Essen (English Wikipedia)

"Origin of place names". Essen.de (in German). Archived from the original on 24 January 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
"Geschichte des Hauses" (in German). Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
"Chronik der Stadt Essen" [Time-line of the City of Essen]. essen.de. Archived from the original on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
"Essens Partnerstädte". essen.de (in German). Essen. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
"Honorary Citizens of Essen". Essen.de. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2011.

media.essen.de

"Ergrabene Zeiten" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, City of Essen, undated (in German)
"Essen.International" (PDF). essen.de (in German). Essen. September 2019. p. 22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.

krupp-guertel.essen.de

"Speech by Mayor Wolfgang Reiniger (German)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2011.

europa.eu (Global: 68^th place; English: 117^th place)

ec.europa.eu

"European Green Capital". ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 20 May 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
"European Green Capital". ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.

eurotravelling.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Essen – History Archived 4 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine, eurotravelling.net, accessed 3 April 2010

evag.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Kleine EVAG Statistik 2010* (*stand 31.12.2009)" [Small EVAG Statistics 2010* (*as of 31.12.2009)] (PDF) (in German). Essener Verkehrs-Aktiengesellschaft (EVAG). 31 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 November 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2013.

flightglobal.com (Global: 223^rd place; English: 162^nd place)

"bomber command | mines laid | flight august | 1945 | 1571 | Flight Archive". www.flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015.

gmfus.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Essen, Germany – Transatlantic Cities Network Archived 19 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine, German Marshall Fund of the United States accessed 3 April 2010

google.com.au (Global: 2,205^th place; English: 4,412^th place)

books.google.com.au

Peter H. Christensen (2022). Precious Metal: German Steel, Modernity, and Ecology. Penn State University Press. p. 42. ISBN 9780271092454.

handelsblatt.com (Global: 1,065^th place; English: 3,933^rd place)

"Top ten: Das sind Deutschlands grünste Städte". Handelsblatt. Archived from the original on 30 April 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.

icrc.org (Global: 2,421^st place; English: 2,218^th place)

"The occupation of the Ruhr (Germany, 1923–1925)" Archived 9 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine, International Committee of the Red Cross, 21 January 2005

it.nrw (Global: low place; English: low place)

Statistisches Landesamt Nordrhein-Westfalen Archived 16 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine ^{[not specific enough to verify]}

loc.gov (Global: 70^th place; English: 63^rd place)

"Krupp's Trial at Nuremberg" (PDF). Library of Congress. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2019.

lvr.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Der LVR in Europa" (in German). Archived from the original on 28 June 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.

messe-essen.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Messe Essen | FAQs". Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2017.

meteorologyclimate.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Extreme temperature records since 1850". meteorologyclimate.com. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.

noaa.gov (Global: 212^th place; English: 172^nd place)

nodc.noaa.gov

"Essen-Bredeney Climate Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.

nrw.de (Global: 1,345^th place; English: 3,594^th place)

landtag.nrw.de

"Official Site of the State Parliament of North Rhine-Westphaila". Landtag.nrw.de. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2011.

nrw2000.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

"NRW 2000 – Epoche des Nationalsozialismus – Einleitung – Hitler und Mussolini besuchen die "Waffenschmiede des Reiches" und die Krupp-Werke Essen". Nrw2000.de. 25 September 1937. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2011.

opernwelt.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Pressetext – Oper". Opernwelt. 28 September 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2011.

pittsburghlive.com (Global: 4,802^nd place; English: 2,830^th place)

Harvath, Les (18 March 2007). "School colors glimpse history". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Archived from the original on 2 February 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2017.

radioessen.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Lokalnachrichten". Radio Essen (de). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2017.

roadandtrack.com (Global: 2,283^rd place; English: 1,373^rd place)

John Rettie, "Germany's Essen Motor Show" Archived 19 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Road & Track, 6 December 2011.

sklima.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Monatsauswertung". sklima.de (in German). SKlima. Retrieved 29 October 2024.

spiegel.de (Global: 66^th place; English: 350^th place)

spiegel.de

"Kommunen: Der Tausendfüßler". Der Spiegel. October 2014. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
"Mapping Ancient Germania: Berlin Researchers Crack the Ptolemy Code" Archived 2 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Der Spiegel

einestages.spiegel.de

"Her mit der Kohle", Der Spiegel EinesTages; retrieved 4 May 2012 Archived 2 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine

sueddeutsche.de (Global: 226^th place; English: 1,315^th place)

"Die gesündeste Stadt Deutschlands". Süddeutsche Zeitung. 17 May 2010. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.

t-online.de (Global: 1,069^th place; English: 6,414^th place)

"FDP und EBB mit Koalition, CDU und SPD in Gesprächen: Neue Allianzen im Essener Stadtrat". t-online (in German). 16 October 2025. Retrieved 21 October 2025.

ushmm.org (Global: 1,534^th place; English: 1,265^th place)

collections.ushmm.org

"Hitler speech; Krupp munitions plant; reoccupying Rhine; Ribbentrop", video at 4:39, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

uwe.ac.uk (Global: 8,193^rd place; English: 5,548^th place)

ess.uwe.ac.uk

The Essen Lynching Case Archived 11 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine, University of the West of England, accessed 3 April 2010

villahuegel.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Official Villa Hügel Web Page". Archived from the original on 12 September 2008.

wahlergebnisse.nrw (Global: low place; English: 7,765^th place)

Wahlergebnisse in NRW Kommunalwahlen 2020 Archived 17 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, accessed 19 June 2021.

wdr.de (Global: 1,513^th place; English: 7,583^rd place)

www1.wdr.de

"Heimatabend Essen – Die heimliche Hauptstadt des Ruhrgebiets" (in German). 10 September 2014. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2020.

weatherbase.com (Global: 1,649^th place; English: 1,302^nd place)

"Essen, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Wahlergebnisse in NRW Kommunalwahlen 2020 Archived 17 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, accessed 19 June 2021.
"Heimatabend Essen – Die heimliche Hauptstadt des Ruhrgebiets" (in German). 10 September 2014. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
"European Green Capital". ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 20 May 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
"Kommunen: Der Tausendfüßler". Der Spiegel. October 2014. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
"Top ten: Das sind Deutschlands grünste Städte". Handelsblatt. Archived from the original on 30 April 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
"European Green Capital". ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
"Essen, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
"World Weather Information Service – Essen". worldweather.wmo.int. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
"Extreme temperature records since 1850". meteorologyclimate.com. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
"Essen-Bredeney Climate Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
"Essen (10410) – WMO Weather Station". NOAA. Archived from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2019. Archived 31 January 2019, at the Wayback Machine
"Origin of place names". Essen.de (in German). Archived from the original on 24 January 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
"Ergrabene Zeiten" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, City of Essen, undated (in German)
"Mapping Ancient Germania: Berlin Researchers Crack the Ptolemy Code" Archived 2 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Der Spiegel
"NRW 2000 – Epoche des Nationalsozialismus – Einleitung – Hitler und Mussolini besuchen die "Waffenschmiede des Reiches" und die Krupp-Werke Essen". Nrw2000.de. 25 September 1937. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
"Her mit der Kohle", Der Spiegel EinesTages; retrieved 4 May 2012 Archived 2 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
"The occupation of the Ruhr (Germany, 1923–1925)" Archived 9 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine, International Committee of the Red Cross, 21 January 2005
"Geschichte des Hauses" (in German). Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
"Ausstellung erinnert an Zwangsarbeiter" (in German). 12 September 2010. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
"Der LVR in Europa" (in German). Archived from the original on 28 June 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
"Krupp's Trial at Nuremberg" (PDF). Library of Congress. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2019.
"bomber command | mines laid | flight august | 1945 | 1571 | Flight Archive". www.flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015.
Essen, Germany – Transatlantic Cities Network Archived 19 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine, German Marshall Fund of the United States accessed 3 April 2010
Essen – History Archived 4 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine, eurotravelling.net, accessed 3 April 2010
The Essen Lynching Case Archived 11 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine, University of the West of England, accessed 3 April 2010
"Chronik der Stadt Essen" [Time-line of the City of Essen]. essen.de. Archived from the original on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
"Origin of the sword in the Essen Cathedral Treasury". Regesta-imperii.adwmainz.de. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
Statistisches Landesamt Nordrhein-Westfalen Archived 16 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine ^{[not specific enough to verify]}
Harvath, Les (18 March 2007). "School colors glimpse history". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Archived from the original on 2 February 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
"Essens Partnerstädte". essen.de (in German). Essen. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
"Essen.International" (PDF). essen.de (in German). Essen. September 2019. p. 22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
"Press releases". www.eon.com. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
Nick Hall, "Getting to grips with the essential Essen", The Irish Times, 6 December 2006, via HighBeam Research
Jens Meiners, "The Continental: Essen Motor Show, European Politics, and BMW Remarks" Archived 29 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Car and Driver, 3 December 2013.
John Rettie, "Germany's Essen Motor Show" Archived 19 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Road & Track, 6 December 2011.
"Messe Essen | FAQs". Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
Deutschlandradio Archived 5 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine New Name and Building, 10 January 2010 (in German)
"Lokalnachrichten". Radio Essen (de). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
"Kleine EVAG Statistik 2010* (*stand 31.12.2009)" [Small EVAG Statistics 2010* (*as of 31.12.2009)] (PDF) (in German). Essener Verkehrs-Aktiengesellschaft (EVAG). 31 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 November 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
"European Route of Industrial Heritage". En.erih.net. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
"Official Villa Hügel Web Page". Archived from the original on 12 September 2008.
"Die gesündeste Stadt Deutschlands". Süddeutsche Zeitung. 17 May 2010. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
"Official Site of the State Parliament of North Rhine-Westphaila". Landtag.nrw.de. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
"Pressetext – Oper". Opernwelt. 28 September 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
"Speech by Mayor Wolfgang Reiniger (German)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
"Honorary Citizens of Essen". Essen.de. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2011.

wetterzentrale.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Extremwertanalyse der DWD-Stationen, Tagesmaxima, Dekadenrekorde, usw" (in German). DWD. Retrieved 29 October 2024.

wikipedia.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

de.wikipedia.org

"Lokalnachrichten". Radio Essen (de). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2017.

wmo.int (Global: 1,896^th place; English: 2,094^th place)

worldweather.wmo.int

"World Weather Information Service – Essen". worldweather.wmo.int. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2022.

Essen (English Wikipedia)

adwmainz.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

regesta-imperii.adwmainz.de

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

caranddriver.com (Global: 892nd place; English: 565th place)

blog.caranddriver.com

citypopulation.de (Global: 289th place; English: 486th place)

cornucopia.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

derwesten.de (Global: 1,850th place; English: 6,814th place)

destatis.de (Global: 865th place; English: 2,627th place)

dradio.de (Global: 4,066th place; English: low place)

eon.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

erih.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

en.erih.net

essen.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

essen.de

media.essen.de

krupp-guertel.essen.de

europa.eu (Global: 68th place; English: 117th place)

ec.europa.eu

eurotravelling.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

evag.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

flightglobal.com (Global: 223rd place; English: 162nd place)

gmfus.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

google.com.au (Global: 2,205th place; English: 4,412th place)

books.google.com.au

handelsblatt.com (Global: 1,065th place; English: 3,933rd place)

icrc.org (Global: 2,421st place; English: 2,218th place)

it.nrw (Global: low place; English: low place)

loc.gov (Global: 70th place; English: 63rd place)

lvr.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

messe-essen.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

meteorologyclimate.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

noaa.gov (Global: 212th place; English: 172nd place)

nodc.noaa.gov

nrw.de (Global: 1,345th place; English: 3,594th place)

landtag.nrw.de

nrw2000.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

opernwelt.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

pittsburghlive.com (Global: 4,802nd place; English: 2,830th place)

radioessen.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

roadandtrack.com (Global: 2,283rd place; English: 1,373rd place)

sklima.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

spiegel.de (Global: 66th place; English: 350th place)

spiegel.de

einestages.spiegel.de

sueddeutsche.de (Global: 226th place; English: 1,315th place)

t-online.de (Global: 1,069th place; English: 6,414th place)

ushmm.org (Global: 1,534th place; English: 1,265th place)

collections.ushmm.org

uwe.ac.uk (Global: 8,193rd place; English: 5,548th place)

ess.uwe.ac.uk

villahuegel.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

wahlergebnisse.nrw (Global: low place; English: 7,765th place)

wdr.de (Global: 1,513th place; English: 7,583rd place)

www1.wdr.de

weatherbase.com (Global: 1,649th place; English: 1,302nd place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

wetterzentrale.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

wikipedia.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

de.wikipedia.org

wmo.int (Global: 1,896th place; English: 2,094th place)

worldweather.wmo.int

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

caranddriver.com (Global: 892^nd place; English: 565^th place)

citypopulation.de (Global: 289^th place; English: 486^th place)

derwesten.de (Global: 1,850^th place; English: 6,814^th place)

destatis.de (Global: 865^th place; English: 2,627^th place)

dradio.de (Global: 4,066^th place; English: low place)

europa.eu (Global: 68^th place; English: 117^th place)

flightglobal.com (Global: 223^rd place; English: 162^nd place)

google.com.au (Global: 2,205^th place; English: 4,412^th place)

handelsblatt.com (Global: 1,065^th place; English: 3,933^rd place)

icrc.org (Global: 2,421^st place; English: 2,218^th place)

loc.gov (Global: 70^th place; English: 63^rd place)

noaa.gov (Global: 212^th place; English: 172^nd place)

nrw.de (Global: 1,345^th place; English: 3,594^th place)

pittsburghlive.com (Global: 4,802^nd place; English: 2,830^th place)

roadandtrack.com (Global: 2,283^rd place; English: 1,373^rd place)

spiegel.de (Global: 66^th place; English: 350^th place)

sueddeutsche.de (Global: 226^th place; English: 1,315^th place)

t-online.de (Global: 1,069^th place; English: 6,414^th place)

ushmm.org (Global: 1,534^th place; English: 1,265^th place)

uwe.ac.uk (Global: 8,193^rd place; English: 5,548^th place)

wahlergebnisse.nrw (Global: low place; English: 7,765^th place)

wdr.de (Global: 1,513^th place; English: 7,583^rd place)

weatherbase.com (Global: 1,649^th place; English: 1,302^nd place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wmo.int (Global: 1,896^th place; English: 2,094^th place)