ENIAC (English Wikipedia)

McCartney 1999, p. 103: "ENIAC correctly showed that Teller's scheme would not work, but the results led Teller and Ulam to come up with another design together." McCartney, Scott (1999). ENIAC: The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World's First Computer. Walker & Co. ISBN 978-0-8027-1348-3.
Grier, David (2007). When Computers Were Human. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400849369. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
McCartney 1999, p. 140 McCartney, Scott (1999). ENIAC: The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World's First Computer. Walker & Co. ISBN 978-0-8027-1348-3.
McCartney 1999, p. 140: "Eckert gave eleven lectures, Mauchly gave six, Goldstine gave six. von Neumann, who was to give one lecture, didn't show up; the other 24 were spread among various invited academics and military officials." McCartney, Scott (1999). ENIAC: The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World's First Computer. Walker & Co. ISBN 978-0-8027-1348-3.

arl.mil (Global: low place; English: low place)

ftp.arl.mil

Weik, Martin H. "The ENIAC Story". Ordnance (January–February 1961). Washington, DC: American Ordnance Association. Archived from the original on August 14, 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
Moye, William T. (January 1996). "ENIAC: The Army-Sponsored Revolution". US Army Research Laboratory. Archived from the original on May 21, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
Clippinger 1948, Section I: General Description of the ENIAC – The Function Tables. Clippinger, R. F. (September 29, 1948). "A Logical Coding System Applied to the ENIAC". Ballistic Research Laboratories Report (673). Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved January 27, 2010. (original source)
Goldstine 1946. Goldstine, Adele (1946). "A Report on the ENIAC". FTP.arl.mil. 1 (1). Chapter 1 -- Introduction: 1.1.2. The Units of the ENIAC. original source
Clippinger 1948, Section IV: Summary of Orders Clippinger, R. F. (September 29, 1948). "A Logical Coding System Applied to the ENIAC". Ballistic Research Laboratories Report (673). Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved January 27, 2010. (original source)
Clippinger 1948, INTRODUCTION. Clippinger, R. F. (September 29, 1948). "A Logical Coding System Applied to the ENIAC". Ballistic Research Laboratories Report (673). Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved January 27, 2010. (original source)
Clippinger 1948, Section VIII: Modified ENIAC. Clippinger, R. F. (September 29, 1948). "A Logical Coding System Applied to the ENIAC". Ballistic Research Laboratories Report (673). Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved January 27, 2010. (original source)
Clippinger 1948, INTRODUCTION Clippinger, R. F. (September 29, 1948). "A Logical Coding System Applied to the ENIAC". Ballistic Research Laboratories Report (673). Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved January 27, 2010. (original source)

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"ENIAC Programmers: A History of Women in Computing". Atomic Spin. July 31, 2016.

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Ward, Mark (May 5, 2014), "How GCHQ built on a colossal secret", BBC News

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Goldstine 1993, p. 214. Goldstine, Herman H. (1993) [1972]. The Computer: from Pascal to von Neumann. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691023670.
Peddie, Jon (June 13, 2013). The History of Visual Magic in Computers: How Beautiful Images are Made in CAD, 3D, VR and AR. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4471-4932-3.
Igarashi, Yoshihide; Altman, Tom; Funada, Mariko; Kamiyama, Barbara (May 27, 2014). Computing: A Historical and Technical Perspective. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4822-2741-3.
The original photo can be seen in the article: Rose, Allen (April 1946). "Lightning Strikes Mathematics". Popular Science: 83–86. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
De Mol & Bullynck 2008 De Mol, Liesbeth; Bullynck, Maarten (2008). "A Week-End Off: The First Extensive Number-Theoretical Computation on ENIAC". In Beckmann, Arnold; Dimitracopoulos, Costas; Löwe, Benedikt (eds.). Logic and Theory of Algorithms: 4th Conference on Computability in Europe, CiE 2008 Athens, Greece, June 15-20, 2008, Proceedings. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 158–167. ISBN 9783540694052.
Goldstine 1993, p. 182 Goldstine, Herman H. (1993) [1972]. The Computer: from Pascal to von Neumann. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691023670.
Mazhdrakov, Metodi; Benov, Dobriyan; Valkanov, Nikolai (2018). The Monte Carlo Method. Engineering Applications. ACMO Academic Press. p. 250. ISBN 978-619-90684-3-4.
Evans, Claire L. (March 6, 2018). Broad Band: The Untold Story of the Women Who Made the Internet. Penguin. p. 51. ISBN 9780735211766.
Goldstine 1993, pp. 233–234, 270, search string: "eniac Adele 1947" Goldstine, Herman H. (1993) [1972]. The Computer: from Pascal to von Neumann. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691023670.
Pugh, Emerson W. (1995). "Notes to Pages 132-135". Building IBM: Shaping an Industry and Its Technology. MIT Press. p. 353. ISBN 9780262161473.
Goldstine 1993, 233-234, 270; search string: eniac Adele 1947. Goldstine, Herman H. (1993) [1972]. The Computer: from Pascal to von Neumann. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691023670.
Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2016, pp. 113–114. Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (2016). ENIAC in Action: Making and Remaking the Modern Computer. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-53517-5.
Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2016, p. 153. Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (2016). ENIAC in Action: Making and Remaking the Modern Computer. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-53517-5.
Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2016, pp. 46, 264. Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (2016). ENIAC in Action: Making and Remaking the Modern Computer. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-53517-5.

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Fritz, W. Barkley (1996). "The Women of ENIAC" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 18 (3): 13–28. doi:10.1109/85.511940. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2015.

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Cruz, Frank (November 9, 2013). "Programming the ENIAC". Programming the ENIAC. Columbia University. Retrieved May 16, 2016.

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"ENIAC - CHM Revolution". Computer History Museum. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
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Randall, Alexander 5th (February 14, 2006). "A lost interview with ENIAC co-inventor J. Presper Eckert". Computer World. Archived from the original on June 5, 2013. Retrieved March 29, 2015.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Goldstine & Goldstine 1946, p. 97 Goldstine, Herman H.; Goldstine, Adele K. (1946). "The electronic numerical integrator and computer (ENIAC)". Mathematics of Computation. 2 (15): 97–110. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1946-0018977-0. ISSN 0025-5718. (also reprinted in The Origins of Digital Computers: Selected Papers, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982, pp. 359–373)
Goldstine & Goldstine 1946 Goldstine, Herman H.; Goldstine, Adele K. (1946). "The electronic numerical integrator and computer (ENIAC)". Mathematics of Computation. 2 (15): 97–110. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1946-0018977-0. ISSN 0025-5718. (also reprinted in The Origins of Digital Computers: Selected Papers, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982, pp. 359–373)
Light 1999. Light, Jennifer S. (1999). "When Computers Were Women" (PDF). Technology and Culture. 40 (3): 455–483. doi:10.1353/tech.1999.0128. ISSN 0040-165X. JSTOR 25147356. S2CID 108407884. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 22, 2015. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
Burks 1947, p. 756. Burks, Arthur (1947). "Electronic Computing Circuits of the ENIAC". Proceedings of the I.R.E. 35 (8): 756–767. doi:10.1109/jrproc.1947.234265.
Goldstine & Goldstine 1946. Goldstine, Herman H.; Goldstine, Adele K. (1946). "The electronic numerical integrator and computer (ENIAC)". Mathematics of Computation. 2 (15): 97–110. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1946-0018977-0. ISSN 0025-5718. (also reprinted in The Origins of Digital Computers: Selected Papers, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982, pp. 359–373)
Burks 1947, pp. 756–767 Burks, Arthur (1947). "Electronic Computing Circuits of the ENIAC". Proceedings of the I.R.E. 35 (8): 756–767. doi:10.1109/jrproc.1947.234265.
Grier, David (July–September 2004). "From the Editor's Desk". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 26 (3): 2–3. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2004.9. S2CID 7822223.
Alt, Franz (July 1972). "Archaeology of computers: reminiscences, 1945-1947". Communications of the ACM. 15 (7): 693–694. doi:10.1145/361454.361528. S2CID 28565286.
Fritz, W. Barkley (1996). "The Women of ENIAC" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 18 (3): 13–28. doi:10.1109/85.511940. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2014b, pp. 44–48 Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (April–June 2014b). "Engineering 'The Miracle of the ENIAC': Implementing the Modern Code Paradigm". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (2): 41–59. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2014.15. S2CID 24359462. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2014b, pp. 44–45. Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (April–June 2014b). "Engineering 'The Miracle of the ENIAC': Implementing the Modern Code Paradigm". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (2): 41–59. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2014.15. S2CID 24359462. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2014b, p. 44. Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (April–June 2014b). "Engineering 'The Miracle of the ENIAC': Implementing the Modern Code Paradigm". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (2): 41–59. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2014.15. S2CID 24359462. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2014b, pp. 47–48. Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (April–June 2014b). "Engineering 'The Miracle of the ENIAC': Implementing the Modern Code Paradigm". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (2): 41–59. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2014.15. S2CID 24359462. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (July–September 2014c). "Los Alamos Bets On ENIAC: Nuclear Monte Carlo Simulations 1947-48". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (3): 42–63. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2014.40. S2CID 17470931. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2014b, p. 44 Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (April–June 2014b). "Engineering 'The Miracle of the ENIAC': Implementing the Modern Code Paradigm". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (2): 41–59. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2014.15. S2CID 24359462. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (January–March 2014a). "Reconsidering the Stored Program Concept". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (1): 9–10. doi:10.1109/mahc.2013.56. S2CID 18827916.
Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2014b, pp. 48–54. Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (April–June 2014b). "Engineering 'The Miracle of the ENIAC': Implementing the Modern Code Paradigm". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (2): 41–59. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2014.15. S2CID 24359462. Retrieved November 13, 2018.

drive.google.com (Global: 900^th place; English: 800^th place)

McCabe, Seabright (June 3, 2019). "The Programming Pioneers of ENIAC". All Together. No. Spring 2019. Society of Women Engineers. Archived from the original on December 25, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2020.

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apps.dtic.mil

"Description of the ENIAC and comments on electronic digital computing machines" (PDF). Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania. November 30, 1945. Retrieved December 25, 2025.
Clippinger 1948, Section I: General Description of the ENIAC – The Function Tables. Clippinger, R. F. (September 29, 1948). "A Logical Coding System Applied to the ENIAC". Ballistic Research Laboratories Report (673). Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved January 27, 2010. (original source)
Goldstine 1946. Goldstine, Adele (1946). "A Report on the ENIAC". FTP.arl.mil. 1 (1). Chapter 1 -- Introduction: 1.1.2. The Units of the ENIAC. original source
Clippinger 1948, Section IV: Summary of Orders Clippinger, R. F. (September 29, 1948). "A Logical Coding System Applied to the ENIAC". Ballistic Research Laboratories Report (673). Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved January 27, 2010. (original source)
Clippinger 1948, INTRODUCTION. Clippinger, R. F. (September 29, 1948). "A Logical Coding System Applied to the ENIAC". Ballistic Research Laboratories Report (673). Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved January 27, 2010. (original source)
Clippinger 1948, Section VIII: Modified ENIAC. Clippinger, R. F. (September 29, 1948). "A Logical Coding System Applied to the ENIAC". Ballistic Research Laboratories Report (673). Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved January 27, 2010. (original source)
Clippinger 1948, INTRODUCTION Clippinger, R. F. (September 29, 1948). "A Logical Coding System Applied to the ENIAC". Ballistic Research Laboratories Report (673). Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved January 27, 2010. (original source)

ed-thelen.org (Global: low place; English: 9,943^rd place)

Weik, Martin H. (December 1955). Ballistic Research Laboratories Report No. 971: A Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Department of Commerce Office of Technical Services. p. 41. Retrieved March 29, 2015.

eniacinaction.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Goldstine 1947. Goldstine, Adele K. (July 10, 1947). Central Control for ENIAC. p. 1. Unlike the later 60- and 100-order codes this one [51 order code] required no additions to ENIAC's original hardware. It would have worked more slowly and offered a more restricted range of instructions but the basic structure of accumulators and instructions changed only slightly.
Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2014b, pp. 44–48 Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (April–June 2014b). "Engineering 'The Miracle of the ENIAC': Implementing the Modern Code Paradigm". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (2): 41–59. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2014.15. S2CID 24359462. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2014b, pp. 44–45. Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (April–June 2014b). "Engineering 'The Miracle of the ENIAC': Implementing the Modern Code Paradigm". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (2): 41–59. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2014.15. S2CID 24359462. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2014b, p. 44. Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (April–June 2014b). "Engineering 'The Miracle of the ENIAC': Implementing the Modern Code Paradigm". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (2): 41–59. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2014.15. S2CID 24359462. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2014b, pp. 47–48. Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (April–June 2014b). "Engineering 'The Miracle of the ENIAC': Implementing the Modern Code Paradigm". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (2): 41–59. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2014.15. S2CID 24359462. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
Fritz, W. Barkley (1949). "Description and Use of the ENIAC Converter Code". Technical Note (141). Section 1. – Introduction, p. 1. At present it is controlled by a code which incorporates a unit called the Converter as a basic part of its operation, hence the name ENIAC Converter Code. These code digits are brought into the machine either through the Reader from standard IBM cards*or from the Function Tables (...). (...) *The card control method of operation is used primarily for testing and the running of short highly iterative problems and is not discussed in this report.
Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (July–September 2014c). "Los Alamos Bets On ENIAC: Nuclear Monte Carlo Simulations 1947-48". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (3): 42–63. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2014.40. S2CID 17470931. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2014b, p. 44 Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (April–June 2014b). "Engineering 'The Miracle of the ENIAC': Implementing the Modern Code Paradigm". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (2): 41–59. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2014.15. S2CID 24359462. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (January–March 2014a). "Reconsidering the Stored Program Concept". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (1): 9–10. doi:10.1109/mahc.2013.56. S2CID 18827916.
Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2014b, pp. 48–54. Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (April–June 2014b). "Engineering 'The Miracle of the ENIAC': Implementing the Modern Code Paradigm". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (2): 41–59. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2014.15. S2CID 24359462. Retrieved November 13, 2018.

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Eckert Jr., John Presper and Mauchly, John W.; Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, United States Patent Office, US Patent 3,120,606, filed 1947-06-26, issued 1964-02-04; invalidated 1973-10-19 after court ruling in Honeywell v. Sperry Rand.

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Light 1999. Light, Jennifer S. (1999). "When Computers Were Women" (PDF). Technology and Culture. 40 (3): 455–483. doi:10.1353/tech.1999.0128. ISSN 0040-165X. JSTOR 25147356. S2CID 108407884. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 22, 2015. Retrieved March 9, 2015.

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Light 1999. Light, Jennifer S. (1999). "When Computers Were Women" (PDF). Technology and Culture. 40 (3): 455–483. doi:10.1353/tech.1999.0128. ISSN 0040-165X. JSTOR 25147356. S2CID 108407884. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 22, 2015. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
Grier, David (July–September 2004). "From the Editor's Desk". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 26 (3): 2–3. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2004.9. S2CID 7822223.
Alt, Franz (July 1972). "Archaeology of computers: reminiscences, 1945-1947". Communications of the ACM. 15 (7): 693–694. doi:10.1145/361454.361528. S2CID 28565286.
Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2014b, pp. 44–48 Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (April–June 2014b). "Engineering 'The Miracle of the ENIAC': Implementing the Modern Code Paradigm". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (2): 41–59. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2014.15. S2CID 24359462. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2014b, pp. 44–45. Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (April–June 2014b). "Engineering 'The Miracle of the ENIAC': Implementing the Modern Code Paradigm". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (2): 41–59. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2014.15. S2CID 24359462. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2014b, p. 44. Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (April–June 2014b). "Engineering 'The Miracle of the ENIAC': Implementing the Modern Code Paradigm". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (2): 41–59. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2014.15. S2CID 24359462. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2014b, pp. 47–48. Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (April–June 2014b). "Engineering 'The Miracle of the ENIAC': Implementing the Modern Code Paradigm". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (2): 41–59. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2014.15. S2CID 24359462. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (July–September 2014c). "Los Alamos Bets On ENIAC: Nuclear Monte Carlo Simulations 1947-48". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (3): 42–63. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2014.40. S2CID 17470931. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2014b, p. 44 Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (April–June 2014b). "Engineering 'The Miracle of the ENIAC': Implementing the Modern Code Paradigm". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (2): 41–59. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2014.15. S2CID 24359462. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (January–March 2014a). "Reconsidering the Stored Program Concept". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (1): 9–10. doi:10.1109/mahc.2013.56. S2CID 18827916.
Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2014b, pp. 48–54. Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (April–June 2014b). "Engineering 'The Miracle of the ENIAC': Implementing the Modern Code Paradigm". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (2): 41–59. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2014.15. S2CID 24359462. Retrieved November 13, 2018.

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Goldstine & Goldstine 1946, p. 97 Goldstine, Herman H.; Goldstine, Adele K. (1946). "The electronic numerical integrator and computer (ENIAC)". Mathematics of Computation. 2 (15): 97–110. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1946-0018977-0. ISSN 0025-5718. (also reprinted in The Origins of Digital Computers: Selected Papers, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982, pp. 359–373)
Goldstine & Goldstine 1946 Goldstine, Herman H.; Goldstine, Adele K. (1946). "The electronic numerical integrator and computer (ENIAC)". Mathematics of Computation. 2 (15): 97–110. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1946-0018977-0. ISSN 0025-5718. (also reprinted in The Origins of Digital Computers: Selected Papers, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982, pp. 359–373)
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Goldstine & Goldstine 1946. Goldstine, Herman H.; Goldstine, Adele K. (1946). "The electronic numerical integrator and computer (ENIAC)". Mathematics of Computation. 2 (15): 97–110. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1946-0018977-0. ISSN 0025-5718. (also reprinted in The Origins of Digital Computers: Selected Papers, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982, pp. 359–373)

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