First Opium War (English Wikipedia)

"The Opium Wars in China". Asia Pacific Curriculum. Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada.
"The Opium Wars in China". Asia Pacific Curriculum. Retrieved 28 November 2021.

australian.museum

"The Mechanics of Opium Wars". The Australian Museum. Retrieved 28 June 2022.

bbc.co.uk

Early American Trade, BBC

bcp.org

webs.bcp.org

Cleary, Vern. "The First Opium War (1838–1842)". webs.bcp.org. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2017.

books.google.com

Makeham, John (2008). China: The World's Oldest Living Civilization Revealed. Thames & Hudson. p. 331. ISBN 978-0-500-25142-3.
Fay (2000) p. 143.
Gray 2002, pp. 22–23. Gray, Jack (2002). Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1800s to 2000. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-870069-2.
Goldstone, Jack A. (2016). Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World: Population Change and State Breakdown in England, France, Turkey, and China, 1600–1850 (25th Anniversary ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-40860-6.
Peyrefitte, Alain (2013). The Immobile Empire. Vintage. ISBN 978-0345803955.
Report from the Select Committee on the Royal Mint: together with the minutes of evidence, appendix and index, Volume 2 (Great Britain. Committee on Royal Mint, 1849), p. 172.
Pichon, Alain Le (2006). China Trade and Empire: Jardine, Matheson & Co. and the Origins of British Rule in Hong Kong, 1827–1843. Oxford University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-19-726337-2.
Hans Derks (2012). History of the Opium Problem: The Assault on the East, ca. 1600–1950. Brill. p. 94. ISBN 978-90-04-22158-1.
Lydia He. LIU; Lydia He Liu (2009). The Clash of Empires: the invention of China in modern world making. Harvard University Press. pp. 47–. ISBN 978-0-674-04029-8.
Report from the select committee on the trade with China: together with the minutes of evidence ... Ordered ... to be printed 5 June 1840. 1840.
Glenn Melancon (2003). Britain's China Policy and the Opium Crisis: Balancing Drugs, Violence and National Honour, 1833–1840. Ashgate. p. 126.
Chen, Li (2016). Chinese Law in Imperial Eyes: Sovereignty, Justice, and Transcultural Politics. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231540216. pp. 221–228
Jon Bursey (2018). Captain Elliot and the Founding of Hong Kong: Pearl of the Orient. Grub Street. p. 192. ISBN 978-1526722577.
Bursey (2018). Captain Elliot. Grub Street. pp. 192–194. ISBN 978-1526722577.
Rebecca Berens Matzke (2011). Deterrence Through Strength: British Naval Power and Foreign Policy Under Pax Britannica. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 108–112. ISBN 978-0803235144.
Glenn Melancon (2003). Britain's China Policy and the Opium Crisis: Balancing Drugs, Violence and National Honour, 1833–1840. Ashgate. p. 126. ISBN 978-0754607045.
Wakeman (1966), pp. 11–14. Wakeman, Frederic E. (1966). Strangers at the Gate; Social Disorder in South China, 1839–1861. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520212398.
Bulletins and Other State Intelligence. 1841 p. 686
War: The Definitive Visual History. Penguin. 2009. ISBN 978-0-7566-6817-4.
Andrade, Tonio (2016). The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-7444-6.
CrossleySiuSutton (2006), p. 50
Lodwick, Kathleen L. (2015). Crusaders Against Opium: Protestant Missionaries in China, 1874–1917. University Press of Kentucky. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-8131-4968-4.
Chouvy, Pierre-Arnaud (2009). Opium: Uncovering the Politics of the Poppy. Harvard University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-674-05134-8.
Quinault, Roland; Clayton, Ruth Windscheffel; Swift, Roger (2013). William Gladstone: New Studies and Perspectives. Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-4094-8327-4.
Foxcroft, Louise (2013). The Making of Addiction: The 'Use and Abuse' of Opium in Nineteenth-Century Britain. Ashgate. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-4094-7984-0.
Hanes, William Travis; Sanello, Frank (2004). Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another. Sourcebooks. pp. 78, 88. ISBN 978-1-4022-0149-3.
Isba, Anne (2006). Gladstone and Women. A&C Black. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-85285-471-3.
Bebbington, David William (1993). William Ewart Gladstone: Faith and Politics in Victorian Britain. William B. Eerdmans. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-8028-0152-4.
Lovell, Julia (2015). The Opium War: Drugs, Dreams, and the Making of Modern China. Abrams. p. 67. ISBN 978-1468313239.
Polachek, James M. (1992). The Inner Opium War. Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 73–76, 134–135. ISBN 978-0674454460.
Polachek, James M. (1992). The Inner Opium War. Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 109, 128–135. ISBN 978-0674454460.

britannica.com

"Opium Wars". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
"Lin Zexu". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 1 July 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2016.

britishempire.co.uk

Luscombe, Stephen. "The British Empire, Imperialism, Colonialism, Colonies". www.britishempire.co.uk. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
Luscombe, Stephen. "The British Empire, Imperialism, Colonialism, Colonies". www.britishempire.co.uk. Retrieved 30 May 2017.

byu.edu

scholarsarchive.byu.edu

Davis, Nancy (February 1989). "Cargo Manifests and Custom Records from American China Trade Vessels Bound for the Port of Philadelphia 1790–1840". Journal of East Asian Libraries. 1989 (86): 17–20. Retrieved 23 September 2018.

cass.cn

jds.cass.cn

"The Napier Affair (1834)". Modern China Research. Institute of Modern History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.

chinaculture.org

"Lin Zexu Memorial". chinaculture.org. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2016.

columbia.edu

learn.columbia.edu

"Grandeur of the Qing Economy". www.learn.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.

cuny.edu

web.jjay.cuny.edu

"China: The First Opium War". John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York. Archived from the original on 1 December 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2010. Quoting British Parliamentary Papers, 1840, XXXVI (223), p. 374.

doi.org

Bhattacharya, Prabir (January 2021). "India in the Rise of Britain and Europe: A Contribution to the Convergence and Great Divergence Debates". Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics. 33 (1): 24–53. doi:10.1177/0260107920907196. ISSN 0260-1079.
Hariharan, Shantha; Hariharan, P. S. (1 December 2013). "The Expedition to Garrison Portuguese Macao with British Troops: Temporary Occupation and Re-embarkation, 1808". International Journal of Maritime History. 25 (2): 85–116. doi:10.1177/084387141302500209. ISSN 0843-8714. S2CID 161472099.
Brook, Timothy; Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (2000). Opium Regimes: China, Britain, and Japan, 1839–1952. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 6. doi:10.1525/california/9780520220096.001.0001. ISBN 9780520220096.
Klimburg, Alexander (2001). "Some Research Notes on Carl A. Trocki's Publication "Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economy"". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 64 (2): 260–267. doi:10.1017/S0041977X01000155. JSTOR 3657672. PMID 18546608. S2CID 34708108.

eastasianstudies.com

Lee, Khoon Choy (2007). "Pioneers of Modern China: Understanding the Inscrutable Chinese: Chapter 1: Fujian Rén & Lin Ze Xu: The Fuzhou Hero Who Destroyed Opium". East Asian Studies. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2016.

emory.edu

history.emory.edu

Cone, Daniel. An Indefensible Defense:The Incompetence of Qing Dynasty Officials in the Opium Wars, and the Consequences of Defeat Archived 28 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine.

empires-tv-series.net

"The Battle of Kowloon – Fighting – Gallery | Empires". empires-tv-series.net. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2017.

files.wordpress.com

apebhconference.files.wordpress.com

Sng, Tuan-Hwee. Size and dynastic decline. The principal-agent problem in late imperial China, 1700–1850 (PDF).

fordham.edu

Commissioner Lin: Letter to Queen Victoria, 1839. Modern History Sourcebook.

harvard.edu

cyber.harvard.edu

"digital china/harvard: Letter of Advice to Queen Victoria". cyber.harvard.edu. Retrieved 23 November 2022.

scholar.harvard.edu

Elliott, Mark (June 1990). "Bannerman and Townsman: Ethnic Tension in Nineteenth-Century Jiangnan". Late Imperial China 11 (1): 51.

ces.fas.harvard.edu

Harry G. Gelber, "China as 'Victim'? The Opium War That Wasn't" in Harvard University Center for European Studies, Working Paper Series #136 (2019) online

hbs.edu

library.hbs.edu

"Doing Business with China: Early American Trading Houses". www.library.hbs.edu. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
"After the Opium War: Treaty Ports and Compradors". www.library.hbs.edu. Retrieved 26 May 2017.

illinois.edu

teachingresources.atlas.illinois.edu

"Early American Trade with China". teachingresources.atlas.illinois.edu. Retrieved 8 August 2017.

iow-chs.org

"Isle of Wight Catholic History Society". iow-chs.org.

jstor.org

Klimburg, Alexander (2001). "Some Research Notes on Carl A. Trocki's Publication "Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economy"". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 64 (2): 260–267. doi:10.1017/S0041977X01000155. JSTOR 3657672. PMID 18546608. S2CID 34708108.
Glen Melancon, "Honour in Opium? The British Declaration of War on China, 1839–1840." International History Review 21 (1999): 855–874 online.

loc.gov

catalog.loc.gov

Treaty of peace, amity, and commerce, between the United States of America and the Chinese Empire. s.n. 21 July 1846 – via catalog.loc.gov Library Catalog.

lonelyplanet.com

"Monument to the People's Heroes". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2016.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Klimburg, Alexander (2001). "Some Research Notes on Carl A. Trocki's Publication "Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economy"". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 64 (2): 260–267. doi:10.1017/S0041977X01000155. JSTOR 3657672. PMID 18546608. S2CID 34708108.

olamacauguide.com

"Lin Zexu Memorial Museum Ola Macau Travel Guide". olamacauguide.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2006. Retrieved 3 June 2016.

opiumwarexhibition.wordpress.com

"Warfare technology in the Opium War". The Opium War, 1839–1842. 22 November 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2017.

parliament.uk

hansard.parliament.uk

"The Opium Trade—Observations". Hansard. 4 June 1880.

pbs.org

PBS.org, "The Story of China; Age of Revolution". Aired 7 November 2017. https://www.pbs.org/video/opium-trade-china-bcwi05/

pearsoncustom.com

wps.pearsoncustom.com

"Longman World History". wps.pearsoncustom.com. Retrieved 23 November 2022.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Hariharan, Shantha; Hariharan, P. S. (1 December 2013). "The Expedition to Garrison Portuguese Macao with British Troops: Temporary Occupation and Re-embarkation, 1808". International Journal of Maritime History. 25 (2): 85–116. doi:10.1177/084387141302500209. ISSN 0843-8714. S2CID 161472099.
Klimburg, Alexander (2001). "Some Research Notes on Carl A. Trocki's Publication "Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economy"". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 64 (2): 260–267. doi:10.1017/S0041977X01000155. JSTOR 3657672. PMID 18546608. S2CID 34708108.

stanford.edu

web.stanford.edu

"Justifiers of the British Opium Trade: Arguments by Parliament, Traders, and the Times Leading Up to the Opium War" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2018.

theconversation.com

Foster, Kevin (6 May 2024). "Exploitation, brutality and misery: how the opium trade shaped the modern world". The Conversation.

thegazette.co.uk

"No. 19989". The London Gazette. 18 June 1841. p. 1583.
"No. 19930". The London Gazette. 15 December 1840. pp. 2990–2991.

theweek.com

"Why the Chinese military is still haunted by this 19th-century 'humiliation'". 6 August 2016. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2017.

tibet.cn

Lenton Robbren. "Tibetan Expeditionary Force participating in the Opium War" Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. China Tibet Information Center.

tqxz.com

Treaty Chinese humiliating first – the signing of the "Nanjing Treaty" Archived 24 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Chinese history theyatic networks. [2008-08-31]. Chinese source, used for dates only.

uni-heidelberg.de

archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de

Po, Chung-yam (28 June 2013). Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier: The Great Qing and the Maritime World in the Long Eighteenth Century (PDF) (Thesis). Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg. pp. 203–204.

victorianweb.org

"England and China: The Opium Wars, 1839–60". victorianweb.org. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
"The Nemesis – Great Britain's Secret Weapon in the Opium Wars, 1839–60". www.victorianweb.org. Retrieved 30 May 2017.

web.archive.org

"China: The First Opium War". John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York. Archived from the original on 1 December 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2010. Quoting British Parliamentary Papers, 1840, XXXVI (223), p. 374.
"Grandeur of the Qing Economy". www.learn.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
Liu, Henry C. K. (4 September 2008). Developing China with sovereign credit. Asia Times Online.
Cleary, Vern. "The First Opium War (1838–1842)". webs.bcp.org. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
"The Napier Affair (1834)". Modern China Research. Institute of Modern History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
"Why the Chinese military is still haunted by this 19th-century 'humiliation'". 6 August 2016. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
"The Battle of Kowloon – Fighting – Gallery | Empires". empires-tv-series.net. Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
"Justifiers of the British Opium Trade: Arguments by Parliament, Traders, and the Times Leading Up to the Opium War" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
"Palmerston to Emperor – Feb, 1840 | China's external relations – a history". www.chinaforeignrelations.net. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
"Palmerston to Elliots – Feb, 1840 | China's external relations – a history". www.chinaforeignrelations.net. Archived from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
Lenton Robbren. "Tibetan Expeditionary Force participating in the Opium War" Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. China Tibet Information Center.
Treaty Chinese humiliating first – the signing of the "Nanjing Treaty" Archived 24 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Chinese history theyatic networks. [2008-08-31]. Chinese source, used for dates only.
"Welcome to Zhenhai coast defence history museum". www.zhkhfsg.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Cone, Daniel. An Indefensible Defense:The Incompetence of Qing Dynasty Officials in the Opium Wars, and the Consequences of Defeat Archived 28 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
"Lin Zexu". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 1 July 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
Lee, Khoon Choy (2007). "Pioneers of Modern China: Understanding the Inscrutable Chinese: Chapter 1: Fujian Rén & Lin Ze Xu: The Fuzhou Hero Who Destroyed Opium". East Asian Studies. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
"Monument to the People's Heroes". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
"Lin Zexu Memorial". chinaculture.org. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
"Lin Zexu Memorial Museum Ola Macau Travel Guide". olamacauguide.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2006. Retrieved 3 June 2016.

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). "Index" . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Bhattacharya, Prabir (January 2021). "India in the Rise of Britain and Europe: A Contribution to the Convergence and Great Divergence Debates". Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics. 33 (1): 24–53. doi:10.1177/0260107920907196. ISSN 0260-1079.
Hariharan, Shantha; Hariharan, P. S. (1 December 2013). "The Expedition to Garrison Portuguese Macao with British Troops: Temporary Occupation and Re-embarkation, 1808". International Journal of Maritime History. 25 (2): 85–116. doi:10.1177/084387141302500209. ISSN 0843-8714. S2CID 161472099.

worldcat.org

T., Rowe, William (2009). China's last empire : the great Qing. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674036123. OCLC 648759723.

wsj.com

Schell, Orville; John Delury (12 July 2013). "A Rising China Needs a New National Story". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 14 July 2013.

zhkhfsg.com

"Welcome to Zhenhai coast defence history museum". www.zhkhfsg.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2017.