Edwin Howard Armstrong (English Wikipedia)

Carson, J. R. (February 1922), "Notes on the theory of modulation", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, 10 (1): 57–64, Bibcode:1922PIRE...10...57C, doi:10.1109/jrproc.1922.219793
Armstrong, E. H. (May 1936), "A method of reducing disturbances in radio signaling by a system of frequency modulation", Proc. IRE, 24 (5): 689–740, Bibcode:1936PIRE...24..689A, doi:10.1109/jrproc.1936.227383, S2CID 43628076
Armstrong, E. H. (August 1984), "A method of reducing disturbances in radio signaling by a system of frequency modulation", Proc. IEEE, 72 (8): 1042–1062, Bibcode:1984IEEEP..72.1042A, doi:10.1109/proc.1984.12971
Crosby, M. G. (April 1937), "Frequency modulation noise characteristics", Proc. IRE, 25 (4): 472–514, Bibcode:1937PIRE...25..472C, doi:10.1109/jrproc.1937.229050, S2CID 51643329

antiqueradios.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Who Invented the Superheterodyne?" Archived October 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine by Alan Douglas, originally published in The Legacies of Edwin Howard Armstrong from the "Proceedings of the Radio Club of America", Nov. 1990, Vol.64 no.3, pages 123-142. Page 139: "Lévy broadened his claims to purposely create an interference, by copying Armstrong's claims exactly. The Patent Office would then have to choose between the two inventors."

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Man of High Fidelity by Lawrence Lessing (1956) p. 22
Lessing 1956, p. 23
Lessing 1956, p. 26
Lessing 1956, p. 24
Lessing 1956, p. 27
Wu 2010, p. 126 Wu, Tim (2010), The Master Switch, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN 978-0-307-26993-5
Wenaas, Eric P. (2007). Radiola : the golden age of RCA, 1919-1929. Internet Archive. Chandler, AZ : Sonoran. pp. 205–206. ISBN 978-1-886606-21-0.
Wu 2010, p. 125 Wu, Tim (2010), The Master Switch, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN 978-0-307-26993-5
Stashower, Daniel (2002), The Boy Genius and the Mogul: the untold story of television, New York: Broadway Books, ISBN 0767907590, His health began to suffer and his behavior grew erratic. On one occasion he came to believe that someone had poisoned his food and insisted on having his stomach pumped. On another, his wife fled the house as Armstrong lashed out with a fireplace poker.
"Maj. Edwin Armstrong, Father of FM, Other Radio Inventions, Dead at 63", Broadcasting-Telecasting, February 8, 1954, pages 67-68.
"Major Armstrong Felt Reds Stole His Ideas—McCarthy", Broadcasting-Telecasting, February 8, 1954, page 68.
"Fm Suit Settlement Ends Six-Year Fight". Broadcasting-Telecasting. January 10, 1955. p. 84.

asme.org (Global: 6,567^th place; English: 3,977^th place)

"Holley Medal". ASME. Archived from the original on August 14, 2025. Retrieved November 5, 2025.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

"What are the facts about FM?" by E. W. Murtfeldt, Popular Science, November 1940, page 73.
Harold Evans; Gail Buckland; David Lefer (2009). They Made America: From the Steam Engine to the Search Engine: Two Centuries of Innovators. Hachette Digital. ISBN 9780316070348. Retrieved August 25, 2013. The stress of living with a man obsessed put Marion into Psychiatric care. She tried to jump into the East River. She spent months in a mental hospital. Armstrong seemed oblivious to everything except the injustice being done to him.
Christopher H. Sterling (2013). Biographical Dictionary of Radio. Routledge Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 9781136993756. Retrieved August 25, 2013. The years of litigation had taken their toll. His one-time friend David Sarnoff was now his bitter enemy. His fortune was depleted. In a fit of rage in November 1953, he took his anger out on Marion, his wife of 30 years, and she fled their apartment.
Campbell, Richard; Christopher R. Martin; Bettina Fabos (2011). Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication, 8th Ed. MacMillan. p. 124. ISBN 978-0312644659.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

Lawrence P. Lessing. "Edwin H. Armstrong". Britannica. Retrieved December 17, 2018.

ce.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame". Consumer Electronics Association (archived). 2000. Archived from the original on March 25, 2010. Retrieved May 14, 2025.

columbia.edu (Global: 554^th place; English: 368^th place)

Tsividis, Yannis (Spring 2002). "Edwin Armstrong: Pioneer of the Airwaves". Columbia Magazine. Living Legacies: Great Moments and Leading Figures in the History of Columbia University. New York: Columbia University. Retrieved September 18, 2017.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Armstrong, E. H. (August 2, 1917). "Operating Features of the Audion". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 27 (1): 215–243. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1916.tb55188.x. S2CID 85101768.
Carson, J. R. (February 1922), "Notes on the theory of modulation", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, 10 (1): 57–64, Bibcode:1922PIRE...10...57C, doi:10.1109/jrproc.1922.219793
Armstrong, E. H. (May 1936), "A method of reducing disturbances in radio signaling by a system of frequency modulation", Proc. IRE, 24 (5): 689–740, Bibcode:1936PIRE...24..689A, doi:10.1109/jrproc.1936.227383, S2CID 43628076
Armstrong, E. H. (August 1984), "A method of reducing disturbances in radio signaling by a system of frequency modulation", Proc. IEEE, 72 (8): 1042–1062, Bibcode:1984IEEEP..72.1042A, doi:10.1109/proc.1984.12971
Crosby, M. G. (April 1937), "Frequency modulation noise characteristics", Proc. IRE, 25 (4): 472–514, Bibcode:1937PIRE...25..472C, doi:10.1109/jrproc.1937.229050, S2CID 51643329

erols.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

users.erols.com

Katzdorn, Mike. "Beginning of Armstrong's FM station W2XMN at Alpine, NJ (1937)". Retrieved December 19, 2011.

fathom.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Raymond, Dana M. "Air War: Legal Battles Over FM Radio". Fathom. Columbia University. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008.

fi.edu (Global: 9,608^th place; English: 9,350^th place)

"Edwin H. Armstrong". Franklin Institute. January 15, 2014. Archived from the original on March 29, 2025. Retrieved November 18, 2025.

hathitrust.org (Global: 296^th place; English: 153^rd place)

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"What Everyone Should Know About Radio History: Part II" by Prof. J. H. Morecroft, Radio Broadcast, August 1922, pp. 294–302.
"Operating Features of the Audion" by E. H. Armstrong, Electrical World, December 12, 1914, pages 1149-1152.
Armstrong, E. H. (August 2, 1917). "Operating Features of the Audion". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 27 (1): 215–243. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1916.tb55188.x. S2CID 85101768.
History of Radio to 1926 by Gleason L. Archer, 1938, page 297: "It appears that Armstrong first exhibited the device to the astute General Manager of RCA, David Sarnoff. Mr. Sarnoff had just concluded arrangements that involved ordering several millions' dollars worth of an improved type of radio... He was so impressed by the Armstrong invention that he at once halted these negotiations..."
Carson, J. R. (February 1922), "Notes on the theory of modulation", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, 10 (1): 57–64, Bibcode:1922PIRE...10...57C, doi:10.1109/jrproc.1922.219793
"FCC Order No. 67", Federal Register, May 25, 1940, page 2011.
"FCC Order No. 69" Federal Communications Commission, May 22, 1940.

hollywoodreporter.com (Global: 30^th place; English: 22^nd place)

"Norway to Become First Country to Switch Off FM Radio in 2017" by Scott Roxborough, The Hollywood Reporter, April 20, 2015.

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"E. H. Armstrong". IEEE. Archived from the original on May 13, 2024. Retrieved May 13, 2024.
"IEEE Edison Medal Recipients" (PDF). IEEE. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2024. Retrieved December 10, 2024.

newspapers.com (Global: 24^th place; English: 12^th place)

AP (June 27, 1945). "Device to make FM Radios Work Under FCC Ruling". The Miami News. 6-A. Retrieved August 14, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
INS (June 27, 1945). "395,000 FM Radio Sets Must Be Replaced". Journal Gazette. p. 6. Retrieved August 14, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
"Pre-War FM Radio Sets to Become Obsolete Saturday". The Times. January 6, 1949. p. 1. Retrieved August 14, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.

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"Edwin H. Armstrong House". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved November 4, 2019.

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"Project Diana: Radar Reaches the Moon". Retrieved July 13, 2022.

proquest.com (Global: 121^st place; English: 59^th place)

Kaempffert, Waldemar (December 9, 1956). "Stubborn genius". The New York Times. p. 297. ProQuest 113472829. After he penned the last sentence, "God keep you and the Lord have mercy on my soul," he put on his overcoat, hat and gloves and stepped out of a window thirteen stories above the ground.

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DeForest Radio Co. v. General Electric Co., 283 U.S. 664 (May 25, 1931). Fleming and Lilenfeld had advocated high vacuum. "Of critical importance in the present controversy is the effect of the presence of gas within the tube." "In consequence, the low vacuum tube is more sensitive both as a detector and as an amplifier than a tube of high vacuum." "August 20, 1912, the earliest date claimed for Langmuir, was rejected rightly, we think, by the District Court, which held that Langmuir was anticipated by Arnold in November, 1912. But before the earlier date, De Forest sought and obtained a high vacuum in the audions used as amplifiers, and observed that when the vacuum was too low the blue glow effect occurred at from 15 to 20 volts. To secure higher voltages from the audions used as amplifiers and to procure the requisite high vacuum, he had some of the bulbs re-exhausted while superheated. By August 1912, the Telegraph Company used De Forest amplifying audions at 54 volts, and by November, they were used by another at 67.5 volts. This was possible only because the tubes had been exhausted of gas, which would otherwise have ionized with blue glow at from 20 to 30 volts."

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"A Case study of Edwin Howard Armstrong's public relations campaign for FM" (thesis) by Jessica Francis, December 14, 2012, pages 16, 19.

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Armstrong, E. H. (August 2, 1917). "Operating Features of the Audion". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 27 (1): 215–243. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1916.tb55188.x. S2CID 85101768.
Armstrong, E. H. (May 1936), "A method of reducing disturbances in radio signaling by a system of frequency modulation", Proc. IRE, 24 (5): 689–740, Bibcode:1936PIRE...24..689A, doi:10.1109/jrproc.1936.227383, S2CID 43628076
Crosby, M. G. (April 1937), "Frequency modulation noise characteristics", Proc. IRE, 25 (4): 472–514, Bibcode:1937PIRE...25..472C, doi:10.1109/jrproc.1937.229050, S2CID 51643329

si.edu (Global: 256^th place; English: 197^th place)

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"American Inventors, September 21, 1983, Smithsonian Postal Museum".

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oprhp.state.ny.us

Sheire, James (July 1975). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Edwin H. Armstrong House". Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2008. (includes 1 photo)

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"TECnology Hall of Fame, 2005". TECawards.org. 2005. Retrieved December 12, 2024.

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America's Apex Broadcasting Stations of the 1930s by John Schneider.

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"New Static-Less Radio Broadcast Eliminates All Extraneous Noises" (UP), San Bernardino (California) Sun, June 18, 1936, page 2.

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patft.uspto.gov

U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Database Search: Edwin H. Armstrong, archived from the original on March 12, 2018, retrieved July 16, 2017

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"Recipients". www.washingtonaward.com. Archived from the original on July 15, 2025. Retrieved November 18, 2025.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Edwin Armstrong". wirelesshistoryfoundation.org. April 25, 1999. Archived from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
"Who Invented the Superheterodyne?" Archived October 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine by Alan Douglas, originally published in The Legacies of Edwin Howard Armstrong from the "Proceedings of the Radio Club of America", Nov. 1990, Vol.64 no.3, pages 123-142. Page 139: "Lévy broadened his claims to purposely create an interference, by copying Armstrong's claims exactly. The Patent Office would then have to choose between the two inventors."
Raymond, Dana M. "Air War: Legal Battles Over FM Radio". Fathom. Columbia University. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008.
"E. H. Armstrong". IEEE. Archived from the original on May 13, 2024. Retrieved May 13, 2024.
"Holley Medal". ASME. Archived from the original on August 14, 2025. Retrieved November 5, 2025.
"Edwin H. Armstrong". Franklin Institute. January 15, 2014. Archived from the original on March 29, 2025. Retrieved November 18, 2025.
"IEEE Edison Medal Recipients" (PDF). IEEE. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2024. Retrieved December 10, 2024.
"Recipients". www.washingtonaward.com. Archived from the original on July 15, 2025. Retrieved November 18, 2025.
"Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame". Consumer Electronics Association (archived). 2000. Archived from the original on March 25, 2010. Retrieved May 14, 2025.
Sheire, James (July 1975). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Edwin H. Armstrong House". Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2008. (includes 1 photo)
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Database Search: Edwin H. Armstrong, archived from the original on March 12, 2018, retrieved July 16, 2017

wirelesshistoryfoundation.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Edwin Armstrong". wirelesshistoryfoundation.org. April 25, 1999. Archived from the original on March 15, 2024. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
"Edwin Armstrong". Wireless History Foundation. April 25, 1999. Retrieved April 16, 2024.

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"Armstrong, FM Inventor, Dies In Leap From East Side Suite". The New York Times. February 2, 1954. p. 1. ISSN 0362-4331.
"Major Armstrong Goes to Columbia". The New York Times. August 7, 1934. p. 20. ISSN 0362-4331. The appointment of Major Edwin Howard Armstrong as Professor of Electrical Engineering at Columbia University yesterday by Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, president of the university.
"Esther Armstrong, 81, the Wife Of Inventor of FM Radio System". The New York Times. August 10, 1979. p. A13. ISSN 0362-4331.

Edwin Howard Armstrong (English Wikipedia)

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