Fascism (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Fascism" in English language version.

Last modified: 12:32:07, 2 August 2026 (UTC)

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1914-1918-online.net (Global: 6,583^rd place; English: 5,152^nd place)

encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net

Corni (2015). Corni, Gustavo (26 August 2015). "Fascism and the Radical Right". International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Archived from the original on 1 April 2025.

antigonejournal.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Brennan (2023). Brennan, T. Corey (16 July 2023). "The Fasces: Ancient Rome's Most Dangerous Political Symbol". Antigone Journal. Archived from the original on 20 March 2025.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Davies & Lynch (2002), pp. 1–5 Davies, Peter; Lynch, Derek, eds. (2002). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-60952-9 – via Google Books.
Grčić (2000), p. 120; Griffin & Feldman (2004c), p. 185; Spielvogel (2012), p. 935; Payne (1995), p. 106. Grčić, Joseph (2000). Ethics and Political Theory. Lanham, Maryland: University of America, Inc. ———; ———, eds. (2004c). Fascism and Culture. Vol. 3. London and New York: Routledge. Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2012). Western Civilization. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. ——— (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Mussolini (2002), p. 40. Mussolini, Benito (2002) [1934]. Gregor, Anthony James (ed.). Origins and Doctrine of Fascism. New Brunswick (US); London: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7658-0130-2.
Payne (1980), p. 7; Griffiths (2000). ——— (1980). Fascism: Comparison and Definition. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-08060-0. Griffiths, Richard (2000). An Intelligent Person's Guide to Fascism. Duckworth. ISBN 978-0-7156-2918-5 – via Internet Archive.
Laqueur (1997), p. 223; Eatwell (1996), p. 39; Griffin (1991), pp. 185–201; Weber (1982), p. 8 Laqueur, Walter (1997). Fascism: Past, Present, Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-802527-6 – via Google Books. Eatwell, Roger (1996). Fascism: A History. New York: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9147-5. Griffin, Roger (1991). The Nature of Fascism. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-07132-5 – via Google Books. Weber, Eugen (1982) [1964]. Varieties of Fascism: Doctrines of Revolution in the Twentieth Century. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. ISBN 978-0-89874-444-6 – via Google Books. Contains chapters on fascist movements in different countries.
Eatwell (1996), p. 24. Eatwell, Roger (1996). Fascism: A History. New York: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9147-5.
Payne (1995), p. 112. ——— (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Griffiths (2000), p. 1. Griffiths, Richard (2000). An Intelligent Person's Guide to Fascism. Duckworth. ISBN 978-0-7156-2918-5 – via Internet Archive.
Sternhell (1998), p. 169; Payne (1995), pp. 23–24. Sternhell, Zeev (1998). "Crisis of Fin-de-siècle Thought". In Griffin, Roger (ed.). International Fascism: Theories, Causes and the New Consensus. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0340706138. ——— (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne (1995), p. 24. ——— (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne (1995), p. 29. ——— (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne (1995), pp. 24–25. ——— (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne (1995), p. 25. ——— (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne (1995), p. 110. ——— (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne (1995), p. 113. ——— (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne (1995), p. 114. ——— (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne (1995), p. 115. ——— (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne (1995), pp. 119–120. ——— (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Evans (2008), p. 7. Evans, Richard J. (2008). The Third Reich at War. New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-311671-4.
Payne (1995), p. 270. ——— (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne (1995), pp. 282–288. ——— (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Luža (1975), p. 52. Luža, Radomír (21 September 1975). Austro-German Relations in the Anschluss Era. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-6910-7568-6.
Payne (1995), p. 11. ——— (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Benewick (1972), p. 134. Benewick, Robert (1972). The Fascist Movement in Britain (Revised ed.). London: Allen Lane. ISBN 0713903414. S2CID 159244065.
Pauley (2003), p. 117; Payne (1995), p. 220. Pauley, Bruce F. (2003). Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century Italy. Wheeling: Harlan Davidson, Inc. ——— (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne (1995), p. 10. ——— (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Evans (2005), pp. 483–484. Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power: 1933–1939. The Penguin Press HC. ISBN 1-59420-074-2.
Evans (2005), p. 484. Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power: 1933–1939. The Penguin Press HC. ISBN 1-59420-074-2.
Evans (2005), pp. 484–485. Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power: 1933–1939. The Penguin Press HC. ISBN 1-59420-074-2.
Evans (2005), pp. 486–487. Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power: 1933–1939. The Penguin Press HC. ISBN 1-59420-074-2.
Evans (2005), p. 489. Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power: 1933–1939. The Penguin Press HC. ISBN 1-59420-074-2.
Evans (2005), pp. 489–490. Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power: 1933–1939. The Penguin Press HC. ISBN 1-59420-074-2.
Payne (1995), p. 106; Breuilly (1994), p. 294. ——— (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy. Breuilly, John (1994). Nationalism and the State. University of Chicago Press.
Payne (1995), pp. 485–486. ——— (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Evans (2005), pp. 331–332. Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power: 1933–1939. The Penguin Press HC. ISBN 1-59420-074-2.
Proctor (1989), p. 366: "This emendation allowed abortion only if the woman granted permission, and only if the fetus was not old enough to survive outside the womb. It is unclear if either of these qualifications was enforced." Proctor, Robert E. (1989). Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-74578-0. OCLC 20760638.
Proctor (1989), pp. 122–123: "Abortion, in other words, could be allowed if it was in the interest of racial hygiene. ... the Nazis did allow (and in some cases even required) abortions for women deemed racially inferior. ... On 10 November 1938, a Luneberg court declared abortion legal for Jews." Proctor, Robert E. (1989). Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-74578-0. OCLC 20760638.
Evans (2005), p. 529. Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power: 1933–1939. The Penguin Press HC. ISBN 1-59420-074-2.
Zimmerman (2005), pp. 62, 160. Zimmerman, Joshua D. (27 June 2005). Jews in Italy Under Fascist and Nazi Rule, 1922–1945. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84101-6.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

"Greece's Golden Dawn leader Michaloliakos held in crackdown". BBC News. 28 September 2013. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
"Greece Golden Dawn: Neo-Nazi leaders guilty of running crime gang". BBC News. 7 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

Gunter (2017). Gunter, Joel (13 August 2017). "A reckoning in Charlottesville". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2018.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Davies & Lynch (2002), pp. 1–5 Davies, Peter; Lynch, Derek, eds. (2002). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-60952-9 – via Google Books.
Larsen, Hagtvet & Myklebust (1984), pp. 22–23, 30, 35; Payne (1992), p. 168; Davies & Lynch (2002), pp. 96, 103, 129–130; Kallis (2003b), pp. 20–21, 234; Paxton (2004);^{[page needed]} Blamires (2006), pp. 5, 8, 16–17, 21; Copsey (2008), pp. 12, 79; Badie, Berg-Schlosser & Morlino (2011), p. 889, Fascism; Eley (2013), pp. 3–9; Richardson (2017), p. 21–32; Copsey (2023), pp. 271–272 Larsen, Stein Ugelvik; Hagtvet, Bernt; Myklebust, Jan Petter, eds. (1984). Who Were the Fascists: Social Roots of European Fascism. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-82-00-05331-6. ——— (1992). "Fascism". In Hawkesworth, Mary; Kogan, Maurice (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Government and Politics. Vol. 1. Routledge. pp. 167–178. ISBN 978-0-203-71288-7. Davies, Peter; Lynch, Derek, eds. (2002). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-60952-9 – via Google Books. ———, ed. (2003b). The Fascism Reader. London: Routledge. Paxton, Robert O. (2004). The Anatomy of Fascism (First ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-1-4000-4094-0.
- Paxton, Robert O. (2005). The Anatomy of Fascism. New York; Toronto: Random House. ISBN 978-0-307-42812-7. Blamires, Cyprian (2006). World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
  - Umland, Andreas. "Bolshevism". In Blamires (2006), pp. 95–97. Copsey, Nigel (2008). Contemporary British Fascism: The British National Party and the Quest for Legitimacy (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-230-57437-3. Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo (2011). "Fascism". In Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo (eds.). International Encyclopedia of Political Science. SAGE Publications. doi:10.4135/9781412994163. ISBN 9781412959636. Eley, Geoff (2013). Nazism as Fascism: Violence, Ideology, and the Ground of Consent in Germany 1930–1945. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-69430-5. Richardson, John E. (2017). British Fascism: A Discourse-Historical Analysis. Stuttgart: Ibidem Press. ISBN 978-3-8382-6491-2. ——— (2023). "Afterword: "Are you a communist? No, I am an anti-fascist."". In Pirjevec, Jože; Pelikan, Egon; Ramet, Sabrina P. (eds.). Anti-Fascism in European History: From the 1920s to Today. Central European University Press. pp. 269–280. ISBN 978-963-386-658-0.
  - Griffin (1995), pp. 8, 307; Hartley (2004), p. 187; Reich (1970), p. 73; Payne (1992), pp. 167–175; Copsey (2008);^{[page needed]} Goodwin (2011), pp. 1–9; Woodley (2010), pp. 9–10; Blamires (2006), pp. xxi–xxii; Richardson (2017), pp. 18–19, 21–22; Eley (2013), p. 75; Davies & Lynch (2002), pp. 5–6; Wistrich (1976);^{[page needed]} Staudenmaier (2004), p. 517 ——— (1995). Fascism. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Hartley, John (2004). Communication, Cultural and Media Studies: The Key Concepts (3rd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-521-55982-9. Reich, Wilhelm (1970). The Mass Psychology of Fascism. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-285-64701-5. ——— (1992). "Fascism". In Hawkesworth, Mary; Kogan, Maurice (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Government and Politics. Vol. 1. Routledge. pp. 167–178. ISBN 978-0-203-71288-7. Copsey, Nigel (2008). Contemporary British Fascism: The British National Party and the Quest for Legitimacy (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-230-57437-3. Goodwin, Matthew J. (2011). New British Fascism: Rise of the British National Party. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-46500-7. Woodley, Daniel (2010). Fascism and Political Theory: Critical Perspectives on Fascist Ideology. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-47354-5. Blamires, Cyprian (2006). World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
    - Umland, Andreas. "Bolshevism". In Blamires (2006), pp. 95–97. Richardson, John E. (2017). British Fascism: A Discourse-Historical Analysis. Stuttgart: Ibidem Press. ISBN 978-3-8382-6491-2. Eley, Geoff (2013). Nazism as Fascism: Violence, Ideology, and the Ground of Consent in Germany 1930–1945. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-69430-5. Davies, Peter; Lynch, Derek, eds. (2002). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-60952-9 – via Google Books. Wistrich, Robert (October 1976). "Leon Trotsky's Theory of Fascism". Journal of Contemporary History. 11 (4). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publishing: 157–184. doi:10.1177/002200947601100409. JSTOR 260195. S2CID 140420352. Staudenmaier, Peter (2004). "Fascism". In Krech III, Shepard; McNeill, John; Merchant, Carolyn (eds.). Encyclopedia of World Environmental History. Routledge. pp. 517–521. ISBN 0-415-93733-7.
    - Grčić (2000), p. 120; Griffin & Feldman (2004c), p. 185; Spielvogel (2012), p. 935; Payne (1995), p. 106. Grčić, Joseph (2000). Ethics and Political Theory. Lanham, Maryland: University of America, Inc. ———; ———, eds. (2004c). Fascism and Culture. Vol. 3. London and New York: Routledge. Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2012). Western Civilization. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. ——— (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
    - Griffin (2013), pp. 1–6. Griffin, Roger (2013). Fascism, Totalitarianism and Political Religion. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-87168-9 – via Google Books.
    - Davies & Lynch (2002), p. 275: "Detailed and intrusive state direction of the economy and/or society. Dirigisme was central to both fascism and Communist systems. However, in the case of fascism, there was no requirement for outright state ownership of the means of production, as long as the economy could be harnessed to serve what fascists deemed to be the 'national interest'." Davies, Peter; Lynch, Derek, eds. (2002). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-60952-9 – via Google Books.
    - Brennan (2022), pp. 2, 12. Brennan, T. Corey (2022). The fasces: a history of ancient Rome's most dangerous political symbol. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-764488-1.
    - Laqueur (1997), p. 223; Eatwell (1996), p. 39; Griffin (1991), pp. 185–201; Weber (1982), p. 8 Laqueur, Walter (1997). Fascism: Past, Present, Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-802527-6 – via Google Books. Eatwell, Roger (1996). Fascism: A History. New York: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9147-5. Griffin, Roger (1991). The Nature of Fascism. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-07132-5 – via Google Books. Weber, Eugen (1982) [1964]. Varieties of Fascism: Doctrines of Revolution in the Twentieth Century. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. ISBN 978-0-89874-444-6 – via Google Books. Contains chapters on fascist movements in different countries.
    - Ramswell (2017), p. 9; Griffin & Feldman (2004a), p. 258; Kallis (2003b), pp. 84–85; Renton (1999), p. 21. Ramswell, Prebble Q. (2017). Euroscepticism and the Rising Threat from the Left and Right: The Concept of Millennial Fascism. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-1-4985-4604-1. Retrieved 8 March 2019 – via Google Books. ———, ed. (2003b). The Fascism Reader. London: Routledge. Renton, David (1999). Fascism: Theory and Practice. London: Pluto Press.
    - Griffin (1991), p. 26. Griffin, Roger (1991). The Nature of Fascism. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-07132-5 – via Google Books.
    - Griffin (1991), p. 201. Griffin, Roger (1991). The Nature of Fascism. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-07132-5 – via Google Books.
    - Laqueur (1997), p. 96. Laqueur, Walter (1997). Fascism: Past, Present, Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-802527-6 – via Google Books.
    - Gentile (2002), Introduzione. È esistito il fascismo?. Gentile, Emilio (2002). Fascismo: Storia e interpretazione [Fascism: History and interpretation] (in Italian). Editori Laterza. ISBN 978-88-581-0916-8 – via Google Books.
    - Weiss-Wendt, Krieken & Cave (2008), p. 73. Weiss-Wendt, Anton; Krieken, Robert; Cave, Alfred A. (2008). The Historiography of Genocide. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-29778-4. Retrieved 12 April 2019 – via Google Books.
    - Grant (2003), pp. 60–61. Grant, Moyra (2003). Key Ideas in Politics. Nelson Thornes. ISBN 978-0-7487-7096-0 – via Google Books.
    - Davies & Lynch (2002), pp. 126–127; Zafirovski (2008), pp. 137–138; Woodley (2010), pp. 17–18, 26; Richardson (2017), pp. 25–26, 34–35; Kallis (2003b), pp. 234, 282 Davies, Peter; Lynch, Derek, eds. (2002). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-60952-9 – via Google Books. Zafirovski, Milan (2008). Modern Free Society and Its Nemesis: Liberty Versus Conservatism in the New Millennium. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-1516-9. Woodley, Daniel (2010). Fascism and Political Theory: Critical Perspectives on Fascist Ideology. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-47354-5. Richardson, John E. (2017). British Fascism: A Discourse-Historical Analysis. Stuttgart: Ibidem Press. ISBN 978-3-8382-6491-2. ———, ed. (2003b). The Fascism Reader. London: Routledge.
    - Stackelberg (1999), pp. 4–6. Stackelberg, Roderick (1999). Hitler's Germany. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-00541-5 – via Google Books.
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    - Payne (1995), p. 112. ——— (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
    - Woolf (1981), p. 18. Woolf, Stuart (1981). Fascism in Europe. Methuen. ISBN 978-0-416-30240-0. Retrieved 9 May 2020 – via Google Books.
      - ——— (1983). Fascism in Europe (3rd ed.). Taylor & Francis.
      - Quarantotto (1976). Quarantotto, Claudio (1976). Tutti fascisti! [All fascists!] (in Italian). Edizioni del Borghese – via Google Books.
      - Sternhell (1998), p. 169; Payne (1995), pp. 23–24. Sternhell, Zeev (1998). "Crisis of Fin-de-siècle Thought". In Griffin, Roger (ed.). International Fascism: Theories, Causes and the New Consensus. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0340706138. ——— (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
      - Payne (1995), p. 24. ——— (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
      - Spencer, Herbert (1864). Principles of Biology. Vol. 1. Williams and Norgate. p. 444. But this survival of the fittest, implies multiplication of the fittest.
      - Payne (1995), p. 29. ——— (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
      - Payne (1995), pp. 24–25. ——— (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
      - Payne (1995), p. 25. ——— (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
      - Carroll (1998), p. 92. Carroll, David (1998). French Literary Fascism: Nationalism, Anti-Semitism, and the Ideology of Culture. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05846-7 – via Google Books.
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Encyclopedia Britannica Fascism: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy and the rule of elites, and the desire to create a Volksgemeinschaft (German: "people's community"), in which individual interests would be subordinated to the good of the nation" "Fascism". Encyclopedia Britannica. 8 January 2008.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
Encyclopedia Britannica Fascism. "Fascism". Encyclopedia Britannica. 8 January 2008.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
Encyclopedia Britannica Fasces: "When carried inside Rome, the ax was removed (unless the magistrate was a dictator or general celebrating a triumph) as recognition of the right of a Roman citizen to appeal a magistrate's ruling." "Fasces". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 7 April 2025. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
Encyclopedia Britannica Volksgemeinschaft. "Volksgemeinschaft". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019.
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"Falange | Spanish Fascist Political Movement, Franco Regime". Britannica. Archived from the original on 15 July 2026. Retrieved 16 July 2026.

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Conway III et al. (2023);^{[page needed]} García (2016), p. 567; Seidman (2020);^{[page needed]} Seidman (2017), pp. 2–8; Olechnowicz (2005), pp. 636–637 Conway III, Lucian Gideon; Zubrod, Alivia; Chan, Linus; McFarland, James D.; Van de Vliert, Evert (8 February 2023). "Is the myth of left-wing authoritarianism itself a myth?". Frontiers in Psychology. 13 1041391. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1041391. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 9944136. PMID 36846476. García, Hugo (November 2016). "Transnational History: A New Paradigm for Anti-Fascist Studies?". Contemporary European History. 25 (4): 563–572. doi:10.1017/S0960777316000382. ISSN 0960-7773. ——— (20 December 2020). "The Rise of Counterrevolutionary Anti-Fascism in the United States from the Munich Conference to the Fall of France". Dictatorships & Democracies: 37–68. doi:10.7238/dd.v0i7.3163. Seidman, Michael (2017). Transatlantic Antifascisms: From the Spanish Civil War to the End of World War II. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781108278386. ISBN 9781108278386. Olechnowicz, Andrzej (2005). "Liberal anti-fascism in the 1930s the case of Sir Ernest Barker". Albion. 36 (4): 636–660. doi:10.2307/4054585. JSTOR 4054585. Archived from the original on 12 March 2025.

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Laruelle (2022), p. 150. Laruelle, Marlene (2022). "So, Is Russia Fascist Now? Labels and Policy Implications" (PDF). The Washington Quarterly. 45 (2): 149–168. doi:10.1080/0163660X.2022.2090760. S2CID 250566287. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 July 2022.

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Finchelstein (2010), p. 98. ——— (2010). Transatlantic Fascism: Ideology, Violence, and the Sacred in Argentina and Italy, 1919-1945. Duke University Press. doi:10.1515/9780822391555. ISBN 978-0-8223-9155-5.

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Badie, Berg-Schlosser & Morlino (2011), pp. 887–888, Fascism
Payne (1975), p. 162: "[...] goals of radical and authoritarian nationalism"
Larsen, Hagtvet & Myklebust (1984), p. 424: "[...] organized form of integrative radical nationalist authoritarianism"
Paxton (2004), pp. 32, 45, 173: (32) "[...] antiliberal values, more aggressive nationalism and racism, and a new aesthetic of instinct and violence"; (173) "[...] overtly violent racism and nationalism. [...] its defining elements—unlimited particular sovereignty, a relish for war, and a society based on violent exclusion"
Nolte (1965), p. 300: "National fascism, as we have shown, is distinguished from nationalism by, among other things, the fact it demands the destruction of a neighbouring state whose very existence appears to threaten its own position of power and the historic remains of its past dominant status in the area."
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"Inauguração do Museu de Peniche é um gesto antifascista atual contra a extrema-direita" [The opening of the Peniche Museum is a current anti-fascist gesture against the far right]. Esquerda.net (in Portuguese). 25 April 2024. Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.

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Cecchi de Rossi (2012). Cecchi de Rossi, Martina (20 December 2012). "Dal Centrodestra nazionale ai Fratelli d'Italia: Giorgia Meloni e Guido Crosetto vicini a Ignazio La Russa" [From the National Center-Right to the Brothers of Italy: Giorgia Meloni and Guido Crosetto are close to Ignazio La Russa.]. HuffPost (in Italian). Archived from the original on 4 December 2024.

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Griffin (1995), pp. 8, 307; Hartley (2004), p. 187; Reich (1970), p. 73; Payne (1992), pp. 167–175; Copsey (2008);^{[page needed]} Goodwin (2011), pp. 1–9; Woodley (2010), pp. 9–10; Blamires (2006), pp. xxi–xxii; Richardson (2017), pp. 18–19, 21–22; Eley (2013), p. 75; Davies & Lynch (2002), pp. 5–6; Wistrich (1976);^{[page needed]} Staudenmaier (2004), p. 517 ——— (1995). Fascism. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Hartley, John (2004). Communication, Cultural and Media Studies: The Key Concepts (3rd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-521-55982-9. Reich, Wilhelm (1970). The Mass Psychology of Fascism. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-285-64701-5. ——— (1992). "Fascism". In Hawkesworth, Mary; Kogan, Maurice (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Government and Politics. Vol. 1. Routledge. pp. 167–178. ISBN 978-0-203-71288-7. Copsey, Nigel (2008). Contemporary British Fascism: The British National Party and the Quest for Legitimacy (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-230-57437-3. Goodwin, Matthew J. (2011). New British Fascism: Rise of the British National Party. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-46500-7. Woodley, Daniel (2010). Fascism and Political Theory: Critical Perspectives on Fascist Ideology. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-47354-5. Blamires, Cyprian (2006). World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
- Umland, Andreas. "Bolshevism". In Blamires (2006), pp. 95–97. Richardson, John E. (2017). British Fascism: A Discourse-Historical Analysis. Stuttgart: Ibidem Press. ISBN 978-3-8382-6491-2. Eley, Geoff (2013). Nazism as Fascism: Violence, Ideology, and the Ground of Consent in Germany 1930–1945. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-69430-5. Davies, Peter; Lynch, Derek, eds. (2002). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-60952-9 – via Google Books. Wistrich, Robert (October 1976). "Leon Trotsky's Theory of Fascism". Journal of Contemporary History. 11 (4). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publishing: 157–184. doi:10.1177/002200947601100409. JSTOR 260195. S2CID 140420352. Staudenmaier, Peter (2004). "Fascism". In Krech III, Shepard; McNeill, John; Merchant, Carolyn (eds.). Encyclopedia of World Environmental History. Routledge. pp. 517–521. ISBN 0-415-93733-7.
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- Adler & Paterson (1970), p. 1046. Adler, Les K.; Paterson, Thomas G. (April 1970). "Red Fascism: The Merger of Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia in the American Image of Totalitarianism, 1930's–1950's". The American Historical Review. 75 (4): 1046–1064. doi:10.2307/1852269. JSTOR 1852269.
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- Laruelle (2021), p. 43. Laruelle, Marlene (2021). Is Russia Fascist?: Unravelling Propaganda East and West. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501754135. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctv16t673d. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
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- Conway III et al. (2023);^{[page needed]} García (2016), p. 567; Seidman (2020);^{[page needed]} Seidman (2017), pp. 2–8; Olechnowicz (2005), pp. 636–637 Conway III, Lucian Gideon; Zubrod, Alivia; Chan, Linus; McFarland, James D.; Van de Vliert, Evert (8 February 2023). "Is the myth of left-wing authoritarianism itself a myth?". Frontiers in Psychology. 13 1041391. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1041391. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 9944136. PMID 36846476. García, Hugo (November 2016). "Transnational History: A New Paradigm for Anti-Fascist Studies?". Contemporary European History. 25 (4): 563–572. doi:10.1017/S0960777316000382. ISSN 0960-7773. ——— (20 December 2020). "The Rise of Counterrevolutionary Anti-Fascism in the United States from the Munich Conference to the Fall of France". Dictatorships & Democracies: 37–68. doi:10.7238/dd.v0i7.3163. Seidman, Michael (2017). Transatlantic Antifascisms: From the Spanish Civil War to the End of World War II. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781108278386. ISBN 9781108278386. Olechnowicz, Andrzej (2005). "Liberal anti-fascism in the 1930s the case of Sir Ernest Barker". Albion. 36 (4): 636–660. doi:10.2307/4054585. JSTOR 4054585. Archived from the original on 12 March 2025.

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Griffin (1996), pp. 18–21. ——— (1996). "Staging the Nation's Rebirth: The Politics and Aesthetics of Performance in the Context of Fascist Studies". In Berghaus, Günter (ed.). Fascism and theater: comparative studies on the aesthetics and politics of performance in Europe, 1925–1945. Providence, RI: Berghahn Books. pp. 11–29. ISBN 978-1571819017. Retrieved 7 October 2013 – via Library of Social Science.

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Shirer (1960), pp. 199–201. Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster. LCCN 60-6729.
Wodak (2020), p. 279. Wodak, Ruth (2020). The Politics of Fear: The Shameless Normalization of Far-Right Discourse. United Kingdom: SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-5264-9921-9. LCCN 2020934796.

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Griffin (1995), pp. 8, 307; Hartley (2004), p. 187; Reich (1970), p. 73; Payne (1992), pp. 167–175; Copsey (2008);^{[page needed]} Goodwin (2011), pp. 1–9; Woodley (2010), pp. 9–10; Blamires (2006), pp. xxi–xxii; Richardson (2017), pp. 18–19, 21–22; Eley (2013), p. 75; Davies & Lynch (2002), pp. 5–6; Wistrich (1976);^{[page needed]} Staudenmaier (2004), p. 517 ——— (1995). Fascism. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Hartley, John (2004). Communication, Cultural and Media Studies: The Key Concepts (3rd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-521-55982-9. Reich, Wilhelm (1970). The Mass Psychology of Fascism. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-285-64701-5. ——— (1992). "Fascism". In Hawkesworth, Mary; Kogan, Maurice (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Government and Politics. Vol. 1. Routledge. pp. 167–178. ISBN 978-0-203-71288-7. Copsey, Nigel (2008). Contemporary British Fascism: The British National Party and the Quest for Legitimacy (second ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-230-57437-3. Goodwin, Matthew J. (2011). New British Fascism: Rise of the British National Party. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-46500-7. Woodley, Daniel (2010). Fascism and Political Theory: Critical Perspectives on Fascist Ideology. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-47354-5. Blamires, Cyprian (2006). World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
- Umland, Andreas. "Bolshevism". In Blamires (2006), pp. 95–97. Richardson, John E. (2017). British Fascism: A Discourse-Historical Analysis. Stuttgart: Ibidem Press. ISBN 978-3-8382-6491-2. Eley, Geoff (2013). Nazism as Fascism: Violence, Ideology, and the Ground of Consent in Germany 1930–1945. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-69430-5. Davies, Peter; Lynch, Derek, eds. (2002). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-60952-9 – via Google Books. Wistrich, Robert (October 1976). "Leon Trotsky's Theory of Fascism". Journal of Contemporary History. 11 (4). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publishing: 157–184. doi:10.1177/002200947601100409. JSTOR 260195. S2CID 140420352. Staudenmaier, Peter (2004). "Fascism". In Krech III, Shepard; McNeill, John; Merchant, Carolyn (eds.). Encyclopedia of World Environmental History. Routledge. pp. 517–521. ISBN 0-415-93733-7.

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"Module 5: The Twin Drivers of Nazi Culture". The Madeleine and Monte Levy Virtual Museum of the Holocaust and the Resistance. McMaster University. Archived from the original on 17 March 2025. Retrieved 10 May 2025.

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Strang (2000), p. 74. Strang, G. Bruce (2000). In Dubious Battle: Mussolini's Mentalité and Italian Foreign Policy, 1936–1939 (PDF) (PhD). McMaster University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2025.

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Badie, Berg-Schlosser & Morlino (2011), pp. 887–888, Fascism
Payne (1975), p. 162: "[...] goals of radical and authoritarian nationalism"
Larsen, Hagtvet & Myklebust (1984), p. 424: "[...] organized form of integrative radical nationalist authoritarianism"
Paxton (2004), pp. 32, 45, 173: (32) "[...] antiliberal values, more aggressive nationalism and racism, and a new aesthetic of instinct and violence"; (173) "[...] overtly violent racism and nationalism. [...] its defining elements—unlimited particular sovereignty, a relish for war, and a society based on violent exclusion"
Nolte (1965), p. 300: "National fascism, as we have shown, is distinguished from nationalism by, among other things, the fact it demands the destruction of a neighbouring state whose very existence appears to threaten its own position of power and the historic remains of its past dominant status in the area."
Merriam-Webster Fascism Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo (2011). "Fascism". In Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo (eds.). International Encyclopedia of Political Science. SAGE Publications. doi:10.4135/9781412994163. ISBN 9781412959636. ——— (1975). "Spanish Fascism in Comparative Perspective". In Turner, Henry Ashby (ed.). Reappraisals of Fascism. New Viewpoints. pp. 142–169. ISBN 978-0531053720. Larsen, Stein Ugelvik; Hagtvet, Bernt; Myklebust, Jan Petter, eds. (1984). Who Were the Fascists: Social Roots of European Fascism. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-82-00-05331-6. Paxton, Robert O. (2004). The Anatomy of Fascism (First ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-1-4000-4094-0.
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Pareene & Marsh (2023). Pareene, Alex; Marsh, Laura (29 March 2023). "Who Are You Calling a Fascist?". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.

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Conway III et al. (2023);^{[page needed]} García (2016), p. 567; Seidman (2020);^{[page needed]} Seidman (2017), pp. 2–8; Olechnowicz (2005), pp. 636–637 Conway III, Lucian Gideon; Zubrod, Alivia; Chan, Linus; McFarland, James D.; Van de Vliert, Evert (8 February 2023). "Is the myth of left-wing authoritarianism itself a myth?". Frontiers in Psychology. 13 1041391. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1041391. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 9944136. PMID 36846476. García, Hugo (November 2016). "Transnational History: A New Paradigm for Anti-Fascist Studies?". Contemporary European History. 25 (4): 563–572. doi:10.1017/S0960777316000382. ISSN 0960-7773. ——— (20 December 2020). "The Rise of Counterrevolutionary Anti-Fascism in the United States from the Munich Conference to the Fall of France". Dictatorships & Democracies: 37–68. doi:10.7238/dd.v0i7.3163. Seidman, Michael (2017). Transatlantic Antifascisms: From the Spanish Civil War to the End of World War II. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781108278386. ISBN 9781108278386. Olechnowicz, Andrzej (2005). "Liberal anti-fascism in the 1930s the case of Sir Ernest Barker". Albion. 36 (4): 636–660. doi:10.2307/4054585. JSTOR 4054585. Archived from the original on 12 March 2025.
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