Fall of Constantinople (English Wikipedia)

Madden, Thomas (2005). Crusades: The Illustrated History. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. ISBN 978-0-472-11463-4.
John Roberts (1973). Civilization: The emergence of man in society. CRM Books. p. 391. ISBN 978-0-87665-156-8. It became obvious that Mehmed's messages of peace were false, when he had the Byzantine ambassador executed.
Lars Brownworth (2009). Lost to the West: The Forgotten Byzantine Empire That Rescued Western Civilization. Crown. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-307-46241-1. When Constantine sent emissaries to remind Mehmed that he was breaking his oath and to implore him to at least spare the neighboring villages, Mehmed had the ambassadors executed.
Masters, Bruce (2009). "Millet". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts On File. pp. 383–384. ISBN 978-0-8160-6259-1.
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Nicol (2002), p. 57. Nicol, Donald M. (2002). The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89409-8. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
Akbar (2002), p. 86: "Some 30,000 Christians were either enslaved or sold." Akbar, M. J. (2002). The Shade of Swords: Jihad and the Conflict Between Islam and Christianity. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-45259-0. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
Davis, Paul K. (2003). Besieged: 100 Great Sieges from Jericho to Sarajevo. Oxford University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-19-521930-2. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
Crowley (2005). Crowley, Roger (2005). 1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West. Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0558-1.
- Kritovoulos (1954), p. 23. Kritovoulos, Michael (1954). History of Mehmed the Conqueror. Translated by Riggs, C. T. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-19790-6. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
- Nicol (1993). Nicol, Donald M. (1993). The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43991-6. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- Frank W. Thackeray; John E. Findling (2012). Events That Formed the Modern World. ABC-CLIO. p. 213. ISBN 978-1-59884-901-1. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
- John Julius Norwich (1998). A Short History of Byzantium. Penguin Books Limited. p. 453. ISBN 978-0-14-192859-3. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020. Constantine made one last effort: his ambassadors were executed on the spot.
- Kathie Somerwil-Ayrton (2007). The Train that Disappeared into History: The Berlin-to-Bagdad Railway and how it Led to the Great War. Uitgeverij Aspekt. p. 117. ISBN 978-90-5911-573-6. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020. The Byzantine emperor, then Constantine XI, sent his ambassadors in an attempt to conciliate: they were executed on ...
- Nicol (1993), p. 380. Nicol, Donald M. (1993). The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43991-6. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- Crowley (2013a), pp. 95–110. Crowley, Roger (2013a). Constantinople. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-29820-4. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
- Steele, Brett D. (2005). The Heirs of Archimedes: Science and the Art of War Through the Age of Enlightenment. MIT Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-262-19516-4. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
- Hammer, Paul E. J. (2017). Warfare in Early Modern Europe 1450–1660. Routledge. p. 511. ISBN 978-1-351-87376-5. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
- Crowley (2005), pp. 150–154 Crowley, Roger (2005). 1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West. Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0558-1.
  - Crowley (2005), pp. 168–171 Crowley, Roger (2005). 1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West. Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0558-1.
    - Nicol (1993), p. 388. Nicol, Donald M. (1993). The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43991-6. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
    - Crowley (2013a), p. 191 Crowley, Roger (2013a). Constantinople. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-29820-4. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
    - Geōrgios Phrantzēs (1980). The Fall of the Byzantine Empire: A Chronicle. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-0-87023-290-9. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023 – via Google Books.
    - The Siege of Constantinople 1453: Seven Contemporary Accounts. Hakkert. 1973. ISBN 978-90-256-0626-8. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2023 – via Google Books.
    - Lewis, Bernard (1976). "Islam, from the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople: Religion and society". Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023 – via Google Books.
    - Diary of the Siege of Constantinople, 1453. Exposition Press. 1969. ISBN 978-0-682-46972-2. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
    - Decline and Fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks. Wayne State University Press. 1975. ISBN 978-0-8143-1540-8. Retrieved 15 January 2023 – via Google Books.
    - Andrews, Walter; Kalpakli, Mehmet (2005). The Age of Beloveds: Love and the Beloved in Early-Modern Ottoman and European Culture and Society. Duke University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8223-3424-8. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023. Some people who are familiar with the history of stories about sex and love will recognize close parallels to the story of Saint Pelagius, the thirteen-year- old Christian martyr of the early tenth century, said to have been a beautiful and pious youth, who was tortured and dismembered by the Cordoban caliph 'Abdu'r-Rahman III when he refused the caliph's sexual advances." It is easy to see how it could have seemed meaningful and hopeful to a Greek mourning lost Byzantium to reference the cult of Saint Pelagius, which for centuries provided spiritual energy to the Spanish Reconquista. Thus, although it is likely that Doukas's tale owes more to Saint Pelagius and a long history of attempts to portray Muslims as morally inferior than to anything that actually happened during the conquest of Constantinople/Istanbul...
    - Roger Crowley (2009). Constantinople: The Last Great Siege, 1453. Faber & Faber. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-571-25079-0. The vast majority of the ordinary citizens – about 30,000 – were marched off to the slave markets of Edirne, Bursa and Ankara.
    - Jim Bradbury (1992). The Medieval Siege. Boydell & Brewer. p. 322. ISBN 978-0-85115-312-4. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
    - Kritovoulos (1954). Kritovoulos, Michael (1954). History of Mehmed the Conqueror. Translated by Riggs, C. T. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-19790-6. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
    - Hillenbrand, Carole (21 November 2007). Turkish Myth and Muslim Symbol: The battle of Mazikert. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-7486-3115-5. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
    - The Siege of Constantinople 1453: Seven Contemporary Accounts. Hakkert. 1973. pp. 103–112. ISBN 978-90-256-0626-8. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2023 – via Google Books.
    - Hyslop, Stephen Garrison; Daniels, Patricia; Society (U.S.), National Geographic (2011). Great Empires: An Illustrated Atlas. National Geographic Books. p. 284. ISBN 978-1-4262-0829-4. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
    - Jones, Erik; Genugten, Saskia van (2018). Europe and Islam. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-20724-5. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023 – via Google Books.
    - The Siege of Constantinople 1453: Seven Contemporary Accounts. Hakkert. 15 January 1973. ISBN 978-90-256-0626-8. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2023 – via Google Books.
    - Nadia Maria El-Cheikh (2004). Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs. Harvard CMES. ISBN 978-0-932885-30-2. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2023 – via Google Books.
    - Kritovoulos (1954), p. 59. Kritovoulos, Michael (1954). History of Mehmed the Conqueror. Translated by Riggs, C. T. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-19790-6. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; English: 58^th place)

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Buc (2020). Buc, Philippe (14 March 2020). "One among many renegades: the Serb janissary Konstantin Mihailović and the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans". Journal of Medieval History. 46 (2): 217–230. doi:10.1080/03044181.2020.1719188. ISSN 0304-4181. S2CID 214527543.
Silverburg, Sanford R. (26 January 2007). "The Middle East Online: Series 1: Arab-Israeli Relations, 1917–1970. Edited by Eugene Rogan. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale". Microform & Imaging Review. 36 (2). doi:10.1515/mfir.2007.75. ISSN 0949-5770. S2CID 162273820.

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"The fall of Constantinople". The Economist. 18 June 2017. Archived from the original on 18 June 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
"The fall of Constantinople". The Economist. 23 December 1999. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
"The fall of Constantinople". The Economist. 23 December 1999. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.

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Foster, Charles (22 September 2006). "The Conquest of Constantinople and the end of empire". Contemporary Review. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009. It is the end of the Middle Ages

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"Geographical Record". Geographical Review. 11 (4): 611–629. 1921. ISSN 0016-7428. JSTOR 208254. Less excusable still is the treatment accorded to the statements of Kritopoulos, that 4,500 were killed at the fall of Constantinople.

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Buc (2020). Buc, Philippe (14 March 2020). "One among many renegades: the Serb janissary Konstantin Mihailović and the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans". Journal of Medieval History. 46 (2): 217–230. doi:10.1080/03044181.2020.1719188. ISSN 0304-4181. S2CID 214527543.
Silverburg, Sanford R. (26 January 2007). "The Middle East Online: Series 1: Arab-Israeli Relations, 1917–1970. Edited by Eugene Rogan. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale". Microform & Imaging Review. 36 (2). doi:10.1515/mfir.2007.75. ISSN 0949-5770. S2CID 162273820.

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Nicol (2002), p. 57. Nicol, Donald M. (2002). The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89409-8. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
Labatt, Annie (October 2004). "Constantinople after 1261". Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
Mansel, Philip. "Constantinople: City of the World's Desire 1453–1924". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
Akbar (2002), p. 86: "Some 30,000 Christians were either enslaved or sold." Akbar, M. J. (2002). The Shade of Swords: Jihad and the Conflict Between Islam and Christianity. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-45259-0. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
Davis, Paul K. (2003). Besieged: 100 Great Sieges from Jericho to Sarajevo. Oxford University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-19-521930-2. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
Foster, Charles (22 September 2006). "The Conquest of Constantinople and the end of empire". Contemporary Review. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009. It is the end of the Middle Ages
Cartwright, Mark. "Theodosian Walls". World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
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Crowley (2005). Crowley, Roger (2005). 1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West. Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0558-1.
- "Bosphorus (i.e. Bosporus), View from Kuleli, Constantinople, Turkey". World Digital Library. 1890–1900. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
- Kritovoulos (1954), p. 23. Kritovoulos, Michael (1954). History of Mehmed the Conqueror. Translated by Riggs, C. T. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-19790-6. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
- "Σαν σήμερα "έπεσε" η Κωσταντινούπολη". NewsIT. 29 May 2011. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
- Nicol (1993). Nicol, Donald M. (1993). The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43991-6. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- Frank W. Thackeray; John E. Findling (2012). Events That Formed the Modern World. ABC-CLIO. p. 213. ISBN 978-1-59884-901-1. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
- John Julius Norwich (1998). A Short History of Byzantium. Penguin Books Limited. p. 453. ISBN 978-0-14-192859-3. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020. Constantine made one last effort: his ambassadors were executed on the spot.
- Kathie Somerwil-Ayrton (2007). The Train that Disappeared into History: The Berlin-to-Bagdad Railway and how it Led to the Great War. Uitgeverij Aspekt. p. 117. ISBN 978-90-5911-573-6. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2020. The Byzantine emperor, then Constantine XI, sent his ambassadors in an attempt to conciliate: they were executed on ...
- Nicol (1993), p. 380. Nicol, Donald M. (1993). The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43991-6. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- Crowley (2013a), pp. 95–110. Crowley, Roger (2013a). Constantinople. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-29820-4. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
- Steele, Brett D. (2005). The Heirs of Archimedes: Science and the Art of War Through the Age of Enlightenment. MIT Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-262-19516-4. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
- Hammer, Paul E. J. (2017). Warfare in Early Modern Europe 1450–1660. Routledge. p. 511. ISBN 978-1-351-87376-5. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
- "The fall of Constantinople". The Economist. 23 December 1999. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
- Crowley (2005), pp. 150–154 Crowley, Roger (2005). 1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West. Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0558-1.
  - From Jean Chartier, Chronicle of Charles VII, king of France, MS Bnf Français 2691, f. 246v [1] Archived 17 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  - Crowley (2005), pp. 168–171 Crowley, Roger (2005). 1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West. Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0558-1.
    - "29 Μαϊου 1453: Όταν "η Πόλις εάλω..." [29 May 1453: When the City Fell...]. iefemerida.com (in Greek). 29 May 2012. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
    - Nicol (1993), p. 388. Nicol, Donald M. (1993). The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453 (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43991-6. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
    - Crowley (2013a), p. 191 Crowley, Roger (2013a). Constantinople. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-29820-4. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
    - Geōrgios Phrantzēs (1980). The Fall of the Byzantine Empire: A Chronicle. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-0-87023-290-9. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023 – via Google Books.
    - Smith, Cyril J. (1974). "History of Rape and Rape Laws". Women Law Journal. No. 60. p. 188. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
    - Calian, Florin George (25 March 2021). "The Hagia Sophia and Turkey's Neo-Ottomanism". The Armenian Weekly. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
    - The Siege of Constantinople 1453: Seven Contemporary Accounts. Hakkert. 1973. ISBN 978-90-256-0626-8. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2023 – via Google Books.
    - Lewis, Bernard (1976). "Islam, from the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople: Religion and society". Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023 – via Google Books.
    - Diary of the Siege of Constantinople, 1453. Exposition Press. 1969. ISBN 978-0-682-46972-2. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
    - Andrews, Walter; Kalpakli, Mehmet (2005). The Age of Beloveds: Love and the Beloved in Early-Modern Ottoman and European Culture and Society. Duke University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8223-3424-8. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023. Some people who are familiar with the history of stories about sex and love will recognize close parallels to the story of Saint Pelagius, the thirteen-year- old Christian martyr of the early tenth century, said to have been a beautiful and pious youth, who was tortured and dismembered by the Cordoban caliph 'Abdu'r-Rahman III when he refused the caliph's sexual advances." It is easy to see how it could have seemed meaningful and hopeful to a Greek mourning lost Byzantium to reference the cult of Saint Pelagius, which for centuries provided spiritual energy to the Spanish Reconquista. Thus, although it is likely that Doukas's tale owes more to Saint Pelagius and a long history of attempts to portray Muslims as morally inferior than to anything that actually happened during the conquest of Constantinople/Istanbul...
    - Jim Bradbury (1992). The Medieval Siege. Boydell & Brewer. p. 322. ISBN 978-0-85115-312-4. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
    - Kritovoulos (1954). Kritovoulos, Michael (1954). History of Mehmed the Conqueror. Translated by Riggs, C. T. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-19790-6. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
    - Hillenbrand, Carole (21 November 2007). Turkish Myth and Muslim Symbol: The battle of Mazikert. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-7486-3115-5. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
    - The Siege of Constantinople 1453: Seven Contemporary Accounts. Hakkert. 1973. pp. 103–112. ISBN 978-90-256-0626-8. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2023 – via Google Books.
    - Freeman, Evan (2021). "Hagia Sophia in Istanbul". Smarthistory Guide to Byzantine Art. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
    - Hyslop, Stephen Garrison; Daniels, Patricia; Society (U.S.), National Geographic (2011). Great Empires: An Illustrated Atlas. National Geographic Books. p. 284. ISBN 978-1-4262-0829-4. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
    - Volf, Miroslav (2010). "Body counts: the dark side of Christian history". The Christian Century. 127 (Journal Article): 11–. ISSN 0009-5281. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
    - Jones, Erik; Genugten, Saskia van (2018). Europe and Islam. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-20724-5. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023 – via Google Books.
    - "John Argyropoulos". britannica.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
    - "Byzantines in Renaissance Italy". Archived from the original on 30 September 2003. Retrieved 10 April 2007.
    - The Siege of Constantinople 1453: Seven Contemporary Accounts. Hakkert. 15 January 1973. ISBN 978-90-256-0626-8. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2023 – via Google Books.
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Fall of Constantinople (English Wikipedia)

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