Escapement (English Wikipedia)

Marrison, Warren (1948). "The Evolution of the Quartz Crystal Clock". Bell System Technical Journal. 27 (3): 510–588. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01343.x. Archived from the original on 2007-05-13. Retrieved 2007-06-06.
Britten, Frederick James (1896). The Watch & Clock Makers' Handbook, Dictionary and Guide (9 ed.). London: E. F. and N. Spon Ltd. pp. 98–101. cylinder escapement.
Glasgow, David (1885). Watch and Clock Making. London: Cassel & Co. p. 137., p137-154

books.google.com

Cipolla, Carlo M. (2004). Clocks and Culture, 1300 to 1700. W.W. Norton & Co. p. 31. ISBN 0-393-32443-5.
Jespersen, James; Fitz-Randolph, Jane; Robb, John (1999). From Sundials to Atomic Clocks: Understanding Time and Frequency. New York: Courier Dover. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-486-40913-9. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
Bloomfield, Louis (2007). How Everything Works: Making Physics Out of the Ordinary. Wiley. p. 296. ISBN 978-0-470-17066-3. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
Usher, Abbott Payson (2013). A History of Mechanical Inventions. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-14359-0.
Scheller, Robert Walter (1995). Exemplum: Model-book Drawings and the Practice of Artistic Transmission in the Middle Ages (ca. 900-ca. 1470). Amsterdam University Press. p. 185. ISBN 90-5356-130-7., footnote 7
Barnes, Carl F. (2009). The Portfolio of Villard de Honnecourt (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, MS Fr 19093). Ashgate Publishing Ltd. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-7546-5102-4.
Needham, Joseph; Wang, Ling; de Solla Price, Derek John (1986). Heavenly Clockwork: The Great Astronomical Clocks of Medieval China. CUP Archive. p. 195. ISBN 0-521-32276-6., footnote 3
Needham, Joseph (1965). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Cambridge University Press. p. 443. ISBN 0-521-05803-1.
White, Lynn Townsend (1964). Medieval Technology and Social Change. Oxford Univ. Press. p. 173. ISBN 0-19-500266-0.
Dohrn-van Rossum, Gerhard (1996). History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders. University of Chicago Press. pp. 105–106. ISBN 0-226-15510-2.
Whitrow, G. J. (1989). Time in History: Views of Time from Prehistory to the Present Day. Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-285211-6.
Cipolla, Carlo M. (2004). Clocks and Culture, 1300 to 1700. W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-32443-5., p.31
White 1966 Medieval Technology and Social Change, p.124
North, John David (2005). God's Clockmaker: Richard of Wallingford and the Invention of Time. UK: Hambledon & London. pp. 175–183. ISBN 1-85285-451-0.
Dohrn-van Rossum, Gerhard (1996). History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders. Univ. of Chicago Press. pp. 50–52. ISBN 0-226-15511-0.
Jones, Tony (2000). Splitting the Second: The Story of Atomic Time. CRC Press. p. 30. ISBN 0-7503-0640-8.
Kaler, James B. (2002). Ever-changing Sky: A Guide to the Celestial Sphere. UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 183. ISBN 0-521-49918-6.
"Jost Burgi" in Lance Day and Ian McNeil, ed. (1996). Biographical dictionary of the history of technology. Routledge (Routledge Reference). p. 116. ISBN 1-134-65020-5.
Britten, Frederick J. (1896). Watch and Clockmaker's Handbook, 9th Edition. E.F.& N. Spon. p. 108.
Flamsteed, John; Forbes, Eric; Murdin, Lesley (1995). The Correspondence of John Flamsteed, First Astronomer Royal, Vol.1. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-7503-0147-3. Letter 229 Flamsteed to Towneley (September 22, 1675), p.374, and Annotation 11 p.375
Andrewes, W.J.H. Clocks and Watches: The leap to precision in Macey, Samuel (1994). Encyclopedia of Time. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-8153-0615-6. p.126, this cites a letter of December 11, but he may have meant the September 22 letter mentioned above.
Betts, Jonathan (2006). Time Restored:The Harrison timekeepers and R.T. Gould, the man who knew (almost) everything. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-856802-5.
Macey, Samuel L. (1994). Encyclopedia of Time. Garland Publishing. ISBN 0-8153-0615-6.
Britten's Watch & Clock Makers' Handbook Dictionary & Guide Fifteenth Edition p.122 [1]
Du, Ruxu; Xie, Longhan (2012). The Mechanics of Mechanical Watches and Clocks. Springer. pp. 26–29. ISBN 978-3-642-29308-5.
Nelthropp, Harry Leonard (1873). A Treatise on Watchwork, Past and Present. E. & F.N. Spon., p.159-164.
Du, Ruxu; Xie, Longhan (2012). The Mechanics of Mechanical Watches and Clocks. Springer Science and Business Media. pp. 17–19. ISBN 978-3-642-29308-5.
"[Harrison's] escapement, called the 'grasshopper'... was of no practical value and need not be further described" Britten, Frederick James (1899). Old Clocks and Watches and their Makers. London: B. T. Batsford. p. 216.

clockdoc.org

ClockDoc. The Electric Clock Archive

danielslondon.com

Daniels, George. "About George Daniels". Daniels London. Retrieved 2008-06-12.

datacomm.ch

Buser, Roland (June 2007). "Duplex Escapement". Glossary, Watch Collector's Paradise. Retrieved 2007-10-18.

doi.org

Marrison, Warren (1948). "The Evolution of the Quartz Crystal Clock". Bell System Technical Journal. 27 (3): 510–588. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01343.x. Archived from the original on 2007-05-13. Retrieved 2007-06-06.

electric-clocks.nl

"Electric clocks – a history through animation". electric-clocks.nl. 2010. Retrieved November 10, 2011. (requires Adobe Shockwave Player to display animated content)

europastar.com

Nicolet, J.C. (1999). "Could you explain the mechanism of the coaxial watch?". Questions in Time. Europa star online. Archived from the original on 2010-04-21. Retrieved 2008-06-12.

geocities.com

Headrick, Michael (2002). "Origin and Evolution of the Anchor Clock Escapement". Control Systems Magazine. 22 (2). Inst. of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. Archived from the original on October 25, 2009. Retrieved 2007-06-06.
Stephenson, C. L. (2003). "A History of the Waterbury Watch Co". The Waterbury Watch Museum. Archived from the original on September 22, 2008. Retrieved 2007-10-18.

gutenberg.org

Derek J. de Solla Price, On the Origin of Clockwork, Perpetual Motion Devices, and the Compass, p.86

history-science-technology.com

Ahmad Y. Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering Archived 2008-02-18 at the Wayback Machine, History of Science and Technology in Islam.

horologia.co.uk

Mundy, Oliver (June 2007). "Watch Escapements". The Watch Cabinet. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2007-10-18.

iinet.com

Hall, E. T. (1996). "The Littlemore Clock". NAWCC Chapter 161 - Horological Science. National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors. Archived from the original on 2007-12-24.

leapsecond.com

"Harrison / Burgess Clock B". leapsecond.com.
Van Baak, Tom (April 2015). A close look at clock A close look at clock 'B': and why pendulum clocks are even more interesting than atomic clocks (PDF). Harrison Decoded Conference. Greenwich.

maine.edu

hua.umf.maine.edu

Marilyn Shea (September 2007). "Synchronome - 中国天文学 - 两台摆的电子钟 Chinese Astronomy". hua.umf.maine.edu. Retrieved November 10, 2011.

mikeoates.org

Smith, Alan (2000) The Towneley Clocks at Greenwich Observatory Archived 2008-07-05 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 November 2007

monochrome-watches.com

Monochrome-watches, "The evolution of the escapement and recent innovations", February 2016

nist.gov

tf.nist.gov

"Clock". Glossary, Time and Frequency Division. US National Inst. of Science and Technology. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2024.

nist.gov

"A Revolution in Timekeeping". A Walk Through Time. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2004. Retrieved 2022-10-13.

pastperfectonline.com

nawcc.pastperfectonline.com

"Wristwatch - 76.2.109 | National Watch & Clock Museum". nawcc.pastperfectonline.com. Retrieved 2024-02-08.

patents.google.com

Déhon, Nicolas (December 16, 1999). "Exhaust mechanism having bistable and monostable springs". Google Patents.

theatlantic.com

Love, Shayla (Jan 19, 2016). "Building an Impossible Clock". The Atlantic.

timezone.com

Odets, Walt (1999). "The Omega Coaxial: An impressive achievement". The Horologium. TimeZone.com. Archived from the original on 2008-06-11. Retrieved 2008-06-12.

uq.edu.au

physicsmuseum.uq.edu.au

"Synchronome Master Clock (circa 1955)". The University of Queensland - Physics Museum. Retrieved 2020-05-30.

web.archive.org

Marrison, Warren (1948). "The Evolution of the Quartz Crystal Clock". Bell System Technical Journal. 27 (3): 510–588. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01343.x. Archived from the original on 2007-05-13. Retrieved 2007-06-06.
Jespersen, James; Fitz-Randolph, Jane; Robb, John (1999). From Sundials to Atomic Clocks: Understanding Time and Frequency. New York: Courier Dover. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-486-40913-9. Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
Bloomfield, Louis (2007). How Everything Works: Making Physics Out of the Ordinary. Wiley. p. 296. ISBN 978-0-470-17066-3. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
"Clock". Glossary, Time and Frequency Division. US National Inst. of Science and Technology. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
Ahmad Y. Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering Archived 2008-02-18 at the Wayback Machine, History of Science and Technology in Islam.
Headrick, Michael (2002). "Origin and Evolution of the Anchor Clock Escapement". Control Systems Magazine. 22 (2). Inst. of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. Archived from the original on October 25, 2009. Retrieved 2007-06-06.
Hall, E. T. (1996). "The Littlemore Clock". NAWCC Chapter 161 - Horological Science. National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors. Archived from the original on 2007-12-24.
Smith, Alan (2000) The Towneley Clocks at Greenwich Observatory Archived 2008-07-05 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 November 2007
Mundy, Oliver (June 2007). "Watch Escapements". The Watch Cabinet. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
Stephenson, C. L. (2003). "A History of the Waterbury Watch Co". The Waterbury Watch Museum. Archived from the original on September 22, 2008. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
Nicolet, J.C. (1999). "Could you explain the mechanism of the coaxial watch?". Questions in Time. Europa star online. Archived from the original on 2010-04-21. Retrieved 2008-06-12.
Odets, Walt (1999). "The Omega Coaxial: An impressive achievement". The Horologium. TimeZone.com. Archived from the original on 2008-06-11. Retrieved 2008-06-12.

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

Beckett, Edmund; Cunynghame, Henry Hardinge (1911). "Watch" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 362–366, see end of page 363. The duplex escapement....

xnet.com

home.xnet.com

Thompson, Curtis (2001). "Where George Daniels shopped the Co-Axial..." [Chuck Maddox home page]. Retrieved 2008-06-12. 17 June 2001 Addendum