Extremes on Earth (English Wikipedia)

"Queensland to bake on Christmas Day". AM. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 24 December 2003. Archived from the original on 4 November 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2013.

about.com

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"Lowest Points on Land". Geography.about.com. 20 June 2013. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.

agu.org

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The Coldest Place on Earth: -90°C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors, Ted Scambos, Allen Pope, Garrett Campbell, and Terry Haran, American Geophysical Union fall meeting, 9 December 2013.

ametsoc.org

journals.ametsoc.org

Extreme Maximum Land Surface Temperatures, J. R. Garratt, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 31, #9 (September 1992), pp. 1096–1105, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1096:EMLST>2.0.CO;2.

andes.org.uk

"Andes Website – Information about Ojos del Salado volcano, a high mountain in South America and the world's highest volcano". Retrieved 18 January 2013.

archive.today

"Daily Reports for R/V KILO MOANA June and July 2009". University of Hawaii Marine Center. 4 June 2009. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2009.

arxiv.org

Chabukswar, Rohan; Mukherjee, Kushal (9 April 2018). "Longest Straight Line Paths on Water or Land on the Earth". arXiv:1804.07389 [math.HO].

asu.edu

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Global Weather & Climate Extremes World Meteorological Organization
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"WMO Region IV (North America): Lowest Temperature". Wmo.asu.edu. Retrieved 29 March 2020.

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Whitehouse, D (25 May 2005). "Russia to resume Vostok drilling". BBC News. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
Harter, Pascale (4 December 2010). "A life of constant thirst beside Djibouti's Lake Assal". BBC News. Retrieved 25 June 2013.

bbc.com

"Chimborazo, el volcán de Ecuador más alto que el Everest (si se mide desde el centro de la Tierra)". BBC Mundo. 7 April 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
Jonathan Amos (12 December 2019). "Denman Glacier: Deepest point on land found in Antarctica". BBC. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
Connolly, Kevin (17 June 2016). "Dead Sea drying: A new low-point for Earth". BBC. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
"Australia equals hottest day on record at 50.7C". BBC News. 13 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite, Jonathan Amos, BBC News, 9 December 2013.

bivouac.com

"Thor Peak". Bivouac.com. Retrieved 30 November 2009.

bnonews.com

"Temperature reaches 130 °F (54.4 °C) at California's Death Valley". 10 July 2021.

bom.gov.au

Trewin, Blair (December 1997). "Another look at Australia's record high temperature" (PDF). Australian Meteorological Magazine. 46 (4): 251–256.

books.google.com

Paul A Tucci; Mathew Todd Rosenberg (2009). The Handy Geography Answer Book. Visible Ink Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-57859-272-2.
Adam Helman (2005). The Finest Peaks: Prominence and Other Mountain Measures. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4120-5995-4. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2012. On p. 20 of Helman (2005):"the base to peak rise of Mount McKinley is the largest of any mountain that lies entirely above sea level, some 18,000 ft (5,500 m)"

britannica.com

"Bay of Whales - former bay, Antarctica". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica.

caverbob.com

Bob Gulden (13 October 2021). "Worlds Deepest Caves". Retrieved 31 October 2021.
Gulden, Bob. "World's Deepest Caves". Retrieved 8 April 2018.

cityextremes.com

"The Most Isolated Cities of the World". cityextremes.com.

cnn.com

edition.cnn.com

"Siachen: The world's highest cold war". CNN. 20 May 2002. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

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Garcia-Castellanos, Daniel; Lombardo, Umberto (September 2007). "Poles of inaccessibility: A calculation algorithm for the remotest places on earth" (PDF). Scottish Geographical Journal. 123 (3): 227–233. Bibcode:2007ScGJ..123..227G. doi:10.1080/14702540801897809. S2CID 55876083. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
Garcia-Castellanos, Daniel; Lombardo, Umberto (2007). "Poles of Inaccessibility: A Calculation Algorithm for the Remotest Places on Earth" (PDF). Scottish Geographical Journal. 123 (3). Informa UK: 227–233. Bibcode:2007ScGJ..123..227G. doi:10.1080/14702540801897809. ISSN 1470-2541. S2CID 55876083. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2014.

daftlogic.com

Draft Logic – Google Maps Distance Calculator, accessed 4 September 2011

dailygalaxy.com

"Mount Thor -The Greatest Vertical Drop on Earth!". Dailygalaxy.com. 9 March 2010. Archived from the original on 12 March 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2013.

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deepwater.com

"Transocean's Ultra-Deepwater Semisubmersible Rig Deepwater Horizon Drills World's Deepest Oil and Gas Well". Transocean. Archived from the original on 26 April 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2010.

divernet.com

Weinman, Steve (15 July 2022). "Deep-sea mapper can't get much deeper! - Divernet". divernet.com. Retrieved 1 January 2023.

doi.org

Mathieu Morlighem; Eric Rignot; Tobias Binder; Donald Blankenship; Reinhard Drews; Graeme Eagles; Olaf Eisen; Fausto Ferraccioli; René Forsberg; Peter Fretwell; Vikram Goel; Jamin S. Greenbaum; Hilmar Gudmundsson; Jingxue Guo; Veit Helm; Coen Hofstede; Ian Howat; Angelika Humbert; Wilfried Jokat; Nanna B. Karlsson; Won Sang Lee; Kenichi Matsuoka; Romain Millan; Jeremie Mouginot; John Paden; Frank Pattyn; Jason Roberts; Sebastian Rosier; Antonia Ruppel; Helene Seroussi; Emma C. Smith; Daniel Steinhage; Bo Sun; Michiel R. van den Broeke; Tas D. van Ommen; Melchior van Wessem; Duncan A. Young (12 December 2019). "Deep glacial troughs and stabilizing ridges unveiled beneath the margins of the Antarctic ice sheet". Nature Geoscience. 13 (2): 132–137. doi:10.1038/s41561-019-0510-8. S2CID 209331991. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
Sreejith, K.M.; Rajesh, S.; Majumdar, T.J.; Srinivasa Rao, G.; Radhakrishna, M.; Krishna, K.S.; Rajawat, A.S. (January 2013). "High-resolution residual geoid and gravity anomaly data of the northern Indian Ocean – An input to geological understanding". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 62: 616–626. Bibcode:2013JAESc..62..616S. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.11.010.
Bar-On, Yinon M.; Phillips, Rob; Milo, Ron (21 May 2018). "The biomass distribution on Earth". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (25): 6506–6511. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.6506B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1711842115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6016768. PMID 29784790.
D'Hondt, Steven; et al. (July 2009). "Subseafloor Sediment In South Pacific Gyre One Of Least Inhabited Places On Earth". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (28): 11651–11656. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10611651D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0811793106. PMC 2702254. PMID 19561304.
Kabashkin, Igor; Mikulko, Jelena (2014). "Model of Decision Support for Alternative Choice in the Large Scale Transportation Transit System". Unpublished. doi:10.13140/2.1.1874.9440. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
Garcia-Castellanos, Daniel; Lombardo, Umberto (September 2007). "Poles of inaccessibility: A calculation algorithm for the remotest places on earth" (PDF). Scottish Geographical Journal. 123 (3): 227–233. Bibcode:2007ScGJ..123..227G. doi:10.1080/14702540801897809. S2CID 55876083. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
Garcia-Castellanos, Daniel; Lombardo, Umberto (2007). "Poles of Inaccessibility: A Calculation Algorithm for the Remotest Places on Earth" (PDF). Scottish Geographical Journal. 123 (3). Informa UK: 227–233. Bibcode:2007ScGJ..123..227G. doi:10.1080/14702540801897809. ISSN 1470-2541. S2CID 55876083. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2014.
Running, Steven W.; Zhao, Maosheng; Mildrexler, David J. (2011). "Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 92 (7): 855–860. Bibcode:2011BAMS...92..855M. doi:10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1.
A possible world record maximum natural ground surface temperature, Paul Kubecka, Weather, 56, #7 (July 2001), Weather, pp. 218-221, doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06577.x.
Extreme Maximum Land Surface Temperatures, J. R. Garratt, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 31, #9 (September 1992), pp. 1096–1105, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1096:EMLST>2.0.CO;2.

extremescience.com

"Lowest Elevation: Dead Sea". Extremescience.com. Retrieved 25 June 2013.

fig.net

The Kilimanjaro 2008 Precise Height Measurement Expedition. Precise Determination of the Orthometric Height of Mt. Kilimanjaro

fivedeeps.com

"Deepest Submarine Dive in History, Five Deeps Expedition Conquers Challenger Deep" (PDF). fivedeeps.com. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
"Atlantic Ocean". Five Deeps Expedition. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
"Five Deeps Expedition is complete after historic dive to the bottom of the Arctic Ocean" (PDF).
"Deep sea pioneermakes history again as first human to dive to the deepest point in the Indian Ocean, the Java Trench" (PDF).
"Deepest Submarine Dive in History, Five Deeps Expedition Conquers Challenger Deep" (PDF).
"Explorer makes history as first human to successfully dive to the deepest point in the Southern Ocean, in the South Sandwich Trench" (PDF).

furthestcity.com

"Discover The Furthest City on Earth From Wherever You Live". furthestcity.com.
"What's the Farthest City and Country from Rosario, Argentina?". furthestcity.com.
"What's the Farthest City and Country from Liu'an, Anhui, China?". furthestcity.com.
"What's the Farthest City and Country from Cuenca, Ecuador?". furthestcity.com.
"What's the Farthest City and Country from Shanghai, China?". furthestcity.com. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
"What's the Farthest City and Country from Rancagua, Chile?". furthestcity.com.
"What's the Farthest City and Country from Resistencia, Argentina?". furthestcity.com. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
"What's the Farthest City and Country from Yantai, Shandong, China?". furthestcity.com. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
"What's the Farthest City and Country from Coquimbo, Chile?". furthestcity.com. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
"What's the Farthest City and Country from Bandung, Indonesia?". furthestcity.com. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
"What's the Farthest City and Country from Salamanca, Spain?". furthestcity.com.

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(Map from gcmap)
(Map from gcmap)
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Sreejith, K.M.; Rajesh, S.; Majumdar, T.J.; Srinivasa Rao, G.; Radhakrishna, M.; Krishna, K.S.; Rajawat, A.S. (January 2013). "High-resolution residual geoid and gravity anomaly data of the northern Indian Ocean – An input to geological understanding". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 62: 616–626. Bibcode:2013JAESc..62..616S. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.11.010.
Bar-On, Yinon M.; Phillips, Rob; Milo, Ron (21 May 2018). "The biomass distribution on Earth". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (25): 6506–6511. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.6506B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1711842115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6016768. PMID 29784790.
D'Hondt, Steven; et al. (July 2009). "Subseafloor Sediment In South Pacific Gyre One Of Least Inhabited Places On Earth". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (28): 11651–11656. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10611651D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0811793106. PMC 2702254. PMID 19561304.
Garcia-Castellanos, Daniel; Lombardo, Umberto (September 2007). "Poles of inaccessibility: A calculation algorithm for the remotest places on earth" (PDF). Scottish Geographical Journal. 123 (3): 227–233. Bibcode:2007ScGJ..123..227G. doi:10.1080/14702540801897809. S2CID 55876083. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
Garcia-Castellanos, Daniel; Lombardo, Umberto (2007). "Poles of Inaccessibility: A Calculation Algorithm for the Remotest Places on Earth" (PDF). Scottish Geographical Journal. 123 (3). Informa UK: 227–233. Bibcode:2007ScGJ..123..227G. doi:10.1080/14702540801897809. ISSN 1470-2541. S2CID 55876083. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2014.
Running, Steven W.; Zhao, Maosheng; Mildrexler, David J. (2011). "Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 92 (7): 855–860. Bibcode:2011BAMS...92..855M. doi:10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1.

hawaii.edu

soest.hawaii.edu

"Daily Reports for R/V KILO MOANA June and July 2009". University of Hawaii Marine Center. 4 June 2009. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2009.

highestlake.com

"The Highest Lake in the World". Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 7 September 2007.

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"ASTER measurement of supraglacial lakes in the Mount Everest region of the Himalaya: The main Khumbu Glacier is about 17 km long with elevations ranging from 4900m at the terminus to 7600m at the source....The 7600m to 8000m elevations are also depicted on numerous detailed topographic maps". Retrieved 24 November 2008.

ku.edu

cresis.ku.edu

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nature.com

Mathieu Morlighem; Eric Rignot; Tobias Binder; Donald Blankenship; Reinhard Drews; Graeme Eagles; Olaf Eisen; Fausto Ferraccioli; René Forsberg; Peter Fretwell; Vikram Goel; Jamin S. Greenbaum; Hilmar Gudmundsson; Jingxue Guo; Veit Helm; Coen Hofstede; Ian Howat; Angelika Humbert; Wilfried Jokat; Nanna B. Karlsson; Won Sang Lee; Kenichi Matsuoka; Romain Millan; Jeremie Mouginot; John Paden; Frank Pattyn; Jason Roberts; Sebastian Rosier; Antonia Ruppel; Helene Seroussi; Emma C. Smith; Daniel Steinhage; Bo Sun; Michiel R. van den Broeke; Tas D. van Ommen; Melchior van Wessem; Duncan A. Young (12 December 2019). "Deep glacial troughs and stabilizing ridges unveiled beneath the margins of the Antarctic ice sheet". Nature Geoscience. 13 (2): 132–137. doi:10.1038/s41561-019-0510-8. S2CID 209331991. Retrieved 13 December 2019.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Bar-On, Yinon M.; Phillips, Rob; Milo, Ron (21 May 2018). "The biomass distribution on Earth". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (25): 6506–6511. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.6506B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1711842115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6016768. PMID 29784790.
D'Hondt, Steven; et al. (July 2009). "Subseafloor Sediment In South Pacific Gyre One Of Least Inhabited Places On Earth". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (28): 11651–11656. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10611651D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0811793106. PMC 2702254. PMID 19561304.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Bar-On, Yinon M.; Phillips, Rob; Milo, Ron (21 May 2018). "The biomass distribution on Earth". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (25): 6506–6511. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.6506B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1711842115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6016768. PMID 29784790.
D'Hondt, Steven; et al. (July 2009). "Subseafloor Sediment In South Pacific Gyre One Of Least Inhabited Places On Earth". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (28): 11651–11656. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10611651D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0811793106. PMC 2702254. PMID 19561304.

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Mathieu Morlighem; Eric Rignot; Tobias Binder; Donald Blankenship; Reinhard Drews; Graeme Eagles; Olaf Eisen; Fausto Ferraccioli; René Forsberg; Peter Fretwell; Vikram Goel; Jamin S. Greenbaum; Hilmar Gudmundsson; Jingxue Guo; Veit Helm; Coen Hofstede; Ian Howat; Angelika Humbert; Wilfried Jokat; Nanna B. Karlsson; Won Sang Lee; Kenichi Matsuoka; Romain Millan; Jeremie Mouginot; John Paden; Frank Pattyn; Jason Roberts; Sebastian Rosier; Antonia Ruppel; Helene Seroussi; Emma C. Smith; Daniel Steinhage; Bo Sun; Michiel R. van den Broeke; Tas D. van Ommen; Melchior van Wessem; Duncan A. Young (12 December 2019). "Deep glacial troughs and stabilizing ridges unveiled beneath the margins of the Antarctic ice sheet". Nature Geoscience. 13 (2): 132–137. doi:10.1038/s41561-019-0510-8. S2CID 209331991. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
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A 1995 realignment of the International Date Line Archived 28 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine moved all of Kiribati to the Asian side of the Date Line, causing Caroline Island to be the easternmost point. If the previous Date Line were followed, the easternmost point would be Tafahi Niuatoputapu, in the Tonga Islands.
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Garcia-Castellanos, Daniel; Lombardo, Umberto (2007). "Poles of Inaccessibility: A Calculation Algorithm for the Remotest Places on Earth" (PDF). Scottish Geographical Journal. 123 (3). Informa UK: 227–233. Bibcode:2007ScGJ..123..227G. doi:10.1080/14702540801897809. ISSN 1470-2541. S2CID 55876083. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2014.
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wikipedia.org

en.wikipedia.org

The "longest continuous straight-line distance in any direction at sea" from Karachi to Kamchatka was originally added to Wikipedia by user Muh1974 on 21 January 2010 and then confirmed by Chabukswar and Mukherjee in 2018.^[6] The source of this discovery before 2010 is unknown as of August 2022^[update].

wmo.int

PWMU. "Ninety-year-old World temperature record in El Azizia (Libya) is invalid Improved data strengthens Climate knowledge". Wmo.int. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2013.

worldatlas.com

"Oceaina". Worldatlas.com. Retrieved 25 June 2013.

worldcat.org

Bar-On, Yinon M.; Phillips, Rob; Milo, Ron (21 May 2018). "The biomass distribution on Earth". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (25): 6506–6511. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.6506B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1711842115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6016768. PMID 29784790.
Garcia-Castellanos, Daniel; Lombardo, Umberto (2007). "Poles of Inaccessibility: A Calculation Algorithm for the Remotest Places on Earth" (PDF). Scottish Geographical Journal. 123 (3). Informa UK: 227–233. Bibcode:2007ScGJ..123..227G. doi:10.1080/14702540801897809. ISSN 1470-2541. S2CID 55876083. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2014.

worldislandinfo.com

"Island Superlatives". Retrieved 7 September 2007.

wunderground.com

Weather Underground - Christopher C. Burt - The Coldest Places on Earth https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/the-coldest-places-on-earth

youtube.com

China Border | Umling La Pass [ World's Highest Motorable Road ] | Ep-26 | Tripura to Ladakh Ride. Retrieved 31 December 2022 – via YouTube.