104. Dutch is spoken by "smaller groups of speakers" in Indonesia; see Bussmann 2002, p. 83. Some younger Indonesians learn Dutch as a foreign language because their parents and grandparents may speak it and because in some circles, Dutch is regarded as the language of the elite; see Vos 2001, p. 91. At present, only educated people of the oldest generation, in addition to specialists who require knowledge of the language, can speak Dutch fluently; see Ammon et al. 2006, p. 2017. Around 6.4% of present-day Indonesian vocabulary can be traced back to Dutch words, see Tadmor 2009, p. 698. Simpson, J.M.Y. (2009), Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.), Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world: Dutch, Elsevier, ISBN 9780080877754, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved June 29, 2010 Berdichevsky, Norman (2004), Nations, language, and citizenship, Norman Berdichevsky, ISBN 9780786427000, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved May 31, 2010 European Commission (2010), "Flemish in France", Research Centre of Multilingualism, Euromosaic, archived from the original on June 20, 2019, retrieved June 29, 2010 Sneddon, James N. (2003), The Indonesian language: its history and role in modern society, UNSW Press, ISBN 9780868405988, retrieved June 29, 2010 Maier, H.M.J. (2005), A Hidden Language – Dutch in Indonesia, Institute of European Studies, UC Berkeley, archived from the original on January 19, 2012, retrieved June 3, 2010 Jones, Russell (2008), "Loan-words in Indonesian and Malay", Indonesian Etymological Project, KITLV Office Jakarta, Yayasan Obor Indonesia, ISBN 9789794617014, retrieved June 29, 2010 Thomson, William R. (2003), Page, Kogan (ed.), Asia & Pacific Review 2003/04: The Economic and Business Report: Indonesia, Kogan Page Publishers, pp. 76–85, ISBN 9780749440633, retrieved June 3, 2010 Tan, Mely G. (2008), "Etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia: kumpulan tulisan", Ethnic Chinese in Indonesia; collected articles., Yayasan Obor Indonesia, ISBN 9789794616895, retrieved June 29, 2010 Erdentuğ, Aygen; Colombijn, Freek (2002), Urban ethnic encounters: the spatial consequences, Routledge, ISBN 9780203218778, retrieved June 29, 2010 Bussmann, Hadumod (2002), Gender across languages, John Benjamins Publishing Company, ISBN 9027218439, retrieved April 7, 2011 Vos, Mei Li (2001), International cooperation between politics and practice: how Dutch Indonesian cooperation changed remarkably little after a diplomatic rupture, Het Spinhuis, ISBN 9789055892013, retrieved June 29, 2010 Ammon, Ulrich; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; Trudgill, Peter, eds. (2006). Sociolinguistics: an international handbook of the science of language and society. Vol. 3 (2nd, revised and extended ed.). Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110184181. Retrieved June 29, 2010. Tadmor, Uri (2009), "Loanwords in Indonesian", in Martin Haspelmath; Uri Tadmor (eds.), Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 686–716, ISBN 9783110218435, archived from the original on March 24, 2023, retrieved October 2, 2020
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