Eunuchs in China (English Wikipedia)

Vern L. Bullough (2001). Encyclopedia of birth control. ABC-CLIO. p. 248. ISBN 1-57607-181-2. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
Bayerischen Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege (2001). Qin Shihuang. Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege. p. 273. ISBN 3-87490-711-2. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
Mark Edward Lewis (2007). The early Chinese empires: Qin and Han. Harvard University Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-674-02477-9. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
History of Science Society (1952). Osiris. Vol. 10. Saint Catherine Press. p. 144. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
Britannica Educational Publishing (2010). The History of China. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-61530-181-2. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
Qian Ma (2005). Women in traditional Chinese theater: the heroine's play. University Press of America. p. 149. ISBN 0-7618-3217-3. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
Ch'ien Ssu-Ma (2008). The Grand Scribe's Records: The Memoirs of Han China, Part 1. Indiana University Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-253-34028-3. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
Dettenhofer, Maria H. (2009). "4 Eunuchs, Women, and Imperial Courts". In Scheidel, Walter (ed.). Rome and China: Comparative Perspectives on Ancient World Empires (illustrated ed.). Oxford Studies in Early Empires: Oxford University Press, USA. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-19-533690-0. tarily castrated themselves; in early Christianity, emasculation was practiced to ensure chastity. The "church father" Origen is the most ... We know the sad story of the young prince of Lou Lan, a walled state on the western border.
Wood, Frances (2002). The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 53. ISBN 0-520-24340-4. danger of pronouncing upon history in China) and his predecessor Sima Qian was castrated on imperial orders after defending General Li Ling who had been forced to ... For field crops they rely on Shanshan [ Loulan ] and Qiemo .
Hulsewé, Anthony François Paulus (1955). Remnants of Han Law. Vol. 1. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 127. CASTRATION It seems quite clear that as a principal punishment castration was abolished some time before 167 BC 79), but it was reintroduced, mostly and especially during the Later Han period in commutation of the death penalty ...
Ssu-ma, Ch'ien (2019). Nienhauser, William H. (ed.). The Grand Scribe's Records. Vol. XI. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-04846-2. [Han] Yen was a grandson of the Marquis [T'ui-tang] of Kung-kao by a concubine.22 When the present ... After [Li] Yen-nien had been convicted of a crime, he was sentenced to castration and served in the imperial kennels.
Martini, Remo (2009). Studi in onore di Remo Martini. Vol. 2 (reprint ed.). Giuffrè Editore. p. 541. ISBN 978-8814145490. an offence and suffered the punishment of castration, being sent in addition to serve in the kennels of the imperial ... king. however the prince had been held liable for an offence under han law and been sentenced to castration. hence, ...
Wood, Frances (2002). The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 59. ISBN 0-520-24340-4.
Yu, Taishan (2004). A History of the Relationships Between the Western and Eastern Han, Wei, Jin Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Western Regions. Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania. p. 37.
Watt, James C. Y.; Angela Falco Howard; Boris Ilʹich Marshak; Su Bai; Zhao Feng; Maxwell K. Hearn; Denise Patry Leidy; Chao-Hui Jenny Lui; Valentina Ivanova Raspopova; Zhixin Sun (2004). China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200–750 AD (illustrated ed.). Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 23. ISBN 1-58839-126-4.
Martini, Remo (2009). Studi in onore di Remo Martini. Vol. 2 (reprint ed.). Giuffrè Editore. p. 546. ISBN 978-8814145490.
Liu, Xu (1960). Biography of An Lu-shan, Issue 8 [Chiu Tang shu]. Vol. 8. Translated by Levy, Howard Seymour. University of California Press (Chinese Dynastic Histories translations). pp. 42, 43.
Holcombe, Charles (2017). A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century (2, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-108-10777-8.
Bennett Peterson, Barbara (2000). Notable women of China: Shang dynasty to the early twentieth century. Routledge. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-7656-0504-7. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
McMahon, Keith (6 June 2013). McMahon(2013), 261, 269. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4422-2290-8. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2016). "9 State-Forced Relocations in China, 900-1500". In Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Smith, Paul Jakov (eds.). State Power in China, 900–1325 (illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 315. ISBN 978-0-295-99848-0.
世界新聞傳播學院. 圖書資訊學系 (1994). 資訊傳播與圖書館學, Volumes 1–2. 世界新聞傳播學院圖書資訊學系籌備小組暨圖書館. p. 38. Private collectors of Liao were few, mainly because there had been very few books printed in the Khitan language and the rate of ... Wang Chi – en (Ł, fl. ... Since he was good – looking, he was castrated and made to be a eunuch .
Gary Seaman (1991). Seaman, Gary; Marks, Daniel (eds.). Rulers from the Steppe: State Formation on the Eurasian Periphery. Vol. 2 (illustrated ed.). Ethnographics Press, Center for Visual Anthropology, University of Southern California. pp. 212, 213. ISBN 1-878986-01-5. The biography of Wang Chi – en informs us that Wang knew the Khitan language, and that he held several positions in ... The other Liao eunuch with a biography, Chao An – jen, was also captured as a prisoner of war at a young age and ...
Standen, Naomi (2006). Unbounded Loyalty: Frontier Crossings in Liao China (illustrated ed.). University of Hawaii Press. pp. 238, 205, 210. ISBN 0-8248-2983-2.
Martini, Remo (2009). Studi in onore di Remo Martini. Vol. 2 (reprint ed.). Giuffrè Editore. p. 548. ISBN 978-8814145490.
Mühlhahn, Klaus (2009). Criminal Justice in China: A History. Harvard University Press. p. 310. ISBN 978-0-674-05433-2.
Robinson, David M. (2009). Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia Under the Mongols. Harvard University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-674-03608-6. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne (2013). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History (3 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-285-52867-0.
Lee, Peter H. (2010). Sourcebook of Korean Civilization: Volume One: From Early Times to the 16th Century. Columbia University Press. p. 681. ISBN 978-0-231-51529-0. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
Endicott-West, Elizabeth (2000). "Notes on Shamans, Fortune-Tellers and Yin-Yang Practitioners and Civil Administration in Yüan China". In Amitai, Reuven; Morgan, David Orrin (eds.). The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy (illustrated, revised ed.). BRILL. p. 236. ISBN 9004119469.
Mote, Frederick W. (2003). Imperial China 900-1800. Vol. 0 of Titolo collana (illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 582. ISBN 0674012127.
Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John King (1988). The Cambridge history of China: The Ming dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 976. ISBN 0-521-24332-7. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
Schirokauer, Conrad; Brown, Miranda; Lurie, David; Gay, Suzanne (2012). A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations. Cengage Learning. pp. 247ff. ISBN 978-1-133-70924-4.
Walker, Hugh Dyson (20 November 2012). East Asia: A New History. Author House. pp. 259ff. ISBN 978-1-4772-6517-8.
Nguyen, Tai Thu; Hoàng, Thị Thơ, eds. (2008). The History of Buddhism in Vietnam. Washington DC: Council for Research in Values and Philosophy. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-56518-098-7.
Baldanza, Kathlene (2016). Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-316-53131-0.
Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (1996). The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty. SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-2687-4. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
Dardess, John W. (2012). Ming China, 1368–1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-0490-4.
Mote, Frederick W.; Twitchett, Denis (26 February 1988). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644. Cambridge University Press. pp. 212–. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.
Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (1 July 2011). Perpetual happiness: the Ming emperor Yongle. University of Washington Press. pp. 33–. ISBN 978-0-295-80022-6.
Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee; Goodrich, Luther Carrington; 房兆楹 (January 1976). Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644. Columbia University Press. pp. 1363ff. ISBN 978-0-231-03833-1.
Wang, Yuan-kang (2010). Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-52240-3. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
Twitchett, Denis C.; Mote, Frederick W. (28 January 1998). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty. Cambridge University Press. pp. 283ff. ISBN 978-0-521-24333-9.
Kutcher, Norman A. (2018). Eunuch and Emperor in the Great Age of Qing Rule. University of California Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-520-96984-1.
Mitamura, Taisuke (1992). Chinese Eunuchs: The Structure of Intimate Politics. Tut Bks. Translated by C. A. Pomeroy (illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Charles E. Tuttle. p. 54. ISBN 0-8048-1881-9.
Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (1996). The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty. SUNY series in Chinese local studies Suny Series, Literacy, Culture, and Learning (illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 129. ISBN 0-7914-2687-4.
Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North China Branch, Shanghai (1877). Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Kelly & Walsh. p. 168.
Tsai (1996), The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan), p. 15, at Google Books
Rost (1887), Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China: reprinted for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society from Dalrymple's "Oriental Repertory," and the "Asiatic Researches" and "Journal" of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 1, p. 252, at Google Books
Rost (1887), Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China and Indian archipelage: reprinted for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Second Series, Volume 1, p. 252, at Google Books
Cooke (2011), p. 109 The Tongking Gulf Through History, p. 109, at Google Books
Li (2015), p. 202 Imperial China and Its Southern Neighbours, p. 202, at Google Books
Cooke (2011), p. 108 The Tongking Gulf Through History, p. 108, at Google Books
Tsai (1996), The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan), p. 16, at Google Books
Tsai (1996), The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan), p. 245, at Google Books
Naquin, Susan (16 December 2000). Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400–1900. University of California Press. pp. 213ff. ISBN 978-0-520-92345-4.
ter Haar, B.J. (2006). Telling Stories: Witchcraft and Scapegoating in Chinese History. BRILL. pp. 4ff. ISBN 90-04-14844-2.
Naquin, Susan (16 December 2000). Peking: Temples and City Life, 1400–1900. University of California Press. pp. 126–. ISBN 978-0-520-92345-4.
Parker, Geoffrey (15 March 2013). Global Crisis: War, Climate and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century. Yale University Press. pp. 117ff. ISBN 978-0-300-18919-3.
Laven, Mary (13 May 2013). Mission to China: Matteo Ricci and the Jesuit Encounter with the East. Faber & Faber. pp. 116ff. ISBN 978-0-571-27178-8.
Struve, Lynn A., ed. (1993). Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm: China in Tigers' Jaws (unabridged ed.). Yale University Press. p. 240. ISBN 0-300-07553-7.
Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (1996). Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty, The. SUNY series in Chinese local studies Suny Series, Literacy, Culture, and Learning. SUNY Press. p. 56. ISBN 1-4384-2236-9. ... of the fifteen Chinese provinces and that the Chinese Christians numbered about 150,000. Among them included such influential eunuchs as Pang Tianshou, known to the Europeans as Achilles Pang, and Wang Ruoshe, or joseph Wang.
Zürcher, E. (1990). "The Jesuit Mission in Fujian in Late Ming Times: Levels of Response". In Vermeer, Eduard B. (ed.). Development and Decline of Fukien Province in the 17th and 18th Centuries (illustrated ed.). E.J. BRILL. p. 422. ISBN 9004091718. And five years later this curious episode of l'église du sérail was to reach its climax at the court of the last Ming pretender Yongli, in his refuge in Guangxi, where we find, apart from the chief eunuch " Achilles " Pang ...
Elegant, Robert (2018). The Imperial China Trilogy: Manchu, Mandarin, and Dynasty. Open Road Media. ISBN 978-1-5040-5374-7. The Grand Eunuch Achilles Pang was, for his part, certain that the combined prayers of the Holy Father and the Father General would move the Lord of Heaven to smite the Manchus. The influx of new missionaries he also requested would ...
Elegant, Robert (2017). Manchu: A Novel. Open Road Media. ISBN 978-1-5040-4226-0. Yet Achilles Pang had almost lost faith in mortal men's ability to avert the Dynasty's doom when he watched the gaudy sunset of November 3, 1650, the day Francis Arrowsmith led his Invincible Force into the Empire. The Grand Eunuch's ...
Dale, Melissa S. (2018). Inside the World of the Eunuch: A Social History of the Emperor's Servants in Qing China. Book collections on Project MUSE (illustrated, reprint ed.). Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-9888455751.
Jia, Yinghua (2008). The Last Eunuch of China: The Life of Sun Yaoting (illustrated ed.). China Intercontinental Press. ISBN 978-7508514079.
Kutcher, Norman A. (2018). Eunuch and Emperor in the Great Age of Qing Rule (reprint ed.). Univ of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-96984-1.
Dale, Melissa S. (2018) "Inside the World of the Eunuch: A Social History of the Emperor’s Servants in Qing China". ed.illustrated, reprint. Hong Kong University Press. 9888455753 p. 45.
Kutcher, Norman A. (2018) "Eunuch and Emperor in the Great Age of Qing Rule" ed. reprint. University of California Press. 0520969847. p. 22.
Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998) "The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions" ed. illustrated, reprint. University of California Press. 0520228375 p. 163.
John W. Dardess (2010). Governing China, 150-1850. Hackett Publishing. pp. 57–. ISBN 978-1-60384-311-9.
Wakeman, Frederic E. (1985). "CHAPTER SIX. Establishing Qing Rule". Volume 1. Vol. 1 (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 454. doi:10.1525/9780520340749-011. ISBN 0-520-04804-0.
Torbert, Preston M. (1977). The Chʻing Imperial Household Department: A Study of Its Organization and Principal Functions, 1662–1796 (illustrated ed.). Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 22. ISBN 0-674-12761-7. ISSN 0073-0483.
谢选骏全集126卷. 谢选骏. p. 375.
Rawski, Evelyn S. (2001). The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. A Philip E. Lilienthal book EBSCO eBook Collection (illustrated, reprint ed.). University of California Press. p. 163. ISBN 0-520-22837-5.
Peyrefitte, Alain (2013). The Immobile Empire (unabridged ed.). Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-345-80394-8.
Peyrefitte, Alain (1993). The Collision of Two Civilisations: The British Expedition to China in 1792-4. Translated by Jon Rothschild (illustrated, reprint ed.). Harvill. p. 244. ISBN 0-00-272677-7.
Hsieh, Bao Hua (2014). Concubinage and Servitude in Late Imperial China. Lexington Books. pp. 214, 215, 216. ISBN 978-0-7391-4516-6.
Kutcher, Norman A. (2018). Eunuch and Emperor in the Great Age of Qing Rule (reprint ed.). University of California Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-520-96984-1.
Dale, Melissa S. (2018). Inside the World of the Eunuch: A Social History of the Emperor's Servants in Qing China (illustrated, reprint ed.). Hong Kong University Press. pp. 34, 35. ISBN 978-9888455751. Alt URL
Kutcher, Norman A. (2018). Eunuch and Emperor in the Great Age of Qing Rule (reprint ed.). University of California Press. pp. 275, 169. ISBN 978-0-520-96984-1.
Kutcher, Norman A. (2018). Eunuch and Emperor in the Great Age of Qing Rule (reprint ed.). University of California Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-520-96984-1.
Kutcher, Norman A. (2018). Eunuch and Emperor in the Great Age of Qing Rule (reprint ed.). University of California Press. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-520-96984-1.
Kutcher, Norman A. (2018). Eunuch and Emperor in the Great Age of Qing Rule (reprint ed.). University of California Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-520-96984-1.
Kutcher, Norman A. (2018). Eunuch and Emperor in the Great Age of Qing Rule (reprint ed.). University of California Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-520-96984-1.
WALEY-COHEN, JOANNA (2015). "5 / Collective Responsibility in Qing Criminal Law". In Turner, Karen G.; Feinerman, James V.; Guy, R. Kent (eds.). The Limits of the Rule of Law in China. Asian Law Series (reprint ed.). University of Washington Press. pp. 124, 125. ISBN 978-0-295-80389-0.
Martini, Remo (2009). Studi in onore di Remo Martini. Vol. 2 (reprint ed.). Giuffrè Editore. p. 552. ISBN 978-8814145490.
Xu, Xiaoqun (2020). Heaven Has Eyes: A History of Chinese Law. Oxford University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-19-006005-3.
Martini, Remo (2009). Studi in onore di Remo Martini. Vol. 2 (reprint ed.). Giuffrè Editore. p. 548. ISBN 978-8814145490.
WALEY-COHEN, JOANNA (2015). "5 / Collective Responsibility in Qing Criminal Law". In Turner, Karen G.; Feinerman, James V.; Guy, R. Kent (eds.). The Limits of the Rule of Law in China. Asian Law Series (reprint ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-295-80389-0.
Keller, Perry, ed. (2017). "XII. The Qing: Another Elitist Order". The Citizen and the Chinese State. The Library of Essays on Chinese Law: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-89272-8.
MacCormack, Geoffrey (1996). The Spirit of Traditional Chinese Law. Spirit of the laws. University of Georgia Press. p. 207. ISBN 0-8203-1722-5.
Kutcher, Norman A. (2018). Eunuch and Emperor in the Great Age of Qing Rule (reprint ed.). University of California Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-520-96984-1.
Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North China Branch, Shanghai (1877). Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Kelly & Walsh. p. 177.
Dale, Melissa S. (2018). Inside the World of the Eunuch: A Social History of the Emperor's Servants in Qing China (illustrated, reprint ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-9888455751. Alt URL
Anderson, Mary M. (1990). Hidden Power: The Palace Eunuchs of Imperial China. G – Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Prometheus Books. p. 308. ISBN 0-87975-574-1.
Cheney, Victor T. (2006). A Brief History Of Castration: Second Edition. Author.House. p. 22. ISBN 1-4678-1666-3.
Mitamura, Taisuke (1992). Chinese Eunuchs: The Structure of Intimate Politics. Tut Bks. Translated by C. A. Pomeroy (illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Charles E. Tuttle. p. 37. ISBN 0-8048-1881-9.
Penthouse, Volume 5, Issues 7-12. Penthouse International. 1970. p. 67.
Zheng, Yangwen (2005). The Social Life of Opium in China. Cambridge University Press. p. 60. ISBN 1-139-44617-7.
Peyrefitte, Alain (2013). The Immobile Empire (illustrated, reprint ed.). Vintage Books. pp. 260, 261. ISBN 978-0-345-80395-5.
《伴随》编辑部编著 (2014). 历史的疤痕. Beijing Book Co. Inc. ISBN 978-7531731887.
Dale, Melissa S. (2018). Inside the World of the Eunuch: A Social History of the Emperor's Servants in Qing China (illustrated, reprint ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-9888455751. Alt URL
Shi, Dan (1991). Shi, Dan (ed.). Mémoires d'un eunuque dans la Cité Interdite. Translated by Nadine Perront. Ph. Picquier. p. 186. ISBN 2877300986. Ca ne vous plait pas, demanda-l'ene d'une petite voix boudeuse.Pour toute reponse, Zhang Lande se jeta sur elle comme un loup; il la souleva dans ses bras, puis en l'embarassant sur tout le corps, il alla s'asseoir sur le bord...petits gemissements qui me lacererent l'echine de decahrges electriques. moncorps etait comme paralyse; paralyse et douloureaux. j'avais la sensation d'etre ecorche vif; le contact de mas vetements semblait electriser mes nerfs affoles. J'étais brûlant de fièvre et de désir. J'enten
Anderson, Mary M. (1990). Hidden Power: The Palace Eunuchs of Imperial China. G – Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Prometheus Books. p. 294. ISBN 0-87975-574-1.
Hsieh, Bao Hua (2014). Concubinage and Servitude in Late Imperial China. Lexington Books. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-7391-4516-6.
Wang, Shuo (2008). "7 QING IMPERIAL WOMEN: Empresses, Concubines, and Aisin Gioro Daughters". In Walthall, Anne (ed.). Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History. "An" Ahmanson foundation book in the humanities. Vol. 7 of California world history library (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0520254442. Archived from the original on 31 October 2021.
Princess Der Ling (1911). Two Years in The Forbidden City. Moffat, Yard. p. 120.
Bordewich, Fergus M. (1991). Cathay: a journey in search of old China. The Destinations Bks (illustrated ed.). Prentice Hall Press. p. xxiv. ISBN 0-13-202136-6.
Hsieh, Bao Hua (2014). Concubinage and Servitude in Late Imperial China. Lexington Books. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-7391-4516-6.
Princess Der Ling (1911). Two Years in The Forbidden City. Moffat, Yard. pp. 116, 117.
Hsieh, Bao Hua (2014). Concubinage and Servitude in Late Imperial China. Lexington Books. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-7391-4516-6.
Dale, Melissa S. (2018). Inside the World of the Eunuch: A Social History of the Emperor's Servants in Qing China (illustrated, reprint ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-9888455751. Alt URL
鄧, 之誠. 骨董瑣記.續記.三記 (reprint ed.). 中國書堂. pp. 105, 106.
唐, 浩明 (2017). 唐浩明评点曾国藩奏折. Beijing Book Co. Inc. ISBN 978-7555242406.
（清）左, 宗棠 (2009). 左宗棠全集五. Beijing Book Co. Inc. ISBN 978-7999010807.
Compiled by 王子华, 姚继德; 云南省少数民族古籍整理出版规划办公室 (2004). 云南回族人物碑传精选, Volume 1. 云南民族出版社. p. 417. ISBN 7536729790.
Translations of the Peking Gazette. 1880. p. 83. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
The American annual cyclopedia and register of important events of the year ..., Volume 4. D. Appleton and Company. 1888. p. 145. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
Appletons' annual cyclopedia and register of important events: Embracing political, military, and ecclesiastical affairs; public documents; biography, statistics, commerce, finance, literature, science, agriculture, and mechanical industry, Volume 19. Appleton. 1886. p. 145. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
Peter Tompkins (1963). The eunuch and the virgin: a study of curious customs. C. N. Potter. p. 32. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
The Chinese Recorder, Volume 27. American Presbyterian Mission Press. 1896. p. 287.
British Medical Journal0, Volume 2. Assoc. 1880. p. 552.
Translations of the Peking Gazette for 1882. SHANGHAI: Reprinted from the "North-China Herald Supreme Court and Consular Gazette.". 1883. pp. 12, 13.
China. Hai guan zong shui wu si shu (1875). Medical Reports, Issues 9–16. Statistical Department of the Inspectorate General of Customs. p. 52.
Nashville Journal of Medicine and Surgery, Volume 25. 1880. pp. 98, 99.
United States. Congress. House. House Documents, Otherwise Publ. as Executive Documents: 13th Congress, 2d Session-49th Congress, 1st Session, Volume 24. United States congressional serial set. p. 4,5.
Correspondence Respecting the Alleged Existence of Chinese Slavery in Hong Kong: Presented to Both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty. Series C. Vol. 3185 (reprint ed.). G.E. Eyre and W. Spottiswoode. 1882. p. 60.
Sectarianism and Religious Persecution in China: A Page in the History of Religions. Sectarianism and Religious Persecution in China: A Page in the History of Religions, Jan Jakob Maria Groot Verhandelingen Der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie Van Wetenschappen, Afd. Letterkunde, Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen. Afd. Letterkunde. J. Miller. 1904. pp. 255, 256.
Ropp, Paul S. (1981). Dissent in Early Modern China: Ju-lin Wai-shih and Chʼing Social Criticism. Michigan studies on China Studies on China Women and Culture Series (illustrated ed.). University of Michigan Press. p. 124. ISBN 0472100068. A man's foremost respon-sibilities were to serve his parents and his sovereign, a woman's to preserve her chastity for her one and only husband. To perpetuate his family, a childless husband was considered fully justified in taking a concubine, but wives of impotent men had no such recourse. 10. Ch'en Tung-yuan cites the case of a Shansi woman married to a man who had been castrated for a crime. She frequently ran away from him to return to her mother, but her father would invariably send her back to her husband. When she reappeared one day at her parents' home almost immediately after her father had sent her back, the father was so chagrined that he hanged her and then hanged himself (see p. 245).
The Japan Weekly Mail. 27 July 1907. pp. 90, 91.
Johnston, Reginald F. (2011). Twilight in the Forbidden City. illustrated, reprint, reissue. Cambridge University Press. p. 222. ISBN 978-1-108-02965-0.
McCormick, Frederick (1913). The Flowery Republic. D. Appleton. p. 402.

brillonline.com

backendstaging.chinesereferenceshelf.brillonline.com

Rafe de Crespigny (October 2017). "He Jin". A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23 – 220 AD). Retrieved 25 February 2020.
Rafe de Crespigny (October 2017). "Dong Zhuo". A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23 – 220 AD). Retrieved 25 February 2020.

cambridge.org

dictionary.cambridge.org

"eunuch". dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 25 February 2021.

china.org.cn

Xu, Lin (6 July 2016). "Top 20 fabulously wealthy people in ancient China". China.org.cn.

chinatimes.com

李, 怡芸 (21 June 2014). "首批台灣太監淨身事件簿重現". 中時新聞網.

cnki.net

wap.cnki.net

王, 茜 (2012). 辽金宦官研究 (学位论文>哲学与人文科学硕士论文). 吉林大学.
张, 宏 (2010). 金代后宫制度研究 (Thesis). 吉林大学.

columbia.edu

""Your Honor, I am Innocent": Law and Society in Late Imperial China (Ming-te Pan) - Comments Made by the Autumn Assizes Board Officials on the Case of Woman Xie" (PDF). 1 March 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2019.

cuhk.edu.hk

lib.cuhk.edu.hk

李慶新. "貿易、移殖與文化交流:15–17 世紀廣東人與越南" (PDF). 廣東省社會科學院歷史研究所南開大學中國社會歷史研究中心. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2013.

cuny.edu

acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu

"Chinese Cultural Studies: Mary M. Anderson, Hidden Power: The Palace Eunuchs of Imperial China". Archived from the original on 27 July 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2008.

daydaynews.cc

"Compared with the eunuch Zong Ai of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Zhao Gao and Wei Zhongxian were all inferior". DayDayNews. 27 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021.
"The Queen of Liao Jingzong Xiao Chuo: the most familiar Queen Mother of the Central Plains Dynasty, the figure of Wu Zetian in the Liao Kingdom". DayDayNews. 3 November 2019.

docin.com

ZhuZhian, Long (April 2009). 辽代后宫制度研究 [Research on the System of Imperial Harem in Liao Dynasty] (Masters thesis) (in Chinese (China)). Jilin University.

doi.org

Wang, Yi-t'ung (1953). "Slaves and Other Comparable Social Groups During The Northern Dynasties (386–618)". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 16 (3/4). Harvard-Yenching Institute: 310. doi:10.2307/2718246. JSTOR 2718246.
Lin, Hang (2020). "Empress Dowagers on Horseback: Yingtian and Chengtian of the Khitan Liao (907–1125)" (PDF). Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 73 (4): 598. doi:10.1556/062.2020.00031. S2CID 234577680. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2022. Alt URL
Wittfogel, Karl A.; Fêng, Chia-Shêng (1946). "History of Chinese Society Liao (907–1125)". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 36. American Philosophical Society: i–752. doi:10.2307/1005570. JSTOR 1005570.
Wakeman, Frederic E. (1985). "CHAPTER SIX. Establishing Qing Rule". Volume 1. Vol. 1 (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 454. doi:10.1525/9780520340749-011. ISBN 0-520-04804-0.
Bourgon, Jérôme; Erismann, Julie (2014). "Figures of Deterrence in Late Imperial China. Frequency, Spatial Repartition, and Types of Crimes Targeted by Dismemberment under the Qing Dynasty". Crime, Histoire & Sociétés. 18 (2): 49–84. doi:10.4000/chs.1487.
Kutcher, Norman A. (2010). "Unspoken Collusions: The Empowerment of Yuanming Yuan Eunuchs in the Qianlong Period". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 70 (2). Harvard-Yenching Institute: 472, 473. doi:10.1353/jas.2010.0012. JSTOR 40930907. S2CID 159183602.
Ringmar, Erik (2013). "Liberal Barbarism". Cultural Sociology. Part of the Cultural Sociology book series (CULTSOC). Palgrave Macmillan: 45, 46. doi:10.1057/9781137031600_3.
Ropp, Paul S. (1976). "The Seeds of Change: Reflections on the Condition of Women in the Early and Mid Ch'ing". Signs. 2 (1). University of Chicago Press: 7. doi:10.1086/493330. JSTOR 3173419. S2CID 143701642.

dokumen.pub

Dale, Melissa S. (2018). Inside the World of the Eunuch: A Social History of the Emperor's Servants in Qing China (illustrated, reprint ed.). Hong Kong University Press. pp. 34, 35. ISBN 978-9888455751. Alt URL
Dale, Melissa S. (2018). Inside the World of the Eunuch: A Social History of the Emperor's Servants in Qing China (illustrated, reprint ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-9888455751. Alt URL
Dale, Melissa S. (2018). Inside the World of the Eunuch: A Social History of the Emperor's Servants in Qing China (illustrated, reprint ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-9888455751. Alt URL
Dale, Melissa S. (2018). Inside the World of the Eunuch: A Social History of the Emperor's Servants in Qing China (illustrated, reprint ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-9888455751. Alt URL

douban.com

book.douban.com

金, 易; 沈, 义玲 (March 2005). 宫女谈往录. 紫禁城出版社. ISBN 9787800470554.

duyhoang.net

Nguyễn Hải Kế (22 April 2013). "CÓ MỘT VÂN ĐỒN Ở GIỮA YÊN BANG, YÊN QUẢNG KHÔNG TĨNH LẶNG". Dua Hoang (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2013.

epdf.pub

Patterson, Orlando (2018). "Chapter 11: The Ultimate Slave". Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study. Harvard University Press. p. 325. ISBN 978-0-674-91613-5.

exeas.org

"Domain Unavailable!" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2021.

geni.com

"徐學文". geni.com. 1906.
"Maria Henriette Margarete Bordan". geni.com. 1915.
"Nancy Zi". geni.com. 1937.

guoxue123.com

Li Baiyao 李百藥. "卷9#武成胡后". 北齊書 [Book of Northern Qi] (in Literary Chinese).

harvard.edu

dash.harvard.edu

Tang, Qiaomei (2016). Divorce and the Divorced Woman in Early Medieval China (First Through Six Century) (PDF) (Doctoral dissertation). Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. p. 151.

hawaii.edu

blog.hawaii.edu

Windrow, Hayden (January 2006). "A Short History of Law, Norms, and Social Control in Imperial China" (PDF). Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal. 7: 265. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2021.

historytoday.com

Hudson, Roger (August 2013). "The Eunuchs are Expelled". History Today. Retrieved 28 March 2016.

hku.hk

fa.hku.hk

"Crossing Culture in the Blue-and-White with Arabic or Persian inscriptions under Emperor Zhengde (r. 1506–21)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2016.

hznu.edu.cn

Lin, Hang (2020). "Empress Dowagers on Horseback: Yingtian and Chengtian of the Khitan Liao (907–1125)" (PDF). Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 73 (4): 598. doi:10.1556/062.2020.00031. S2CID 234577680. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2022. Alt URL

jstor.org

Wang, Yi-t'ung (1953). "Slaves and Other Comparable Social Groups During The Northern Dynasties (386–618)". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 16 (3/4). Harvard-Yenching Institute: 310. doi:10.2307/2718246. JSTOR 2718246.
Wittfogel, Karl A.; Fêng, Chia-Shêng (1946). "History of Chinese Society Liao (907–1125)". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 36. American Philosophical Society: i–752. doi:10.2307/1005570. JSTOR 1005570.
Franke, Herbert (1983). "The 'Treastise on Punishments' in the 'Liao History". Central Asiatic Journal. 27 (1/2). Harrassowitz Verlag: 9–38. JSTOR 41927386.
Franke, Herbert (1992). "Chinese Law in a Multinational Society: The Case of the Liao (907–1125)". Asia Major. 5 (2). Academia Sinica: 111–27. JSTOR 41625268.
Chan, Hok-Lam (2007). "Ming Taizu's Problem with His Sons: Prince Qin's Criminality and Early-Ming Politics". Asia Major. 20 (1). Academia Sinica: 74–82. ISSN 0004-4482. JSTOR 41649928.
Chuang, Chi-fa (2002). "Review of Brotherhoods and Secret Societies in Early and Mid-Qing China. The Formation of a Tradition by David Ownby". T'oung Pao. 88 (1/3). Brill: 196. JSTOR 4528897.
Kutcher, Norman A. (2010). "Unspoken Collusions: The Empowerment of Yuanming Yuan Eunuchs in the Qianlong Period". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 70 (2). Harvard-Yenching Institute: 472, 473. doi:10.1353/jas.2010.0012. JSTOR 40930907. S2CID 159183602.
Ropp, Paul S. (1976). "The Seeds of Change: Reflections on the Condition of Women in the Early and Mid Ch'ing". Signs. 2 (1). University of Chicago Press: 7. doi:10.1086/493330. JSTOR 3173419. S2CID 143701642.

ku.edu

kuscholarworks.ku.edu

MacCormack, Geoffrey (2005). "On the Pre-Tang Development of the Law of 'Treason': moufan, dani, and pan" (PDF). Journal of Asian Legal History. 5: 1–18.

metmuseum.org

resources.metmuseum.org

Watt, James C. Y.; Leidy, Denise Patry (2005). "Defining_Yongle_Imperial Art in Early Fifteenth Century China" (PDF). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Retrieved 17 June 2018.

militaryrevolution.s3.amazonaws.com

Bosworth, Michael L. (1999). "The Rise and Fall of 15th Century Chinese Sea Power" (PDF). Military Revolution. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2018.

min.news

"The concubines of the Liao Dynasty frequently participated in politics and their power was overwhelming the world?The royal family and the posterity are united in power, and the posterity is powerful". MINNEWS. 21 October 2021.

netsolhost.com

002784d.netsolhost.com

Doran, Christine (September 2010). "Chinese Palace Eunuchs: Shadows of the Emperor" (PDF). Nebula7.3.

nssd.org

download1.nssd.org

http://download1.nssd.org/DownPaper.dll?DownCurPaper&CD=2011SK185&Info=BMHNACBOANACAFABALGBBPBOBKADALADACAMAAADAGBPACABABAMAAAB&FILE=000/004/39015023.pdf&FileName=%C7%E5%B4%FA%B5%C4%B9%AC%D0%CC.pdf ^{[dead link‍]}

nus.edu.sg

epress.nus.edu.sg

Wade (2005) Archived 2021-02-25 at the Wayback Machine, Wade 2005, p. 3785/86 Wade, Geoff (2005). "Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource". Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
Wade 2005, p. 2078/79 Wade, Geoff (2005). "Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource". Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore. Retrieved 6 November 2012.

ari.nus.edu.sg

Wade, Geoff (1 July 2007). "Ryukyu in the Ming Reign Annals 1380s–1580s" (PDF). Working Paper Series. Asia Research Institute National University of Singapore. p. 75. SSRN 1317152. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 September 2009. Retrieved 6 July 2014.

nytimes.com

Faison, Seth (20 December 1996). "The Death of the Last Emperor's Last Eunuch". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
"1421". The New York Times. 2 February 2003.

openedition.org

journals.openedition.org

Bourgon, Jérôme; Erismann, Julie (2014). "Figures of Deterrence in Late Imperial China. Frequency, Spatial Repartition, and Types of Crimes Targeted by Dismemberment under the Qing Dynasty". Crime, Histoire & Sociétés. 18 (2): 49–84. doi:10.4000/chs.1487.

oregondigital.org

Stent, George Carter (1877). "Chinese Eunuchs". Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. New Series (11). Shanghai: North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society: 177.

psu.edu

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Chamney, Lee (Fall 2012). The An Shi Rebellion and Rejection of the Other in Tang China, 618–763 (A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History and Classics). Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta. p. 41. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.978.1069.

qingwangfu.com

"About Qingwangfu". qingwangfu. Archived from the original on 20 June 2016.

scmp.com

multimedia.scmp.com

Robles, Pablo. "Knife, spigot, chilli sauce: the making of a Forbidden City eunuch". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 12 March 2022.

scribd.com

Chamney, Lee (Fall 2012). The An Shi Rebellion and Rejection of the Other in Tang China, 618–763 (A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History and Classics). Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta. p. 41. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.978.1069.
"Buddhism Vietnam PDF | PDF | Chan Buddhism | Zen".

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Lin, Hang (2020). "Empress Dowagers on Horseback: Yingtian and Chengtian of the Khitan Liao (907–1125)" (PDF). Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 73 (4): 598. doi:10.1556/062.2020.00031. S2CID 234577680. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2022. Alt URL
Kutcher, Norman A. (2010). "Unspoken Collusions: The Empowerment of Yuanming Yuan Eunuchs in the Qianlong Period". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 70 (2). Harvard-Yenching Institute: 472, 473. doi:10.1353/jas.2010.0012. JSTOR 40930907. S2CID 159183602.
Ropp, Paul S. (1976). "The Seeds of Change: Reflections on the Condition of Women in the Early and Mid Ch'ing". Signs. 2 (1). University of Chicago Press: 7. doi:10.1086/493330. JSTOR 3173419. S2CID 143701642.

sinica.edu.tw

ihp.sinica.edu.tw

Rideout, J. K. (1949). "The Rise of the Eunuchs During The T'ang Dynasty" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2010.

ssrn.com

papers.ssrn.com

Wade, Geoff (1 July 2007). "Ryukyu in the Ming Reign Annals 1380s–1580s" (PDF). Working Paper Series. Asia Research Institute National University of Singapore. p. 75. SSRN 1317152. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 September 2009. Retrieved 6 July 2014.

studyres.com

"The History of Buddhism in Vietnam".

tripadvisor.com

"Shan Yi Li Boutique Hotel". Tripadvisor.

tufts.edu

perseus.tufts.edu

εὐνοῦχος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.

ubc.ca

history.ubc.ca

Leo K. Shin (2007). "Ming China and Its Border with Annam" (PDF). In Diana Lary (ed.). The Chinese State at the Borders (PDF) (illustrated ed.). UBC Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0774813334. Archived from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2013.

uga.edu

digitalcommons.law.uga.edu

Kim, Chin; LeBlang, Theodore R. "The Death Penalty in Traditional China". Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law. 5: 85.

utoronto.ca

cal.library.utoronto.ca

Korolkov, Maxim. "Calculating Crime and Punishment:Unofficial Law Enforcement, Quantification, and Legitimacy in Early Imperial China". Critical Analysis of Law: 76. ISSN 2291-9732.

variety.com

Levy, Emanuel (7 August 1995). "The Conqueror". Variety.

washington.edu

depts.washington.edu

Waugh, Daniel C. (1999). "Selections from the Han Narrative Histories". Silk Road Seattle – University of Washington.

web.archive.org

Windrow, Hayden (January 2006). "A Short History of Law, Norms, and Social Control in Imperial China" (PDF). Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal. 7: 265. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
"Compared with the eunuch Zong Ai of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Zhao Gao and Wei Zhongxian were all inferior". DayDayNews. 27 March 2020. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021.
Rideout, J. K. (1949). "The Rise of the Eunuchs During The T'ang Dynasty" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2010.
Lin, Hang (2020). "Empress Dowagers on Horseback: Yingtian and Chengtian of the Khitan Liao (907–1125)" (PDF). Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 73 (4): 598. doi:10.1556/062.2020.00031. S2CID 234577680. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2022. Alt URL
Bosworth, Michael L. (1999). "The Rise and Fall of 15th Century Chinese Sea Power" (PDF). Military Revolution. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
Wade, Geoff (1 July 2007). "Ryukyu in the Ming Reign Annals 1380s–1580s" (PDF). Working Paper Series. Asia Research Institute National University of Singapore. p. 75. SSRN 1317152. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 September 2009. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
李慶新. "貿易、移殖與文化交流:15–17 世紀廣東人與越南" (PDF). 廣東省社會科學院歷史研究所南開大學中國社會歷史研究中心. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
Wade (2005) Archived 2021-02-25 at the Wayback Machine, Wade 2005, p. 3785/86 Wade, Geoff (2005). "Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource". Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
Leo K. Shin (2007). "Ming China and Its Border with Annam" (PDF). In Diana Lary (ed.). The Chinese State at the Borders (PDF) (illustrated ed.). UBC Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0774813334. Archived from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
"Crossing Culture in the Blue-and-White with Arabic or Persian inscriptions under Emperor Zhengde (r. 1506–21)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
"Chinese Cultural Studies: Mary M. Anderson, Hidden Power: The Palace Eunuchs of Imperial China". Archived from the original on 27 July 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
"About Qingwangfu". qingwangfu. Archived from the original on 20 June 2016.
Wang, Shuo (2008). "7 QING IMPERIAL WOMEN: Empresses, Concubines, and Aisin Gioro Daughters". In Walthall, Anne (ed.). Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History. "An" Ahmanson foundation book in the humanities. Vol. 7 of California world history library (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0520254442. Archived from the original on 31 October 2021.
""Your Honor, I am Innocent": Law and Society in Late Imperial China (Ming-te Pan) - Comments Made by the Autumn Assizes Board Officials on the Case of Woman Xie" (PDF). 1 March 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2019.
"Domain Unavailable!" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2021.

well.com

people.well.com

"Section 1: Eunuchs are able to procreate". "Born Eunuchs" Home Page and Library.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Faison, Seth (20 December 1996). "The Death of the Last Emperor's Last Eunuch". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
Korolkov, Maxim. "Calculating Crime and Punishment:Unofficial Law Enforcement, Quantification, and Legitimacy in Early Imperial China". Critical Analysis of Law: 76. ISSN 2291-9732.
Chan, Hok-Lam (2007). "Ming Taizu's Problem with His Sons: Prince Qin's Criminality and Early-Ming Politics". Asia Major. 20 (1). Academia Sinica: 74–82. ISSN 0004-4482. JSTOR 41649928.
Torbert, Preston M. (1977). The Chʻing Imperial Household Department: A Study of Its Organization and Principal Functions, 1662–1796 (illustrated ed.). Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 22. ISBN 0-674-12761-7. ISSN 0073-0483.

wxtangfeng.com

Lin, Hang (2020). "Empress Dowagers on Horseback: Yingtian and Chengtian of the Khitan Liao (907–1125)" (PDF). Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 73 (4): 598. doi:10.1556/062.2020.00031. S2CID 234577680. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2022. Alt URL