Fascism (English Wikipedia)

"Fasces". Britannica.com. Britannica. Retrieved 17 April 2024. When carried inside Rome, the ax was removed (unless the magistrate was a dictator or general celebrating a triumph) as recognition of the right of a Roman citizen to appeal a magistrate's ruling.

academia.edu

Whiffen, Timothy (2013). "To what extent was Hitler's rule of Nazi Germany similar to life in Sparta?". Academia. Retrieved 15 April 2016.

archive.org

Davies & Lynch (2002), pp. 1–5 Davies, Peter; Lynch, Derek, eds. (2002). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-60952-9 – via Google Books.
Grčić (2000), p. 120; Griffin & Feldman (2004c), p. 185; Spielvogel (2012), p. 935; Payne (1995), p. 106. Grčić, Joseph (2000). Ethics and Political Theory. Lanham, Maryland: University of America, Inc. Griffin, Roger; Feldman, Matthew, eds. (2004c). Fascism and Culture. Vol. 3. London and New York: Routledge. Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2012). Western Civilization. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Mussolini (2002), p. 40. Mussolini, Benito (2002) [1934]. Gregor, Anthony James (ed.). Origins and Doctrine of Fascism. New Brunswick (US); London: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7658-0130-2.
Payne (1980), p. 7; Griffiths (2000). Payne, Stanley G. (1980). Fascism: Comparison and Definition. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-08060-0. Griffiths, Richard (2000). An Intelligent Person's Guide to Fascism. Duckworth. ISBN 978-0-7156-2918-5 – via Internet Archive.
Laqueur (1997), p. 223; Eatwell (1996), p. 39; Griffin (1991), pp. 185–201; Weber (1982), p. 8 Laqueur, Walter (1997). Fascism: Past, Present, Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-802527-6 – via Google Books. Eatwell, Roger (1996). Fascism: A History. New York: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9147-5. Griffin, Roger (1991). The Nature of Fascism. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-07132-5 – via Google Books. Weber, Eugen (1982) [1964]. Varieties of Fascism: Doctrines of Revolution in the Twentieth Century. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. ISBN 978-0-89874-444-6 – via Google Books. Contains chapters on fascist movements in different countries.
Eatwell (1996), p. 24. Eatwell, Roger (1996). Fascism: A History. New York: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9147-5.
Payne (1995), p. 112. Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Griffiths (2000). Griffiths, Richard (2000). An Intelligent Person's Guide to Fascism. Duckworth. ISBN 978-0-7156-2918-5 – via Internet Archive.
Sternhell (1998), p. 169; Payne (1995), pp. 23–24. Sternhell, Zeev (1998). "Crisis of Fin-de-siècle Thought". In Griffin, Roger (ed.). International Fascism: Theories, Causes and the New Consensus. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0340706138. Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne (1995), p. 24. Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne (1995), p. 29. Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne (1995), pp. 24–25. Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne (1995), p. 25. Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne (1995), p. 122. Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne (1995), p. 110. Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne (1995), p. 113. Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne (1995), p. 114. Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne (1995), p. 115. Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne (1995), pp. 119–120. Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne (1995), p. 270. Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne (1995), pp. 282–288. Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne (1995), p. 145. Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne (1995), pp. 341–342. Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Davies & Lynch (2002), p. 237. Davies, Peter; Lynch, Derek, eds. (2002). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-60952-9 – via Google Books.
Payne (1995), p. 11. Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Pauley (2003), p. 117; Payne (1995), p. 220. Pauley, Bruce F. (2003). Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century Italy. Wheeling: Harlan Davidson, Inc. Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Payne (1995), p. 106; Breuilly (1994), p. 294. Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy. Breuilly, John (1994). Nationalism and the State. University of Chicago Press.
Payne (1995), pp. 485–486. Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14874-4. online; also another copy.
Proctor (1989), p. 366: "This emendation allowed abortion only if the woman granted permission, and only if the fetus was not old enough to survive outside the womb. It is unclear if either of these qualifications was enforced." Proctor, Robert E. (1989). Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-74578-0. OCLC 20760638.
Proctor (1989), pp. 122–123: "Abortion, in other words, could be allowed if it was in the interest of racial hygiene. ... the Nazis did allow (and in some cases even required) abortions for women deemed racially inferior. ... On 10 November 1938, a Luneberg court declared abortion legal for Jews." Proctor, Robert E. (1989). Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-74578-0. OCLC 20760638.

bbc.co.uk

"Greece's Golden Dawn leader Michaloliakos held in crackdown". BBC News. 28 September 2013. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
"Greece Golden Dawn: Neo-Nazi leaders guilty of running crime gang". BBC News. 7 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.

books.google.com

Davies & Lynch (2002), pp. 1–5 Davies, Peter; Lynch, Derek, eds. (2002). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-60952-9 – via Google Books.
Griffin (2013), pp. 1–6. Griffin, Roger (2013). Fascism, Totalitarianism and Political Religion. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-87168-9 – via Google Books.
Davies & Lynch 2002, p. 275: "Detailed and intrusive state direction of the economy and/or society. Dirigisme was central to both fascism and Communist systems. However, in the case of fascism, there was no requirement for outright state ownership of the means of production, as long as the economy could be harnessed to serve what fascists deemed to be the 'national interest'." Davies, Peter; Lynch, Derek, eds. (2002). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-60952-9 – via Google Books.
Brennan 2022, pp. 2, 12. Brennan, T Corey (2022). The fasces: a history of ancient Rome's most dangerous political symbol. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-764488-1.
Laqueur (1997), p. 223; Eatwell (1996), p. 39; Griffin (1991), pp. 185–201; Weber (1982), p. 8 Laqueur, Walter (1997). Fascism: Past, Present, Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-802527-6 – via Google Books. Eatwell, Roger (1996). Fascism: A History. New York: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9147-5. Griffin, Roger (1991). The Nature of Fascism. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-07132-5 – via Google Books. Weber, Eugen (1982) [1964]. Varieties of Fascism: Doctrines of Revolution in the Twentieth Century. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. ISBN 978-0-89874-444-6 – via Google Books. Contains chapters on fascist movements in different countries.
Ramswell (2017), p. 9; Griffin & Feldman (2004a), p. 258; Kallis (2003b), pp. 84–5; Renton (1999), p. 21. Ramswell, Prebble Q. (2017). Euroscepticism and the Rising Threat from the Left and Right: The Concept of Millennial Fascism. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-1-4985-4604-1. Retrieved 8 March 2019 – via Google Books. Kallis, Aristotle, ed. (2003b). The Fascism Reader. London: Routledge. Renton, David (1999). Fascism: Theory and Practice. London: Pluto Press.
Griffin (1991), p. 26. Griffin, Roger (1991). The Nature of Fascism. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-07132-5 – via Google Books.
Griffin (1991), p. 201. Griffin, Roger (1991). The Nature of Fascism. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-07132-5 – via Google Books.
Laqueur (1997), p. 96. Laqueur, Walter (1997). Fascism: Past, Present, Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-802527-6 – via Google Books.
Gentile, Emilio (2002). Fascismo: Storia e interpretazione [Fascism: History and interpretation] (in Italian). Editori Laterza. ISBN 978-88-581-0916-8 – via Google Books.
Weiss-Wendt, Krieken & Cave (2008), p. 73. Weiss-Wendt, Anton; Krieken, Robert; Cave, Alfred A. (2008). The Historiography of Genocide. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-29778-4. Retrieved 12 April 2019 – via Google Books.
Grant (2003), pp. 60–61. Grant, Moyra (2003). Key Ideas in Politics. Nelson Thornes. ISBN 978-0-7487-7096-0 – via Google Books.
Davies & Lynch (2002), pp. 126–127; Zafirovski (2008), pp. 137–138. Davies, Peter; Lynch, Derek, eds. (2002). The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-60952-9 – via Google Books. Zafirovski, Milan (2008). Modern Free Society and Its Nemesis: Liberty Versus Conservatism in the New Millennium. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-1516-9.
Stackelberg (1999), pp. 4–6. Stackelberg, Roderick (1999). Hitler's Germany. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-00541-5 – via Google Books.
Baranski & West (2001), pp. 50–51. Baranski, Zygmunt G.; West, Rebecca J. (2001). The Cambridge Companion to Modern Italian Culture. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-55982-9. Retrieved 7 October 2017 – via Google Books.
Woolf (1981), p. 18. Woolf, Stuart (1981). Fascism in Europe. Methuen. ISBN 978-0-416-30240-0. Retrieved 9 May 2020 – via Google Books.
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- Carroll (1998), p. 92. Carroll, David (1998). French Literary Fascism: Nationalism, Anti-Semitism, and the Ideology of Culture. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05846-7 – via Google Books.
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brill.com

Roel Reyes, Stefan (24 November 2021). "'Christian Patriots': The Intersection Between Proto-fascism and Clerical Fascism in the Antebellum South". International Journal for History, Culture and Modernity. -1 (aop): 82–110. doi:10.1163/22130624-00219121. ISSN 2213-0624. S2CID 244746966.

britannica.com

Encyclopedia Britannica Volksgemeinschaft. "Volksgemeinschaft". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019.
"Franco's dictatorship". Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Encyclopedia Britannica The fascist era. "Italy: The Fascist Era". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 7 October 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2021.

brookes.ac.uk

ah.brookes.ac.uk

Griffin (2003), p. 3. Griffin, Roger (2003). "The palingenetic core of generic fascist ideology". In Campi, Alessandro (ed.). Che cos'è il fascismo? Interpretazioni e prospettive di ricerche [What is fascism? Interpretations and research perspectives] (PDF) (in Italian). Rome: Ideazione editrice. pp. 97–122. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 July 2004.
Griffin (2003), p. 5. Griffin, Roger (2003). "The palingenetic core of generic fascist ideology". In Campi, Alessandro (ed.). Che cos'è il fascismo? Interpretazioni e prospettive di ricerche [What is fascism? Interpretations and research perspectives] (PDF) (in Italian). Rome: Ideazione editrice. pp. 97–122. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 July 2004.

cfr.org

education.cfr.org

"What Is Fascism?". CFR Education from the Council on Foreign Relations. 14 April 2023.

degruyter.com

Schweller, Randall L. (2006). Unanswered Threats: Political Constraints on the Balance of Power. Princeton Studies in International History and Politics. Vol. 125. Princeton University Press. doi:10.1515/9781400837854. ISBN 978-1-4008-3785-4. S2CID 266074243.
Finchelstein, Federico (2010). Transatlantic Fascism: Ideology, Violence, and the Sacred in Argentina and Italy, 1919-1945. Duke University Press. doi:10.1515/9780822391555. ISBN 978-0-8223-9155-5.

doi.org

International Encyclopedia of Political Science, p. 889, Fascism. Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo (2011). "Fascism". In Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo (eds.). International Encyclopedia of Political Science. Sage Publications. doi:10.4135/9781412994163. ISBN 9781412959636.
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- International Encyclopedia of Political Science, p. 887–888, Fascism. Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo (2011). "Fascism". In Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo (eds.). International Encyclopedia of Political Science. Sage Publications. doi:10.4135/9781412994163. ISBN 9781412959636.
- Kallis (2011); Paxton (1998); Lancaster (2011). Kallis, Aristotle (2011). Genocide and Fascism: The Eliminationist Drive in Fascist Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-89027-4. Paxton, Robert O. (1998). "The five stages of fascism". Journal of Modern History. 70 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1086/235001. JSTOR 10.1086/235001. S2CID 143862302. Lancaster, Guy (26 September 2011). "Genocide and Fascism: The Eliminationist Drive in Fascist Europe". Journal of Genocide Research. 13 (3): 366–369. doi:10.1080/14623528.2011.595586. S2CID 72839243.
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- Schweller, Randall L. (2006). Unanswered Threats: Political Constraints on the Balance of Power. Princeton Studies in International History and Politics. Vol. 125. Princeton University Press. doi:10.1515/9781400837854. ISBN 978-1-4008-3785-4. S2CID 266074243.
- Finchelstein, Federico (2010). Transatlantic Fascism: Ideology, Violence, and the Sacred in Argentina and Italy, 1919-1945. Duke University Press. doi:10.1515/9780822391555. ISBN 978-0-8223-9155-5.
- Shenfield, Stephen (2001). Russian Fascism: Traditions Tendencies Movements (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge (published 2016). doi:10.4324/9781315500058. ISBN 9781315500058.
- Roel Reyes (2019). Roel Reyes, Stefan (17 December 2019). "Antebellum Palingenetic Ultranationalism: The Case for including the United States in Comparative Fascist Studies". Fascism. 8 (2). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill: 307–330. doi:10.1163/22116257-00802005. ISSN 2211-6257.
- Roel Reyes, Stefan (24 November 2021). "'Christian Patriots': The Intersection Between Proto-fascism and Clerical Fascism in the Antebellum South". International Journal for History, Culture and Modernity. -1 (aop): 82–110. doi:10.1163/22130624-00219121. ISSN 2213-0624. S2CID 244746966.
- Amann (1986), p. 562. Amann, Peter H. (1986). "A 'Dog in the Nighttime' Problem: American Fascism in the 1930s". The History Teacher. 19 (4): 559–584. doi:10.2307/493879. ISSN 0018-2745. JSTOR 493879.
- Sternhell (1976). Sternhell, Zeev (1976). "Anatomie d'un mouvement fasciste en France: le faisceau de Georges Valois" [Anatomy of a fascist movement in France: the beam of Georges Valois]. Revue française de science politique (in French). 26 (1): 5–40. doi:10.3406/rfsp.1976.393652.
- Gregor, A. James (27 March 2006). "5 - Black Nationalism and Neofascism: Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association". The Search for Neofascism: The Use and Abuse of Social Science. Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–136. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511617225.006. ISBN 9780521859202.
- Outhwaite (2006), p. 442; Koon (1985), p. 6. Outhwaite, William (2006). Outhwaite, William (ed.). The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought. Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9780470999028. ISBN 9780470999028. Koon, Tracy H. (1985). Believe, obey, fight: political socialization of youth in fascist Italy, 1922–1943. University of North Carolina Press.
- Wistrich 1976. Wistrich, Robert (October 1976). "Leon Trotsky's Theory of Fascism". Journal of Contemporary History. 11 (4). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publishing: 157–184. doi:10.1177/002200947601100409. JSTOR 260195. S2CID 140420352.
- Cardoza (2006), p. 109; Bloxham & Moses (2010), p. 358. Cardoza, Anthony L. (2006). Benito Mussolini: the First Fascist. Pearson Longman. Bloxham, Donald; Moses, A. Dirk (2010). Bloxham, Donald; Moses, A. Dirk (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232116.001.0001. ISBN 9780199232116.
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