Electronic cigarette (English Wikipedia)

Glantz, Stanton A.; Bareham, David W. (January 2018). "E-Cigarettes: Use, Effects on Smoking, Risks, and Policy Implications". Annual Review of Public Health. 39 (1): 215–235. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013757. ISSN 0163-7525. PMC 6251310. PMID 29323609. This article incorporates text by Stanton A. Glantz and David W. Bareham available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Abrams, David B.; Glasser, Allison M.; Pearson, Jennifer L.; Villanti, Andrea C.; Collins, Lauren K.; Niaura, Raymond S. (2018). "Harm Minimization and Tobacco Control: Reframing Societal Views of Nicotine Use to Rapidly Save Lives". Annual Review of Public Health. 39 (1): 193–213. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013849. ISSN 0163-7525. PMC 6942997. PMID 29323611. This article incorporates text by David B. Abrams, Allison M. Glasser, Jennifer L. Pearson, Andrea C. Villanti, Lauren K. Collins, and Raymond S. Niaura available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

ash.org.uk

(ASH), Action on Smoking and Health (June 2021). "Use of e-cigarettes (vapes) among adults in Great Britain. 2021" (PDF). Use of E-cigarettes (Vapes) Among Adults in Great Britain. 2021.

atsjournals.org

Schraufnagel, Dean E.; Blasi, Francesco; Drummond, M. Bradley; Lam, David C. L.; Latif, Ehsan; Rosen, Mark J.; Sansores, Raul; Van Zyl-Smit, Richard (15 September 2014). "Electronic Cigarettes. A Position Statement of the Forum of International Respiratory Societies". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 190 (6): 611–618. doi:10.1164/rccm.201407-1198PP. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 25006874. S2CID 43763340. Retrieved 13 November 2022.

baoquangninh.vn

VnExpress. "Học sinh 13-15 tuổi hút thuốc lá điện tử tăng". baoquangninh.vn (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 15 December 2023.

bbc.co.uk

"E-cigarettes to be stubbed out for under-18s". BBC News. 26 January 2014.

bbc.com

Daniel Nasaw (5 December 2012). "Electronic cigarettes challenge anti-smoking efforts". BBC News.
Jones, Lora (15 September 2019). "Vaping: How popular are e-cigarettes? - Spending on e-cigarettes is growing". BBC News.

biomedcentral.com

harmreductionjournal.biomedcentral.com

Lee, Peter N (2015). "Appropriate and inappropriate methods for investigating the "gateway" hypothesis, with a review of the evidence linking prior snus use to later cigarette smoking". Harm Reduction Journal. 12 (1): 8. doi:10.1186/s12954-015-0040-7. ISSN 1477-7517. PMC 4369866. PMID 25889396. This article incorporates text by Peter N Lee available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com

Franck, Caroline; Filion, Kristian B.; Kimmelman, Jonathan; Grad, Roland; Eisenberg, Mark J. (2016). "Ethical considerations of e-cigarette use for tobacco harm reduction". Respiratory Research. 17 (1): 53. doi:10.1186/s12931-016-0370-3. ISSN 1465-993X. PMC 4869264. PMID 27184265. This article incorporates text by Caroline Franck, Kristian B. Filion, Jonathan Kimmelman, Roland Grad and Mark J. Eisenberg available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

bizjournals.com

Arcieri, Katie (1 October 2013). "Lorillard acquires British e-cig maker for $48.6M". Triad Business Journal.

bloomberg.com

Gustafsson, Katarina (2 September 2013). "Imperial Tobacco Agrees to Acquire Dragonite's E-Cigarette Unit". Bloomberg News.
Brad Stone (21 November 2013). "Ploom's E-Cigarettes and Vaporizers Use Real Tobacco". Bloomberg Businessweek.
Chambers, Sam (3 February 2017). "Japan Tobacco Sees No Quick Fix for Heat-Not-Burn Shortage". Bloomberg News.

bma.org.uk

"BMA calls for stronger regulation of e-cigarettes" (PDF). British Medical Association. January 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013.

bmj.com

tobaccocontrol.bmj.com

Khouja, Jasmine N.; Suddell, Steph F.; Peters, Sarah E.; Taylor, Amy E.; Munafò, Marcus R. (1 January 2021). "Is e-cigarette use in non-smoking young adults associated with later smoking? A systematic review and meta-analysis". Tobacco Control. 30 (1): 8–15. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055433. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 7803902. PMID 32156694. None of the studies included negative controls which would provide stronger evidence for whether the association may be causal.
Hiscock, Rosemary; Branston, J Robert; McNeill, Ann; Hitchman, Sara C; Partos, Timea R; Gilmore, Anna B (2017). "Tobacco industry strategies undermine government tax policy: evidence from commercial data". Tobacco Control. 27 (5): tobaccocontrol–2017–053891. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053891. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 6109235. PMID 28993519. This article incorporates text by Rosemary Hiscock, J Robert Branston, Ann McNeill, Sara C Hitchman, Timea R Partos, Anna B Gilmore available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

bmjopen.bmj.com

Baenziger, Olivia; Ford, Laura; Yazidjoglou, Amelia; Joshy, Grace; Banks, Emily (2021). "E-cigarette use and combustible tobacco cigarette smoking uptake among non-smokers, including relapse in former smokers: umbrella review, systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ Open. 11 (3): e045603. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045603. ISSN 2044-6055. PMC 8011717. PMID 33785493.

pmj.bmj.com

McKee, M. (2014). "Electronic cigarettes: peering through the smokescreen". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 90 (1069): 607–609. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2014-133029. ISSN 0032-5473. PMID 25294933.

books.google.com

V.Courtney Broaddus; Robert C Mason; Joel D Ernst; Talmadge E King Jr.; Stephen C Lazarus; John F. Murray; Jay A. Nadel; Arthur Slutsky; Michael Gotway (17 March 2015). Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 820. ISBN 978-0-323-26193-7.
Richard Beebe; Jeff Myers (19 July 2012). Professional Paramedic, Volume I: Foundations of Paramedic Care. Cengage Learning. pp. 640–. ISBN 978-1-133-71465-1.
Atta-ur-Rahman; Allen B. Reitz (1 January 2005). Frontiers in Medicinal Chemistry. Bentham Science Publishers. pp. 279–. ISBN 978-1-60805-205-9.
Farsalinos, Konstantinos E.; Gillman, I. Gene; Hecht, Stephen S.; Polosa, Riccardo; Thornburg, Jonathan (16 November 2016). Analytical Assessment of e-Cigarettes: From Contents to Chemical and Particle Exposure Profiles. Elsevier Science. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-12-811242-7.
Bryan, Christiansen (31 October 2014). Handbook of Research on Global Business Opportunities. IGI Global. pp. 411–. ISBN 978-1-4666-6552-1.
Liang, Yunji; Zheng, Xiaolong; Dajun Zheng, Daniel; Zhou, Xingshe (22 January 2016). Zheng, Xiaolong; Dajun Zeng, Daniel; Chen, Hsinchun; Leischow, Scott J. (eds.). Impact of Flavor on Electronic Cigarette Marketing in Social Media. Smart Health: International Conference, ICSH 2015. Phoenix, AZ, USA: Springer. p. 283. ISBN 978-3-319-29175-8.

boston.com

Michael Felberbaum (26 May 2011). "Philip Morris Int'l buys rights to nicotine system". The Boston Globe. Associated Press.

businessinsider.com

"European court: Tougher rules on electronic cigarettes". Business Insider. Associated Press. 4 May 2016. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2019.

ca.gov

cdph.ca.gov

Chapman 2015, p. 5. "State Health Officer's Report on E-Cigarettes: A Community Health Threat" (PDF). California Tobacco Control Program. California Department of Public Health. January 2015. pp. 1–21. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Chapman 2015, p. 7. "State Health Officer's Report on E-Cigarettes: A Community Health Threat" (PDF). California Tobacco Control Program. California Department of Public Health. January 2015. pp. 1–21. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

cancer.org

"Teens like different forms of tobacco and nicotine". American Cancer Society. Archived from the original on 20 September 2015.
"Position Statement on Electronic Cigarettes". American Cancer Society. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2022.

cancer.org.au

wiki.cancer.org.au

"Position Statement Electronic Cigarettes". Cancer Council Australia; National Heart Foundation of Australia. 2014.

casaa.org

"A Historical Timeline of Electronic Cigarettes". The Consumer Advocates for Smoke-free Alternatives Association. 2016.

cbc.ca

"Vaping, e-cigarettes to be regulated by Health Canada". CBC News. 22 November 2016.

cbsnews.com

Brian Montopoli (11 June 2013). "Tobacco companies bet on electronic cigarettes". CBS News.

cdc.gov

"Historical NYTS Data and Documentation". www.cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 17 December 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
"Outbreak of Lung Injury Associated with the Use of E-Cigarette, or Vaping, Products". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 17 January 2020.
"E-Cigarettes and Pregnancy". Centers for Disease Control. March 2019.
CDC's Office on Smoking and Health (3 August 2021). "Smoking and Tobacco Use; Electronic Cigarettes". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
"E-cigarette Ads and Youth". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 5 January 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

stacks.cdc.gov

SGUS 2014, p. 115. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking Health (2014). The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Surgeon General of the United States. pp. 1–943. PMID 24455788.
SGUS 2014, p. 111. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking Health (2014). The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Surgeon General of the United States. pp. 1–943. PMID 24455788.

chicagotribune.com

"Company sniffs profits from a smokeless cigarette". Chicago Tribune. 27 May 1986. Retrieved 27 June 2021.

cityam.com

Annabel Denham (10 June 2013). "Brothers who took a punt on a new market". CityAM. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016.
Francesca Washtell (5 May 2016). "EU Tobacco Products Directive chokes off the UK's e-cigarette and vaping market". City A.M.

cnbc.com

Mangan, Dan (15 July 2014). "Feeling blu? E-cig company spun off in major tobacco deal". CNBC.
Gurdus, Elizabeth (23 April 2018). "Cramer: Vaping is decimating the cigarette industry—and it could get even worse". CNBC.

cnn.com

Meera Senthilingam (23 March 2015). "E-cigarettes: Helping smokers quit, or fueling a new addiction?". CNN.

cochranelibrary.com

Lindson, N; Butler, AR; McRobbie, H; Bullen, C; Hajek, P; Begh, R; Theodoulou, A; Notley, C; Rigotti, NA; Turner, T; Livingstone-Banks, J; Morris, T; Hartmann-Boyce, J (8 January 2024). "Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (1): CD010216. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub8. PMC 10772980. PMID 38189560. Retrieved 17 April 2024.

columbia.edu

mailman.columbia.edu

"Experts Clear the Air on E-Cigarettes". Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. 26 January 2018.

coresta.org

Garner, Charles; Stevens, Robert (February 2014). "A Brief Description of History, Operation and Regulation" (PDF). Coresta. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016.

creativecommons.org

Jenssen, Brian P.; Boykan, Rachel (2019). "Electronic Cigarettes and Youth in the United States: A Call to Action (at the Local, National and Global Levels)". Children. 6 (2): 30. doi:10.3390/children6020030. ISSN 2227-9067. PMC 6406299. PMID 30791645. This article incorporates text by Brian P. Jenssen and Rachel Boykan available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Glantz, Stanton A.; Bareham, David W. (January 2018). "E-Cigarettes: Use, Effects on Smoking, Risks, and Policy Implications". Annual Review of Public Health. 39 (1): 215–235. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013757. ISSN 0163-7525. PMC 6251310. PMID 29323609. This article incorporates text by Stanton A. Glantz and David W. Bareham available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Lee, Peter N (2015). "Appropriate and inappropriate methods for investigating the "gateway" hypothesis, with a review of the evidence linking prior snus use to later cigarette smoking". Harm Reduction Journal. 12 (1): 8. doi:10.1186/s12954-015-0040-7. ISSN 1477-7517. PMC 4369866. PMID 25889396. This article incorporates text by Peter N Lee available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Nansseu, Jobert Richie N.; Bigna, Jean Joel R. (2016). "Electronic Cigarettes for Curbing the Tobacco-Induced Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases: Evidence Revisited with Emphasis on Challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa". Pulmonary Medicine. 2016: 1–9. doi:10.1155/2016/4894352. ISSN 2090-1836. PMC 5220510. PMID 28116156. This article incorporates text by Jobert Richie N. Nansseu and Jean Joel R. Bigna available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Cormet-Boyaka, Estelle; Zare, Samane; Nemati, Mehdi; Zheng, Yuqing (2018). "A systematic review of consumer preference for e-cigarette attributes: Flavor, nicotine strength, and type". PLOS ONE. 13 (3). e0194145. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1394145Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194145. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5854347. PMID 29543907. This article incorporates text by Samane Zare, Mehdi Nemati, and Yuqing Zheng available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Boudi, F Brian; Patel, Sonia; Boudi, Ava; Chan, Connie (2019). "Vitamin E Acetate as a Plausible Cause of Acute Vaping-related Illness". Cureus. 11 (12): e6350. doi:10.7759/cureus.6350. ISSN 2168-8184. PMC 6952050. PMID 31938636. This article incorporates text by F Brian Boudi, Sonia Patel, Ava Boudi, Connie Chan available under the CC BY 3.0 license.
Abrams, David B.; Glasser, Allison M.; Pearson, Jennifer L.; Villanti, Andrea C.; Collins, Lauren K.; Niaura, Raymond S. (2018). "Harm Minimization and Tobacco Control: Reframing Societal Views of Nicotine Use to Rapidly Save Lives". Annual Review of Public Health. 39 (1): 193–213. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013849. ISSN 0163-7525. PMC 6942997. PMID 29323611. This article incorporates text by David B. Abrams, Allison M. Glasser, Jennifer L. Pearson, Andrea C. Villanti, Lauren K. Collins, and Raymond S. Niaura available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Franck, Caroline; Filion, Kristian B.; Kimmelman, Jonathan; Grad, Roland; Eisenberg, Mark J. (2016). "Ethical considerations of e-cigarette use for tobacco harm reduction". Respiratory Research. 17 (1): 53. doi:10.1186/s12931-016-0370-3. ISSN 1465-993X. PMC 4869264. PMID 27184265. This article incorporates text by Caroline Franck, Kristian B. Filion, Jonathan Kimmelman, Roland Grad and Mark J. Eisenberg available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Bekki, Kanae; Uchiyama, Shigehisa; Ohta, Kazushi; Inaba, Yohei; Nakagome, Hideki; Kunugita, Naoki (2014). "Carbonyl Compounds Generated from Electronic Cigarettes". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 11 (11): 11192–11200. doi:10.3390/ijerph111111192. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 4245608. PMID 25353061. This article incorporates text by Kanae Bekki, Shigehisa Uchiyama, Kazushi Ohta, Yohei Inaba, Hideki Nakagome and Naoki Kunugita available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Hiscock, Rosemary; Branston, J Robert; McNeill, Ann; Hitchman, Sara C; Partos, Timea R; Gilmore, Anna B (2017). "Tobacco industry strategies undermine government tax policy: evidence from commercial data". Tobacco Control. 27 (5): tobaccocontrol–2017–053891. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053891. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 6109235. PMID 28993519. This article incorporates text by Rosemary Hiscock, J Robert Branston, Ann McNeill, Sara C Hitchman, Timea R Partos, Anna B Gilmore available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Giroud, Christian; de Cesare, Mariangela; Berthet, Aurélie; Varlet, Vincent; Concha-Lozano, Nicolas; Favrat, Bernard (2015). "E-Cigarettes: A Review of New Trends in Cannabis Use". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 12 (8): 9988–10008. doi:10.3390/ijerph120809988. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 4555324. PMID 26308021. This article incorporates text by Christian Giroud, Mariangela de Cesare, Aurélie Berthet, Vincent Varlet, Nicolas Concha-Lozano, and Bernard Favrat available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Li, Gerard; Saad, Sonia; Oliver, Brian; Chen, Hui (2018). "Heat or Burn? Impacts of Intrauterine Tobacco Smoke and E-Cigarette Vapor Exposure on the Offspring's Health Outcome". Toxics. 6 (3): 43. doi:10.3390/toxics6030043. ISSN 2305-6304. PMC 6160993. PMID 30071638. This article incorporates text by Gerard Li, Sonia Saad, Brian G. Oliver, and Hui Chen available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

csnews.com

"Japan Tobacco's Global Ambitions Lead to Logic Acquisition". Convenience Store News. 30 April 2015.
"Lorillard to Rebrand SKYCIG as blu eCigs". Convenience Store News. 27 March 2014.

cspdailynews.com

Melissa Vonder Haar (28 May 2014). "Nielsen: Electronic Cigarette Dollar Sales Decline". CSP Magazine.

cspnet.com

Melissa Vonder Haar (11 March 2015). "PAX Labs CEO Teases 'Fundamentally Different' E-Cigarette". CSP Magazine. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016.

cstoredecisions.com

Staff (21 August 2013). "Dragonite Sells E-Vapor Business To ITG". Convenient Store Decisions.

cureus.com

Boudi, F Brian; Patel, Sonia; Boudi, Ava; Chan, Connie (2019). "Vitamin E Acetate as a Plausible Cause of Acute Vaping-related Illness". Cureus. 11 (12): e6350. doi:10.7759/cureus.6350. ISSN 2168-8184. PMC 6952050. PMID 31938636. This article incorporates text by F Brian Boudi, Sonia Patel, Ava Boudi, Connie Chan available under the CC BY 3.0 license.

dailybulletin.com

Neil Nisperos (4 September 2014). "Vaping convention coming to Ontario Convention Center Friday". Inland Valley Daily Bulletin.

dailynebraskan.com

Staff (13 February 2014). "Generation V E-Cigarettes and Vape Bar aims to convert smokers to e-cigarettes". Daily Nebraskan.

dangcongsan.vn

"Đề xuất cấm lưu hành thuốc lá điện tử tại Việt Nam". dangcongsan.vn. Retrieved 15 December 2023.

davidhammond.ca

Hammond, D; White, CM; Czoli, CD; Martin, CL; Magennis, P; Shiplo, S (9 October 2015). "Retail availability and marketing of electronic cigarettes in Canada" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Public Health. 106 (6): e408–12. doi:10.17269/cjph.106.5105. PMC 6972063. PMID 26680433.

dddmag.com

Perrone, Matthew (28 March 2018). "Lawsuit Challenges FDA Delay of E-cigarette Review". Drug Discovery & Development. Associated Press.

digitaltrends.com

Couts, Andrew (13 May 2013). "Inside the world of vapers, the subculture that might save smokers' lives". Digital Trends.

doi.org

Cheng, T. (2014). "Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes". Tobacco Control. 23 (Supplement 2): ii11–ii17. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 3995255. PMID 24732157.
Orellana-Barrios, Menfil A.; Payne, Drew; Mulkey, Zachary; Nugent, Kenneth (2015). "Electronic cigarettes-a narrative review for clinicians". The American Journal of Medicine. 128 (7): 674–81. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.033. ISSN 0002-9343. PMID 25731134.
Weaver, Michael; Breland, Alison; Spindle, Tory; Eissenberg, Thomas (2014). "Electronic Cigarettes". Journal of Addiction Medicine. 8 (4): 234–240. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000043. ISSN 1932-0620. PMC 4123220. PMID 25089953.
David, Grégory; Parmentier, Evelyne A.; Taurino, Irene; Signorell, Ruth (December 2020). "Tracing the composition of single e-cigarette aerosol droplets in situ by laser-trapping and Raman scattering". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 7929. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.7929D. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64886-5. PMC 7220912. PMID 32404884.
Rahman, Muhammad; Hann, Nicholas; Wilson, Andrew; Worrall-Carter, Linda (2014). "Electronic cigarettes: patterns of use, health effects, use in smoking cessation and regulatory issues". Tobacco Induced Diseases. 12 (1): 21. doi:10.1186/1617-9625-12-21. PMC 4350653. PMID 25745382.
Pepper, J. K.; Brewer, N. T. (2013). "Electronic nicotine delivery system (electronic cigarette) awareness, use, reactions and beliefs: a systematic review". Tobacco Control. 23 (5): 375–384. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051122. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 4520227. PMID 24259045.
Drope, Jeffrey; Cahn, Zachary; Kennedy, Rosemary; Liber, Alex C.; Stoklosa, Michal; Henson, Rosemarie; Douglas, Clifford E.; Drope, Jacqui (November 2017). "Key issues surrounding the health impacts of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and other sources of nicotine". CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 67 (6): 449–471. doi:10.3322/caac.21413. ISSN 0007-9235. PMID 28961314. S2CID 32928770.
Schraufnagel, Dean E.; Blasi, Francesco; Drummond, M. Bradley; Lam, David C. L.; Latif, Ehsan; Rosen, Mark J.; Sansores, Raul; Van Zyl-Smit, Richard (15 September 2014). "Electronic Cigarettes. A Position Statement of the Forum of International Respiratory Societies". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 190 (6): 611–618. doi:10.1164/rccm.201407-1198PP. ISSN 1073-449X. PMID 25006874. S2CID 43763340. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
Marques, Patrice; Piqueras, Laura; Sanz, Maria-Jesus (December 2021). "An updated overview of e-cigarette impact on human health". Respiratory Research. 22 (1): 151. doi:10.1186/s12931-021-01737-5. PMC 8129966. PMID 34006276. S2CID 234753956. the safety of e-cigarette consumption and its potential as a smoking cessation method remain controversial due to limited evidence...the potential long-term effects of e-cigarette consumption have been scarcely investigated.
Walley, Susan C.; Wilson, Karen M.; Winickoff, Jonathan P.; Groner, Judith (1 June 2019). "A Public Health Crisis: Electronic Cigarettes, Vape, and JUUL". Pediatrics. 143 (6): e20182741. doi:10.1542/peds.2018-2741. PMID 31122947. S2CID 163165584. Because e-cigarettes have only been marketed for ~10 years... scientific data are limited and will continue to emerge. Because e-cigarette solutions and emissions have been shown to contain nicotine and many of the same harmful toxicants and carcinogens as cigarettes, it is reasonable to assume that there is the potential for similar health effects for e-cigarette use, particularly with emerging data of tobacco toxicant exposure found among e-cigarette users.
Kim, Sooyong; Selya, Arielle S (12 June 2020). "The Relationship Between Electronic Cigarette Use and Conventional Cigarette Smoking Is Largely Attributable to Shared Risk Factors". Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 22 (7): 1123–1130. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntz157. PMC 7291806. PMID 31680169. past research remains inconclusive due to heavy confounding between cigarette and e-cigarette use
Gotts, Jeffrey E; Jordt, Sven-Eric; McConnell, Rob; Tarran, Robert (30 September 2019). "What are the respiratory effects of e-cigarettes?". BMJ. 366: l5275. doi:10.1136/bmj.l5275. PMC 7850161. PMID 31570493. We reiterate that, to date, no long term vaping toxicological/safety studies have been done in humans; without these data, saying with certainty that e-cigarettes are safer than combustible cigarettes is impossible.
Benowitz, Neal L.; Burbank, Andrea D. (August 2016). "Cardiovascular toxicity of nicotine: Implications for electronic cigarette use". Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine. 26 (6): 515–523. doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2016.03.001. PMC 4958544. PMID 27079891. It is difficult to distinguish the independent roles of nicotine vs tobacco combustion products in cigarette smokers because all smokers are exposed to both.
Bals, Robert; Boyd, Jeanette; Esposito, Susanna; Foronjy, Robert; Hiemstra, Pieter; Jiménez-Ruiz, Carlos A.; Katsaounou, Paraskevi; Lindberg, Anne; Metz, Carlos; Schober, Wolfgang; Spira, Avrum; Blasi, Francesco (February 2019). "Electronic cigarettes: a task force report from the European Respiratory Society". European Respiratory Journal. 53 (2): 1801151. doi:10.1183/13993003.01151-2018. ISSN 0903-1936. PMID 30464018. S2CID 53711734. The long-term effects of ECIG use are unknown, and there is therefore no evidence that ECIGs are safer than tobacco in the long term. Based on current knowledge, negative health effects cannot be ruled out.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2018), p. ^{[page needed]}: "Laboratory tests of e-cigarette ingredients, in vitro toxicological tests, and short-term human studies suggest that e-cigarettes are likely to be far less harmful than combustible tobacco cigarettes." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; et al. (Committee on the Review of the Health Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems) (January 2018). Stratton, Kathleen; Kwan, Leslie Y.; Eaton, David L. (eds.). Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/24952. ISBN 978-0-309-46834-3. PMID 29894118. Retrieved 15 January 2023. Summary
Balfour, David J. K.; Benowitz, Neal L.; Colby, Suzanne M.; Hatsukami, Dorothy K.; Lando, Harry A.; Leischow, Scott J.; Lerman, Caryn; Mermelstein, Robin J.; Niaura, Raymond; Perkins, Kenneth A.; Pomerleau, Ovide F.; Rigotti, Nancy A.; Swan, Gary E.; Warner, Kenneth E.; West, Robert (September 2021). "Balancing Consideration of the Risks and Benefits of E-Cigarettes". American Journal of Public Health. 111 (9): 1661–1672. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2021.306416. PMC 8589069. PMID 34410826. Among potentially toxic substances common to both products, cigarette smoke generally contains substantially larger quantities than e-cigarette aerosol. However, e-cigarette aerosol contains some substances not found in cigarette smoke."
Lindson, Nicola; Butler, Ailsa R.; McRobbie, Hayden; Bullen, Chris; Hajek, Peter; Begh, Rachna; Theodoulou, Annika; Notley, Caitlin; Rigotti, Nancy A.; Turner, Tari; Livingstone-Banks, Jonathan; Morris, Tom; Hartmann-Boyce, Jamie (8 January 2024). "Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (1): CD010216. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub8. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 10772980. PMID 38189560.
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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2018), p. 96, Nicotine Salts. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; et al. (Committee on the Review of the Health Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems) (January 2018). Stratton, Kathleen; Kwan, Leslie Y.; Eaton, David L. (eds.). Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/24952. ISBN 978-0-309-46834-3. PMID 29894118. Retrieved 15 January 2023. Summary
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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2018), p. ^{[page needed]}: "Laboratory tests of e-cigarette ingredients, in vitro toxicological tests, and short-term human studies suggest that e-cigarettes are likely to be far less harmful than combustible tobacco cigarettes." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; et al. (Committee on the Review of the Health Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems) (January 2018). Stratton, Kathleen; Kwan, Leslie Y.; Eaton, David L. (eds.). Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/24952. ISBN 978-0-309-46834-3. PMID 29894118. Retrieved 15 January 2023. Summary
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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2018, 13 Developmental and Reproductive Effects National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; et al. (Committee on the Review of the Health Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems) (January 2018). Stratton, Kathleen; Kwan, Leslie Y.; Eaton, David L. (eds.). Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/24952. ISBN 978-0-309-46834-3. PMID 29894118. Retrieved 15 January 2023. Summary
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