Exclamation mark (English Wikipedia)

Adobe Developer Support (25 September 1992). "PostScript Language Document Structuring Conventions (DSC) Specification Version 3.0" (PDF). Developer Resources. Adobe Systems Incorporated. p. 92. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 2016-03-07.

alaska-software.com

doc.alaska-software.com

"The Xbase++ Reference Documentation". Alaska Software. Retrieved 23 March 2025.

archive.org

Wilkinson, Clyde (1955). Communicating through letters and reports. Richard Irwin. p. 651. ISBN 0-256-02270-4.

archive.today

Nicolas, Nick. "Greek Unicode Issues: Punctuation". 2005. Accessed 7 Oct 2014. Archived August 6, 2012, at archive.today

ascii-table.com

"ASCII Pronunciation Guide". Archived from the original on 2011-10-24. Retrieved 2011-10-19.

baseball-almanac.com

Holz, Sean. Scoring Baseball - Advanced Symbols Archived 2011-10-12 at the Wayback Machine Baseball-Almanac.com

bbc.co.uk

"BBC Radio 4 - Word of Mouth, Exclamation Marks!! - Exclamation Marks!! Why do we love to hate them?". BBC. Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
"Being sarcastic". Learning English - How To. BBC World Service. Archived from the original on 2008-04-23. Retrieved 2008-07-31.

books.google.com

Partridge, Eric (1953). You Have a Point There. Routledge. p. 82. ISBN 0-203-37992-6. Archived from the original on 2023-04-25. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
Truss, Lynne (2004). Eats, Shoots & Leaves: the zero tolerance approach to punctuation. New York: Gotham Books. p. 137. ISBN 1-59240-087-6. Archived from the original on 2022-10-18. Retrieved 2022-09-06.
MacKellar, Thomas (1885). The American Printer: A Manual of Typography, Containing Practical Directions for Managing all Departments of a Printing Office, As Well as Complete Instructions for Apprentices: With Several Useful Tables, Numerous Schemes for Imposing Forms in Every Variety, Hints to Authors, Etc (Fifteenth - Revised and Enlarged ed.). Philadelphia: MacKellar, Smiths & Jordan. p. 51.
Shei, Chris; Gao, Zhao-Ming (2017). The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Translation. Routledge. pp. 334–337. ISBN 9781317383024.
Raymond, Eric and Steele, Guy. The New Hacker's Dictionary Archived 2023-04-08 at the Wayback Machine, p. 18 (MIT Press 1996).
Munat, Judith. Lexical Creativity, Texts and Context Archived 2023-04-08 at the Wayback Machine, p. 148 (John Benjamins Publishing, 2007).
John Littler, John Maher (1989). Computers in the laboratory: a student guide to microprocessor interfacing. Longman. pp. 53, 54. ISBN 9780582004726. Retrieved 30 Jan 2012.
Adams, Eury, Swan (2006). The Krypton Companion Archived 2023-04-08 at the Wayback Machine. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-893905-61-0. Retrieved 2010-08-25.

boundless.com

"Terminal punctuation identifies the end of a sentence, and most commonly includes periods, question marks, and exclamation points". Boundless.com. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2015.

cafe-lingua.de

"Gebrauch und Verwendung von Frage- und Ausrufezeichen (?, !)". www.cafe-lingua.de (in German). Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.

carsonparkdesign.com

"The exclamation point — "a sign of failure"". carsonparkdesign.com. Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-04-13.

catb.org

"bang". The Jargon File. 4.4.8. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.

cbc.ca

"Saint Louis du Ha!Ha! gets Guinness World Record nod for its exclamation marks". CBC.ca. September 20, 2017. Archived from the original on September 17, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2021.

comicbookresources.com

goodcomics.comicbookresources.com

Cronin, Brian (January 28, 2010). Comic Book Legends Revealed #245 Archived 2013-03-20 at the Wayback Machine. Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2010-08-26.

cronachemaceratesi.it

junior.cronachemaceratesi.it

Silla, Mirko (2021-12-03). "Iacopo Alpoleio, l'urbisalviense che inventò il punto esclamativo". CM Junior (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-04-13.

doi.org

Weiskott, Eric (2012). "Making Beowulf Scream: Exclamation and the Punctuation of Old English Poetry". The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. 111 (1): 25–41. doi:10.5406/jenglgermphil.111.1.0025. ISSN 0363-6941. JSTOR 10.5406/jenglgermphil.111.1.0025. S2CID 163108784.
Carol Waseleski. "Gender and the Use of Exclamation Points in Computer-Mediated Communication: An Analysis of Exclamations Posted to Two Electronic Discussion Lists". Jcmc.indiana.edu. doi:10.1111/(ISSN)1083-6101. Archived from the original on 2007-09-13. Retrieved 2012-10-12.
Richard Kelsey; William Clinger; Jonathan Rees; et al. (August 1998). "Revised⁵ Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme". Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation. 11 (1): 7–105. doi:10.1023/A:1010051815785. S2CID 14069423. Archived from the original on 2007-01-05. Retrieved 2012-08-09.

duden.de

"Duden | Ausrufezeichen". www.duden.de (in German). Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.

dynamicgraphics.com

Haley, Allan. "Punctuation". Archived from the original on March 13, 2012.

e-strategyguide.gov.au

"Effective use of email". E-strategy guide. Government of Australia, Dept. of Broadband. January 23, 2008. Archived from the original on September 29, 2009. Retrieved 2013-08-25.

eapoe.org

The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe Archived 2017-11-23 at the Wayback Machine. "Villains!" I shrieked, "dissemble no more! I admit the deed! — tear up the planks! — here, here! — it is the beating of his hideous heart!"

fanlore.org

"! - Fanlore". fanlore.org. Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-04-13.

hackfox.github.io

"Visual FoxPro Reference". Hacker’s Guide to Visual FoxPro. Hentzenwerke Publishing. Retrieved 23 March 2025.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Cotgrave, Randle (1611). A dictionarie of the French and English tongues. Printed by A. Islip. p. 26. hdl:2027/osu.32435017716812. Admiratif, Th'admirative point, or point of admiration (and of detestation) marked, or made, thus !
Smith, John (1657). The mysterie of rhetorique unvail'd, wherein above 130 of the tropes and figures are severally derived from the Greek into English, together with lively definitions and variety of Latin, English, Scriptural, examples, pertinent to each of them apart ... London: Printed by E. Cotes for George Eversden. p. 259. hdl:2027/osu.32435004505780.
Murray, Lindley (1824). English grammar. Bridgeport, Conn.: J.B. Baldwin. p. 243. hdl:2027/hvd.32044097056824.
Goodenow, Smith B. (1839). A systematic text-book of English grammar: on a new plan: with copious questions and exercises. Portland: William Hyde. p. 52. hdl:2027/uc1.$b257804.
Gawne, L.; Vaughan, J. (2012). "I can haz language play: The construction of language and identity in LOLspeak". Proceedings of the 42nd Australian Linguistic Society Conference - 2011: 97–122. hdl:1885/9398. ISBN 9780980281545.

idolator.com

Maura (July 10, 2009). "Panic! At The Disco Post New Music, Restore Their Exclamation Point". Retrieved 2009-07-16.

indiana.edu

jcmc.indiana.edu

Carol Waseleski. "Gender and the Use of Exclamation Points in Computer-Mediated Communication: An Analysis of Exclamations Posted to Two Electronic Discussion Lists". Jcmc.indiana.edu. doi:10.1111/(ISSN)1083-6101. Archived from the original on 2007-09-13. Retrieved 2012-10-12.

jstor.org

Weiskott, Eric (2012). "Making Beowulf Scream: Exclamation and the Punctuation of Old English Poetry". The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. 111 (1): 25–41. doi:10.5406/jenglgermphil.111.1.0025. ISSN 0363-6941. JSTOR 10.5406/jenglgermphil.111.1.0025. S2CID 163108784.

julialang.org

docs.julialang.org

[The Julia Language documentation https://docs.julialang.org/en/latest/base/base/#Introduction-1 Archived 2019-05-03 at the Wayback Machine], accessed 8 July 2019.

kotlinlang.org

"Null safety". Kotlin docs. Archived from the original on 2021-02-12. Retrieved 2021-01-28.

mathsisfun.com

"Factorial Function !". www.mathsisfun.com. Archived from the original on 2020-10-02. Retrieved 2020-09-10.

mta.hu

helyesiras.mta.hu

www.nytud.hu, MTA NYTI. "A magyar helyesírás szabályai (AkH.)". helyesiras.mta.hu. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2019.

mtv.com

Montgomery, James; Elias, Matt (January 11, 2008). "Panic At The Disco Explain Excised Exclamation Point" Archived 2009-09-04 at the Wayback Machine. Artist News. MTV News. Retrieved 2010-08-26.

nla.gov.au

webarchive.nla.gov.au

"International journal of emerging technologies and society". Trove. Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-04-13.

npr.org

Seabrook, Andrea (May 17, 2007). "The Musicians of !!!: Making Their Own 'Myths' " Archived 2018-05-03 at the Wayback Machine (Audio: Flash or MP3). All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved 2010-08-26.

ostrava.cz

"Logo of the City of Ostrava". ostrava.cz. Archived from the original on 2013-06-23. Retrieved 2013-03-09.

perl6.org

docs.perl6.org

"Object Orientation (Attributes)". Perl 6 Documentation. Archived from the original on 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-03-28.

pinkspage.com

"P!nk's Biography | The Official P!nk Site". Pinkspage.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-13. Retrieved 2012-10-12.
"P!nk Music: Greatest Hits... So Far!!! (Edited) | The Official P!nk Site". Pinkspage.com. Archived from the original on 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2012-10-12.

publishersweekly.com

"An Admirable Point: A Brief History of the Exclamation Mark!". Publishers Weekly (Review). Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-04-13.

rae.es

"interrogación y exclamación (signos de) 3. a)". Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (in Spanish). Real Academia Española. 2005. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2023.

schemers.org

Richard Kelsey; William Clinger; Jonathan Rees; et al. (August 1998). "Revised⁵ Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme". Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation. 11 (1): 7–105. doi:10.1023/A:1010051815785. S2CID 14069423. Archived from the original on 2007-01-05. Retrieved 2012-08-09.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Weiskott, Eric (2012). "Making Beowulf Scream: Exclamation and the Punctuation of Old English Poetry". The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. 111 (1): 25–41. doi:10.5406/jenglgermphil.111.1.0025. ISSN 0363-6941. JSTOR 10.5406/jenglgermphil.111.1.0025. S2CID 163108784.
Richard Kelsey; William Clinger; Jonathan Rees; et al. (August 1998). "Revised⁵ Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme". Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation. 11 (1): 7–105. doi:10.1023/A:1010051815785. S2CID 14069423. Archived from the original on 2007-01-05. Retrieved 2012-08-09.

smh.com.au

Linnell, Garry (11 February 2017). "Donald Trump has murdered the English language with exclamation marks". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017.

smithsonianmag.com

Eveleth, Rose. "The History of the Exclamation Point". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-11-18.

superman.nu

"Elliot S! Maggin, Super-Scribe!". Archived from the original on November 29, 2010. Retrieved March 23, 2009.

swinburne.edu.au

Blashki, Katherine; Nichol, Sophie (2005). "Game Geek's Goss: Linguistic Creativity In Young Males Within An Online University Forum (94/\/\3 933k'5 9055oneone)" (PDF). Australian Journal of Emerging Technologies and Society. 3 (2): 78. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2012.

theguardian.com

Hazrat, Florence (2022-11-17). "I'm spontaneous! I'm sincere! I'm infantile and deeply annoying! How the exclamation mark divided the world". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
Poole, Steven; Frizzell, Nell (March 7, 2016). "Should children be told to not use exclamation marks?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2021.

tumblr.com

hosekisama.tumblr.com

hosekisama. "Minstrels of a Hyaena". Tumblr. Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-04-13.

turkedebiyati.org

"Ünlem İşareti ( ! ) | Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı". www.turkedebiyati.org (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-04-13.

tvguide.com

"Seinfeld". TVGuide.com. Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-04-13.

uci.edu

tlg.uci.edu

Nicolas, Nick. "Greek Unicode Issues: Punctuation". 2005. Accessed 7 Oct 2014. Archived August 6, 2012, at archive.today

upsidedownexclamationpoint.com

[1] Archived July 18, 2014, at the Wayback Machine

w3.org

"24 Character entity references in HTML 4". w3.org. Archived from the original on April 1, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2018. The following sections present the complete lists of character entity references
"A vocabulary and associated APIs for HTML and XHTML". w3.org. July 31, 2014. Archived from the original on August 5, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2018. excl;

washingtonpost.com

"Hamilton! (Cont'd.)". The Washington Post. August 15, 1986. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2018.

web.archive.org

"Factorial Function !". www.mathsisfun.com. Archived from the original on 2020-10-02. Retrieved 2020-09-10.
Partridge, Eric (1953). You Have a Point There. Routledge. p. 82. ISBN 0-203-37992-6. Archived from the original on 2023-04-25. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
Jensen, Priscilla M. (6 April 2023). "'An Admirable Point' Review: Exclaim Yourself!". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2023-04-12. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
"The exclamation point — "a sign of failure"". carsonparkdesign.com. Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
Silla, Mirko (2021-12-03). "Iacopo Alpoleio, l'urbisalviense che inventò il punto esclamativo". CM Junior (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
"An Admirable Point: A Brief History of the Exclamation Mark!". Publishers Weekly (Review). Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
"BBC Radio 4 - Word of Mouth, Exclamation Marks!! - Exclamation Marks!! Why do we love to hate them?". BBC. Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
Hazrat, Florence (2022-11-17). "I'm spontaneous! I'm sincere! I'm infantile and deeply annoying! How the exclamation mark divided the world". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
Truss, Lynne (2004). Eats, Shoots & Leaves: the zero tolerance approach to punctuation. New York: Gotham Books. p. 137. ISBN 1-59240-087-6. Archived from the original on 2022-10-18. Retrieved 2022-09-06.
"ASCII Pronunciation Guide". Archived from the original on 2011-10-24. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
Haley, Allan. "Punctuation". Archived from the original on March 13, 2012.
Eveleth, Rose. "The History of the Exclamation Point". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-11-18.
"bang". The Jargon File. 4.4.8. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe Archived 2017-11-23 at the Wayback Machine. "Villains!" I shrieked, "dissemble no more! I admit the deed! — tear up the planks! — here, here! — it is the beating of his hideous heart!"
"Effective use of email". E-strategy guide. Government of Australia, Dept. of Broadband. January 23, 2008. Archived from the original on September 29, 2009. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
[1] Archived July 18, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
"Terminal punctuation identifies the end of a sentence, and most commonly includes periods, question marks, and exclamation points". Boundless.com. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
Linnell, Garry (11 February 2017). "Donald Trump has murdered the English language with exclamation marks". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
Carol Waseleski. "Gender and the Use of Exclamation Points in Computer-Mediated Communication: An Analysis of Exclamations Posted to Two Electronic Discussion Lists". Jcmc.indiana.edu. doi:10.1111/(ISSN)1083-6101. Archived from the original on 2007-09-13. Retrieved 2012-10-12.
"Being sarcastic". Learning English - How To. BBC World Service. Archived from the original on 2008-04-23. Retrieved 2008-07-31.
"Duden | Ausrufezeichen". www.duden.de (in German). Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
"Gebrauch und Verwendung von Frage- und Ausrufezeichen (?, !)". www.cafe-lingua.de (in German). Archived from the original on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
www.nytud.hu, MTA NYTI. "A magyar helyesírás szabályai (AkH.)". helyesiras.mta.hu. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
"interrogación y exclamación (signos de) 3. a)". Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (in Spanish). Real Academia Española. 2005. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
"Ünlem İşareti ( ! ) | Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı". www.turkedebiyati.org (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
Poole, Steven; Frizzell, Nell (March 7, 2016). "Should children be told to not use exclamation marks?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
"Saint Louis du Ha!Ha! gets Guinness World Record nod for its exclamation marks". CBC.ca. September 20, 2017. Archived from the original on September 17, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
"Hamilton! (Cont'd.)". The Washington Post. August 15, 1986. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
"Logo of the City of Ostrava". ostrava.cz. Archived from the original on 2013-06-23. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
Weisstein, Eric W. "Factorial". Wolfram MathWorld. Archived from the original on 2020-10-02. Retrieved 2020-09-10.
Raymond, Eric and Steele, Guy. The New Hacker's Dictionary Archived 2023-04-08 at the Wayback Machine, p. 18 (MIT Press 1996).
Munat, Judith. Lexical Creativity, Texts and Context Archived 2023-04-08 at the Wayback Machine, p. 148 (John Benjamins Publishing, 2007).
Adobe Developer Support (25 September 1992). "PostScript Language Document Structuring Conventions (DSC) Specification Version 3.0" (PDF). Developer Resources. Adobe Systems Incorporated. p. 92. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 2016-03-07.
"Null safety". Kotlin docs. Archived from the original on 2021-02-12. Retrieved 2021-01-28.
"Object Orientation (Attributes)". Perl 6 Documentation. Archived from the original on 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
Richard Kelsey; William Clinger; Jonathan Rees; et al. (August 1998). "Revised⁵ Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme". Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation. 11 (1): 7–105. doi:10.1023/A:1010051815785. S2CID 14069423. Archived from the original on 2007-01-05. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
[The Julia Language documentation https://docs.julialang.org/en/latest/base/base/#Introduction-1 Archived 2019-05-03 at the Wayback Machine], accessed 8 July 2019.
Blashki, Katherine; Nichol, Sophie (2005). "Game Geek's Goss: Linguistic Creativity In Young Males Within An Online University Forum (94/\/\3 933k'5 9055oneone)" (PDF). Australian Journal of Emerging Technologies and Society. 3 (2): 78. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
"International journal of emerging technologies and society". Trove. Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
"! - Fanlore". fanlore.org. Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
hosekisama. "Minstrels of a Hyaena". Tumblr. Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
Cronin, Brian (January 28, 2010). Comic Book Legends Revealed #245 Archived 2013-03-20 at the Wayback Machine. Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
Adams, Eury, Swan (2006). The Krypton Companion Archived 2023-04-08 at the Wayback Machine. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-893905-61-0. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
"Elliot S! Maggin, Super-Scribe!". Archived from the original on November 29, 2010. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
Holz, Sean. Scoring Baseball - Advanced Symbols Archived 2011-10-12 at the Wayback Machine Baseball-Almanac.com
Seabrook, Andrea (May 17, 2007). "The Musicians of !!!: Making Their Own 'Myths' " Archived 2018-05-03 at the Wayback Machine (Audio: Flash or MP3). All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
Montgomery, James; Elias, Matt (January 11, 2008). "Panic At The Disco Explain Excised Exclamation Point" Archived 2009-09-04 at the Wayback Machine. Artist News. MTV News. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
"P!nk's Biography | The Official P!nk Site". Pinkspage.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-13. Retrieved 2012-10-12.
"P!nk Music: Greatest Hits... So Far!!! (Edited) | The Official P!nk Site". Pinkspage.com. Archived from the original on 2012-12-19. Retrieved 2012-10-12.
"Seinfeld". TVGuide.com. Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
"24 Character entity references in HTML 4". w3.org. Archived from the original on April 1, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2018. The following sections present the complete lists of character entity references
"A vocabulary and associated APIs for HTML and XHTML". w3.org. July 31, 2014. Archived from the original on August 5, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2018. excl;

wolfram.com

mathworld.wolfram.com

Weisstein, Eric W. "Factorial". Wolfram MathWorld. Archived from the original on 2020-10-02. Retrieved 2020-09-10.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Weiskott, Eric (2012). "Making Beowulf Scream: Exclamation and the Punctuation of Old English Poetry". The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. 111 (1): 25–41. doi:10.5406/jenglgermphil.111.1.0025. ISSN 0363-6941. JSTOR 10.5406/jenglgermphil.111.1.0025. S2CID 163108784.
Hazrat, Florence (2022-11-17). "I'm spontaneous! I'm sincere! I'm infantile and deeply annoying! How the exclamation mark divided the world". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-04-13.

wsj.com

Jensen, Priscilla M. (6 April 2023). "'An Admirable Point' Review: Exclaim Yourself!". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2023-04-12. Retrieved 2023-04-13.