Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Electronic cigarette" in English language version.
None of the studies included negative controls which would provide stronger evidence for whether the association may be causal.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) |quote="There is moderate evidence that risk and severity of dependence are lower for e-cigarettes than combustible tobacco cigarettes."the safety of e-cigarette consumption and its potential as a smoking cessation method remain controversial due to limited evidence...the potential long-term effects of e-cigarette consumption have been scarcely investigated.
Because e-cigarettes have only been marketed for ~10 years... scientific data are limited and will continue to emerge. Because e-cigarette solutions and emissions have been shown to contain nicotine and many of the same harmful toxicants and carcinogens as cigarettes, it is reasonable to assume that there is the potential for similar health effects for e-cigarette use, particularly with emerging data of tobacco toxicant exposure found among e-cigarette users.
past research remains inconclusive due to heavy confounding between cigarette and e-cigarette use
Among potentially toxic substances common to both products, cigarette smoke generally contains substantially larger quantities than e-cigarette aerosol. However, e-cigarette aerosol contains some substances not found in cigarette smoke."
Only two studies comprehensively adjusted for confounding. The median E‐value was 2.90, indicating that the estimates were not robust against unmeasured confounding.
None of the studies included negative controls which would provide stronger evidence for whether the association may be causal.
The long-term effects of ECIG use are unknown, and there is therefore no evidence that ECIGs are safer than tobacco in the long term. Based on current knowledge, negative health effects cannot be ruled out.
use of e‑cigarettes is likely to be substantially less harmful than smoking
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) |quote="There is moderate evidence that risk and severity of dependence are lower for e-cigarettes than combustible tobacco cigarettes."the safety of e-cigarette consumption and its potential as a smoking cessation method remain controversial due to limited evidence...the potential long-term effects of e-cigarette consumption have been scarcely investigated.
Because e-cigarettes have only been marketed for ~10 years... scientific data are limited and will continue to emerge. Because e-cigarette solutions and emissions have been shown to contain nicotine and many of the same harmful toxicants and carcinogens as cigarettes, it is reasonable to assume that there is the potential for similar health effects for e-cigarette use, particularly with emerging data of tobacco toxicant exposure found among e-cigarette users.
past research remains inconclusive due to heavy confounding between cigarette and e-cigarette use
Among potentially toxic substances common to both products, cigarette smoke generally contains substantially larger quantities than e-cigarette aerosol. However, e-cigarette aerosol contains some substances not found in cigarette smoke."
Only two studies comprehensively adjusted for confounding. The median E‐value was 2.90, indicating that the estimates were not robust against unmeasured confounding.
None of the studies included negative controls which would provide stronger evidence for whether the association may be causal.
The long-term effects of ECIG use are unknown, and there is therefore no evidence that ECIGs are safer than tobacco in the long term. Based on current knowledge, negative health effects cannot be ruled out.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) |quote="There is moderate evidence that risk and severity of dependence are lower for e-cigarettes than combustible tobacco cigarettes."the safety of e-cigarette consumption and its potential as a smoking cessation method remain controversial due to limited evidence...the potential long-term effects of e-cigarette consumption have been scarcely investigated.
past research remains inconclusive due to heavy confounding between cigarette and e-cigarette use
Among potentially toxic substances common to both products, cigarette smoke generally contains substantially larger quantities than e-cigarette aerosol. However, e-cigarette aerosol contains some substances not found in cigarette smoke."
None of the studies included negative controls which would provide stronger evidence for whether the association may be causal.
Use of nicotine alone, in the doses used by smokers, represents little if any hazard to the user.
the safety of e-cigarette consumption and its potential as a smoking cessation method remain controversial due to limited evidence...the potential long-term effects of e-cigarette consumption have been scarcely investigated.
Because e-cigarettes have only been marketed for ~10 years... scientific data are limited and will continue to emerge. Because e-cigarette solutions and emissions have been shown to contain nicotine and many of the same harmful toxicants and carcinogens as cigarettes, it is reasonable to assume that there is the potential for similar health effects for e-cigarette use, particularly with emerging data of tobacco toxicant exposure found among e-cigarette users.
Only two studies comprehensively adjusted for confounding. The median E‐value was 2.90, indicating that the estimates were not robust against unmeasured confounding.
The long-term effects of ECIG use are unknown, and there is therefore no evidence that ECIGs are safer than tobacco in the long term. Based on current knowledge, negative health effects cannot be ruled out.
Only two studies comprehensively adjusted for confounding. The median E‐value was 2.90, indicating that the estimates were not robust against unmeasured confounding.
Only two studies comprehensively adjusted for confounding. The median E‐value was 2.90, indicating that the estimates were not robust against unmeasured confounding.
None of the studies included negative controls which would provide stronger evidence for whether the association may be causal.
The long-term effects of ECIG use are unknown, and there is therefore no evidence that ECIGs are safer than tobacco in the long term. Based on current knowledge, negative health effects cannot be ruled out.