Jackson 2003, p. 40–41: "Old Norse sources have preserved the names of the twelve towns that are considered by the medieval authors, as well as by their modern publishers, to have been Old Russian towns. These are Hólmgarðr, Aldeigjuborg, Kœnugarðr, Súrdalar, Pallteskia, Smaleskia, Móramar, Rostofa, Sýrnes, Gaðar, Alaborg, Danparstaðir. The first eight of them are practically unanimously associated with Novgorod, Ladoga, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov." Jackson, Tatjana (2003). "The Image of Old Rus in Old Norse Literature". Middelalderforum (1–2). Oslo: 40. Retrieved 2022-06-19.
Jackson 2003, p. 37: "The earliest fixation of Garðar, as a designation of Rus, is found in the second strophe of Óláfsdrápa, a poem composed in 996 by the Icelandic skald Hallfreðr Vandræðaskáld (died ca. 1007)." Jackson, Tatjana (2003). "The Image of Old Rus in Old Norse Literature". Middelalderforum (1–2). Oslo: 40. Retrieved 2022-06-19.
Jackson 2003, p. 45: "The Old Norse place-name Hólmgarðr has traditionally been considered to be the designation of Novgorod." Jackson, Tatjana (2003). "The Image of Old Rus in Old Norse Literature". Middelalderforum (1–2). Oslo: 40. Retrieved 2022-06-19.
Lavender 2015, p. 92: "All of the minor kings are liege lords of the King of Hólmgarður himself". Lavender, Philip (2015). "Þjalar-Jóns saga: A Translation and Introduction". Leeds Studies in English. XLVI. Leeds: University of Leeds. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
Jackson 2003, p. 39: "Old Norse garðr has the following meanings: 1) a fence of any kind, a fortification; 2) a yard (an enclosed space); 3) a court-yard, court and premises; 4) a separated farm (in Iceland); 5) a house or building in a country or village (especially in Norway, Denmark and Sweden)". Jackson, Tatjana (2003). "The Image of Old Rus in Old Norse Literature". Middelalderforum (1–2). Oslo: 40. Retrieved 2022-06-19.
Jackson 2003, p. 39: "The Old Russian word, in its turn, has the following meanings: 1) a fence; 2) a fortified place, town walls, a fortification; 3) a field defensive work; 4) a settlement, an administrative and trade center". Jackson, Tatjana (2003). "The Image of Old Rus in Old Norse Literature". Middelalderforum (1–2). Oslo: 40. Retrieved 2022-06-19.
Jackson 2003, p. 37: "According to Braun, the name Garðaríki was created by those Icelanders who wrote down sagas from the late twelfth century". Jackson, Tatjana (2003). "The Image of Old Rus in Old Norse Literature". Middelalderforum (1–2). Oslo: 40. Retrieved 2022-06-19.
Jackson 2003, p. 37: "...in the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries, Garðar was used for the designation of Old Rus all over Scandinavian Peninsula". Jackson, Tatjana (2003). "The Image of Old Rus in Old Norse Literature". Middelalderforum (1–2). Oslo: 40. Retrieved 2022-06-19.
Jackson 2003, p. 37: "In the skaldic poetry of the tenth through the twelfth century, Old Rus is called only by its earliest Old Norse name Garðar. In the runic inscriptions of the eleventh century, the toponym Garðar is used nine times". Jackson, Tatjana (2003). "The Image of Old Rus in Old Norse Literature". Middelalderforum (1–2). Oslo: 40. Retrieved 2022-06-19.
Jackson 2003, p. 39: "Proceeding from the fact that garðr and городъ are related words and they have, among other meanings, a common one, 'a fence, a fortified place', it is natural to conclude that, at a certain chronological stage, they were identical in their meaning". Jackson, Tatjana (2003). "The Image of Old Rus in Old Norse Literature". Middelalderforum (1–2). Oslo: 40. Retrieved 2022-06-19.
Jackson 2003, p. 40: "Thus, the Scandinavians, who set on their way from Ladoga down the Volkhov into other Slavonic territories, came across a chain of fortified settlements, that were called by the local population города [goroda]". Jackson, Tatjana (2003). "The Image of Old Rus in Old Norse Literature". Middelalderforum (1–2). Oslo: 40. Retrieved 2022-06-19.
Thomsen 1877, p. 70: "Thus mention is often made of the old commercial town Aldegjuborg, the Russian (Old-)Ladoga, standing on the little river Volkhov, at some distance from its fall into lake Ladoga, called by the Scandinavians Aldegja. Another town which is extremely often mentioned is Novgorod, which was called by the Scandinavians Hólmgarðr, probably because it stood on a holm situated at the point where the Volkhov issues from lake Ilmen. The Old Norse name of Kiev was Kœnugarðr, Polotsk was called Palteskja, etc." Thomsen, Vilhelm (1877). Bondarovski, Paul (ed.). The Relations between Ancient Russia and Scandinavia, and the Origin of the Russian State. Oxford, London: Paul Bondarovski (published 2017).
Kahle 1905, p. 16: "Hólmgarðr ist die stadt Nowgorod, die hauptstadt des im 9. jh. von schwedischen eroberern gestifteten reiches Garðaríki (Russland). [Hólmgarðr is the city of Novgorod, the capital of the kingdom Garðaríki (Rus') established by Swedish conquerors in the 9th c.]" Kahle, Bernhard (1905), "Kristnisaga", in Gederschiöld, Gustaf; Gering, Hugo; Eugen, Mogk (eds.), Altnordische Saga-Bibliothek (in German), Halle an der Saale: Max Niemeyer
Schröder 1917, p. 134: "Nógarðar, das heutige Nowgorod am Ilmensee, das in den skandinavischen quellen meist Hólmgarðr heißt [Nógarðar, modern-day Novgorod on the lake Ilmen, which is generally called Hólmgarðr in Scandinavian sources]" Schröder, Franz Rolf (1917), "Hálfdanar saga Eysteinssonar", in Gederschiöld, Gustaf; Gering, Hugo; Eugen, Mogk (eds.), Altnordische Saga-Bibliothek (in German), Halle an der Saale: Max Niemeyer
Braun 1924, p. 170: "Weit auffallender ist, daß nach den sǫgur das ganze politische Leben Rußlands sich in Novgorod (Hólmgarðr) konzentriert: es wird überall und immer als Hauptstadt des Reiches aufgefaßt [Far more remarkable is that, according to the sagas, the whole political life of Rus' is concentrated in Novgorod (Hólmgarðr): it is understood everywhere and always as the capital of the realm]". Braun, Friedrich (24 July 1924), "Das historische Russland im nordischen Schrifttum des X. — XIV. Jahrhunderts", in Karg-Gasterstädt, Elisabeth (ed.), Eugen Mogk zum 70. Geburtstag (in German), Halle an der Saale: Max Niemeyer, pp. 150–196
Braun 1924, p. 194: "Und so entstand in der isländischen Kunstprosa der Ausdruck Garðaríki, nach dem Vorbild von Danaríki, Svíaríki (woraus Sverige) Hringaríki, Raumaríki u. a. m. Volkstümlich war das Wort ursprünglich nicht und ist es auch später nur auf Island durch die Sagaliteratur geworden". Braun, Friedrich (24 July 1924), "Das historische Russland im nordischen Schrifttum des X. — XIV. Jahrhunderts", in Karg-Gasterstädt, Elisabeth (ed.), Eugen Mogk zum 70. Geburtstag (in German), Halle an der Saale: Max Niemeyer, pp. 150–196
Trubachyov 1980, p. 37: "др.-русск. городъ ‘ограда, забор’ ... ‘укрепление, крепость, город’ ... ‘защита, надежда’ [Old Russian городъ ‘enclosure, fence’ ... ‘fortification, stronghold, town’ ... ‘defence, hope’]". Trubachyov, O. N., ed. (1980). Etimologicheskiy slovar' slavyanskikh yazykov Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Languages] (in Russian). Vol. 7. Moscow: Nauka.
Blöndal 1924, p. 240: "Garðaríki [gar·ðari:GI, -ri:KI] n. npr. Navn paa den gamle nordisk-russiske Stat; Rusland." Blöndal, Sigfús (1924). "Garðaríki". Íslensk-dönsk orðabók [Icelandic-Danish Dictionary] (in Icelandic and Danish). Reykjavík: Prentsmiðjan Gutendsberg. Retrieved 2023-04-10.
Liljegren 1818, p. 204: "Holmgard eller Holmgardaborg, en stad, som af fremlingar mycket besöktes, var deruti hufvudstad och Gardarikes Konungasäte [Holmgard or Holmgardaborg, a city much visited by foreigners, was the capital and seat of the king of Gardariki]". Liljegren, Johan Gustaf (1818). Skandinaviska Fornålderns Hjeltesagor [Ancient Scandinavian Hero Tales] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Zacharias Haeggström.
Liljegren 1818, p. 204: "HOLMGARD, eller GARDARIKE, egenteligen så kalladt, tillföll Jarislaf, och utgjorde Novogorod, Ladoga, Bielo-Osero, Rostov och angränsande orter dess område". Liljegren, Johan Gustaf (1818). Skandinaviska Fornålderns Hjeltesagor [Ancient Scandinavian Hero Tales] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Zacharias Haeggström.
Duczko 2004, p. 1: "The state of the Eastern Slavs—Russia, or Rhosia according to the Byzantines of mid-tenth century—was called in the medieval Norse literature Gardariki, or in the earlier, Viking-age sources just Gardar, a term originally restricted to the non-Slav territory of Ladoga-Ilmen." Duczko, Wladyslaw (2004). Viking Rus: Studies on the Presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe. The Northern World. North Europe and the Baltic c. 400-1700 AD. Peoples, Economies and Cultures. Leiden, Boston: Brill. ISBN9789004138742.
Duczko 2004, p. 60: "These two original centres of Rus were Staraja Ladoga and Rurikovo Gorodishche, two points on the ends of an axis, the Volkhov, a river running for 200 km between two lakes, from the Ilmen in the south to the Ladoga in the north. This was the territory that most probably was originally called by the Norsemen Gardar, a name that long after Viking Age was given much wider content and become Gardariki, a denomination for whole Old Russian State." Duczko, Wladyslaw (2004). Viking Rus: Studies on the Presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe. The Northern World. North Europe and the Baltic c. 400-1700 AD. Peoples, Economies and Cultures. Leiden, Boston: Brill. ISBN9789004138742.
Mägi 2018, p. 158: "Several other stories of the components of Garðaríki, or narratives where the name Garðaríki was used interchangeably with Holmgarðaríki, these terms indicating presumably the same area, probably relied on old oral tradition. In the beginning of the Saga of Göngu-Hrólf it was specified that King Hreggvidr reigned in "...Holmgarðaríki, which some people call Garðaríki." Mägi, Marika (2018). In Austrvegr: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication across the Baltic Sea. Leiden: Brill. p. 512. ISBN9789004363816.
Nosov 1998, p. 80: "Письменные источники и археологические материалы рисуют нам сложную и многообразную картину славяно-скандинавских отношений в Северной Руси. [Written records and archaeological data reveal the complex and versatile relationship between the Slavs and Scandinavians in the Northern Rus’.]" Nosov, Evgueny Nikolaevich (1998). "Pervye skandinavy v Severnoy Rusi" Первые скандинавы в Северной Руси [The first Scandinavians in Northern Rus']. In Hedman, Anders; Kirpichnikov, Anatoly (eds.). Vikingi i slavyane. Uchyonye, politiki, diplomaty o russko-skandinavskikh otnosheniyakh Викинги и Славяне. Ученые, политики, дипломаты о русско-скандинавских отношениях [Vikings and Slavs. Scientists, Politicians, Diplomats on Russian-Scandinavian Relations] (in Russian and English). St. Petersburg: Dmitry Bulanin. ISBN9785860070950.
Melnikova 2001, p. 72: "однако уже с середины IX в. в нескольких километрах от будущего детинца города на высоком берегу Волхова существовал крупный центр, где располагался скандинавский военный контингент и который получил название Городища под Новгородом (ныне в черте г. Новгорода). [but already in the mid-9th century a few kilometers from the future city's Kremlin on the high bank of the Volkhov there was a large center with Scandinavian military presence which was called Gorodishche near Novgorod (currently within the limits of Novgorod).]" Melnikova, Elena Aleksandrovna (2001). Skandinavskie runicheskie nadpisi: novye nakhodki i interpretatsii; teksty, perevod, kommentarii Скандинавские рунические надписи: новые находки и интерпретации; тексты, перевод, комментарии [Scandinavian Runic Inscriptions: New Findings and Interpretations; Texts, Translation, Commentary]. The Earliest Sources on History of Eastern Europe (in Russian). Moscow: "Vostochnaya literatura", Russian Academy of Sciences. ISBN9785020180826.
Price 2000, p. 268: "The beginnings of Novgorod can be dated archaeologically to the early tenth century (even though the name is used in the Russian Primary Chronicle to refer to the ninth-century settlement at Lake Ilmen, it is likely that prior to the 920s it is Gorodišce that is meant). Settlement seems to have shifted gradually from the latter island fortress, which after a century of abandonment was later reoccupied as the seat of the prince of Novgorod." Price, Neil (2000), "Novgorod, Kiev and their Satellites: The City-State Model and the Viking Age Polities of European Russia", in Hansen, Mogens Herman (ed.), A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation, Copenhagen: Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, pp. 263–275
Hjardar & Vike 2016, p. 119: "The trading centre of Novgorod, or Holmgard as the Vikings called the town, was founded on an island in the River Volkhov." Hjardar, Kim; Vike, Vegard (2016). Vikings at War. Oxford, Philadelphia: Casemate Publishers. ISBN9781612004549.
Müllenhoff 1865, p. 346: "so kann Holmgarðr vernünftigerweise doch nichts anders als Novgorod sein [in this way Holmgarðr cannot be any other place but Novgorod]" Müllenhoff, Karl Viktor (1865). "Zeugnisse und Excurse zur deutschen Heldensage" [Testimonies and Excursions to the German Heroic Tale]. Deutsches Alterthum (in German). 12. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung. Retrieved 2023-04-10.
Vigfússon 1862, p. 133: "Hon segir Jarizleifi konungi at hann skal bafua hinn æzsla hlut Gardarikis en þat er Holmgard… Jarizleifr konungr skal vera yfir Gardariki [She tells to King Jarizleifr that he will get the best part of Gardariki - Holmgard... King Jarizleifr will rule over Gardariki]". Vigfússon, Guðbrandur; Unger, Carl Rikard, eds. (1862). "Þáttr Eymundar ok Ólafs konúngs". Flateyjarbók (in Icelandic). Christiania: P. T. Mallings.
Durkin 2014, section 4.2: "Their common ancestor can be reconstructed fairly certainly as a proto-Germanic adjective *rīkja-, showing a root *rīk- and a suffix *-ja- which forms adjectives. The same suffix could also form nouns, and a noun formation *rīk-ja- is reflected by Old English rīce ‘kingdom’ and by a similar range of congnates, including Old High German rīhhi (> modern German Reich)". Durkin, Philip (2014). Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN9780191667077.
Kroonen 2013, p. 169: "OHG gart m. ʻenclosureʼ => *ghordh-o- (IE) ... An o-stem derived from the root *gherdh-". Kroonen, Guus (2013). Lubotsky, Alexander (ed.). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series. Vol. 11. Leiden, Boston: Brill. ISBN9789004183407.
Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 199: "*góhrdhos (*góhrthos ~ *góhrdhos) ʻfence, hedge; enclosure, pen, foldʼ ... From *gherdh- ʻgirdʼ which, as a verb, exists only in Germanic". Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q., eds. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN1884964982.
Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 329: "The traditional and still majority view is that in the word for ʻkingʼ we have an agent noun derived from *h3reĝ- ʻstretch out the arm; directʼ". Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q., eds. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN1884964982.
Wachler 1851, p. 442: "GARDHARIKI (mittlere Geographie), ist gebildet aus Gardha, Genitiv der Mehrzahl (Nominativ der Mehrzahl Gardhar), und aus riki, Reich [GARDHARIKI (medieval geography) is formed from Gardha, the genitive plural (the nominative plural Gardhar), and from riki, a realm]". Wachler, Ferdinand (1851). "GARDHARIKI". In Ersch, Johann Samuel; Gruber, Johann Gottfried; Hassel, G.; Müller, Wilhelm; Hoffmann, A. G.; Leskien, August (eds.). Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste in alphabetischer Folge von genannten Schriftstellern [Universal Encyclopaedia of Sciences and Arts in Alphabetical Order by Authors Named] (in German). Vol. 52. Leipzig: Brockhaus. Retrieved 2023-05-06.
Jackson 2009, p. 217: "If our sources enable us to do it, we can examine the evolution of place-names in the process of land development. Since the Old Norse-Icelandic material is incomparable from this point of view, we can observe in it the formation of secondary place-names on the basis of the original ones (like Garðaríki from Garðar, or Aldeigjuborg from Aldeigja)". Jackson, Tatjana (2009), "Ways on the "Mental Map" of Medieval Scandinavians", in Heizmann, Wilhelm; Böldl, Klaus; Beck, Heinrich (eds.), Analecta Septentrionalia: Beiträge zur nordgermanischen Kultur- und Literaturgeschichte [Analecta Septentrionalia: Contributions on North Germanic Cultural and Literary History] (in German, English, French, and Icelandic), Walter de Gruyter, ISBN9783110218701
Jones 2001, p. 248: "Norse sources call geographical Russia Svíþjóð hinn mikla, Sweden the Great, and Garðaríki, the kingdom of (fortified) towns or steads". Jones, Gwyn (2001). A History of the Vikings. Leiden, Boston: Oxford University Press. ISBN9780192801340.
Bugge 1906, p. 250: "Rußland selbst und mehrere russische Städte tragen in den isländischen Sagas nordische Namen, z.B. Garđar oder Garđaríki ″Rußland″, Holmgarđr ″Nowgorod″, Aldeigjuborg ″Altladoga″, Kœnugarđr ″Kiew″, Surdalar ″Susdal″, Smalenskia ″Smolensk″ und Palteskia. [Rus' itself and several Rus' towns are called by their Nordic names in the Sagas, e.g. Garđar or Garđaríki ″Rus'″, Holmgarđr ″Novgorod″, Aldeigjuborg ″Old Ladoga″, Kœnugarđr ″Kiev″, Surdalar ″Suzdal″, Smalenskia ″Smolensk″ and Palteskia.]" Bugge, Alexander (1906). "Die nordeuropäischen Verkehrswege im frühen Mittelalter und die Bedeutung der Wikinger für die Entwicklung des europäischen Handels und der europäischen Schiffahrt" [Northern European Communication Ways in Early Middle Ages and the Importance of Vikings for the Development of the European Trade and Navigation]. Vierteljahrschrift für Social- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte (in German). 4. Berlin, Stuttgart, Leipzig. Retrieved 2023-04-07.
Bugge 1906, p. 250: "Rußland selbst und mehrere russische Städte tragen in den isländischen Sagas nordische Namen, z.B. Garđar oder Garđaríki ″Rußland″, Holmgarđr ″Nowgorod″, Aldeigjuborg ″Altladoga″, Kœnugarđr ″Kiew″, Surdalar ″Susdal″, Smalenskia ″Smolensk″ und Palteskia. [Rus' itself and several Rus' towns are called by their Nordic names in the Sagas, e.g. Garđar or Garđaríki ″Rus'″, Holmgarđr ″Novgorod″, Aldeigjuborg ″Old Ladoga″, Kœnugarđr ″Kiev″, Surdalar ″Suzdal″, Smalenskia ″Smolensk″ and Palteskia.]" Bugge, Alexander (1906). "Die nordeuropäischen Verkehrswege im frühen Mittelalter und die Bedeutung der Wikinger für die Entwicklung des europäischen Handels und der europäischen Schiffahrt" [Northern European Communication Ways in Early Middle Ages and the Importance of Vikings for the Development of the European Trade and Navigation]. Vierteljahrschrift für Social- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte (in German). 4. Berlin, Stuttgart, Leipzig. Retrieved 2023-04-07.
Jackson 2015, p. 175: "в сознании авторов и их слушателей Хольмгард на всем протяжении сложения и записи саг оставался столицей лежащей за Балтийским морем страны Гарды/Гардарики [throughout the composition and recording of the sagas, in the minds of the authors and their listeners, Hólmgarðr remained the capital of the country Garðar/Garðaríki across the Baltic Sea]". Jackson, Tatjana (2015). "Garðaríki and Its Capital: Novgorod on the Mental Map of Medieval Scandinavians". Slověne (in Russian). 4 (1). Moscow: 172. doi:10.31168/2305-6754.2015.4.1.9. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
Jackson 2015, p. 173: "Городов, однако, упоминаемых на территории Гардарики, во всей совокупности древнескандинавских письменных памятников можно насчитать лишь двенадцать. Восемь из них (Hólmgarðr, Aldeigjuborg, Kænugarðr, Pallteskja, Smaleskia, Súrdalar, Móramar, Rostofa) практически однозначно отождествляются исследователями с Новгородом, Старой Ладогой, Киевом, Полоцком, Смоленском, Суздалем, Муромом и Ростовом; остальные четыре названия (Sýrnes, Gaðar, Álaborg, Danparstaðir) имеют не столь однозначные толкования [Of the cities, however, mentioned in the territory of Garðaríki, in the entire body of the old Scandinavian written records, only twelve can be counted. Eight of them (Hólmgarðr, Aldeigjuborg, Kænugarðr, Pallteskja, Smaleskia, Súrdalar, Móramar, Rostofa) are almost definitely identified by scholars with Novgorod, Old Ladoga, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov; the other four names (Sýrnes, Gaðar, Álaborg, Danparstaðir) have less unambiguous interpretations]". Jackson, Tatjana (2015). "Garðaríki and Its Capital: Novgorod on the Mental Map of Medieval Scandinavians". Slověne (in Russian). 4 (1). Moscow: 172. doi:10.31168/2305-6754.2015.4.1.9. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
Sturluson 1230, chpt. 48. Dauði Haralds konungs grenska: "Hit sama kveld kom þar annarr konungr, sá hét Vissavaldr, austan or Garðaríki". Sturluson, Snorri (1230). Linder, N.; Haggson, H. A. (eds.). Heimskringla. Saga Ólafs Tryggvasonar (in Icelandic). Vol. 1. Uppsala: W. Schultz (published 1870).
Tikhomirov 1959, p. 7: "In Scandinavian sources, Rus is called Gardariki, a land of towns." Tikhomirov, Mikhail (1959). Skvirsky, D. (ed.). The Towns of Ancient Rus. Translated by Sdobnikov, Y. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House. LCCN61037475. OCLC405762.
Petersen 1847, p. 27: "Eitt sumar sendi hann menn austr í Hólmgarða, at bjóða Hrollaugi konungi barnfóstr, er þá var ríkastr konúngr [One summer he sent men east to Hólmgarðr to offer to bring up the child of King Hrollaug, who was then the most powerful king]". Petersen, Niels Matthias, ed. (1847). Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks konungs. Nordiske oldskrifter (in Icelandic and Danish). Vol. 3. Translated by Thorarensen, Gísli. Copenhagen: Printing House of Brothers Berling. OCLC162978576.
Petersen 1847, p. 4: "Konungr hèt Sigrlami, svá er sagt, at hann væri sun Óðins. Hánum fèkk Óðinn þat ríki, sem nú er kallat Garðaríki". Petersen, Niels Matthias, ed. (1847). Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks konungs. Nordiske oldskrifter (in Icelandic and Danish). Vol. 3. Translated by Thorarensen, Gísli. Copenhagen: Printing House of Brothers Berling. OCLC162978576.
Petersen 1847, p. 27: "Eitt sumar sendi hann menn austr í Hólmgarða, at bjóða Hrollaugi konungi barnfóstr, er þá var ríkastr konúngr". Petersen, Niels Matthias, ed. (1847). Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks konungs. Nordiske oldskrifter (in Icelandic and Danish). Vol. 3. Translated by Thorarensen, Gísli. Copenhagen: Printing House of Brothers Berling. OCLC162978576.
Petersen 1847, p. 57: "Ívarr hinn víðfaðmi lagði þá undir sik allt Svíaveldi; hann vann ok Danaveldi ok Kúrland, Saxland ok Eystland, ok öll Austrríki allt til Garðaríkis". Petersen, Niels Matthias, ed. (1847). Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks konungs. Nordiske oldskrifter (in Icelandic and Danish). Vol. 3. Translated by Thorarensen, Gísli. Copenhagen: Printing House of Brothers Berling. OCLC162978576.
Jackson 2015, p. 175: "в сознании авторов и их слушателей Хольмгард на всем протяжении сложения и записи саг оставался столицей лежащей за Балтийским морем страны Гарды/Гардарики [throughout the composition and recording of the sagas, in the minds of the authors and their listeners, Hólmgarðr remained the capital of the country Garðar/Garðaríki across the Baltic Sea]". Jackson, Tatjana (2015). "Garðaríki and Its Capital: Novgorod on the Mental Map of Medieval Scandinavians". Slověne (in Russian). 4 (1). Moscow: 172. doi:10.31168/2305-6754.2015.4.1.9. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
Jackson 2015, p. 173: "Городов, однако, упоминаемых на территории Гардарики, во всей совокупности древнескандинавских письменных памятников можно насчитать лишь двенадцать. Восемь из них (Hólmgarðr, Aldeigjuborg, Kænugarðr, Pallteskja, Smaleskia, Súrdalar, Móramar, Rostofa) практически однозначно отождествляются исследователями с Новгородом, Старой Ладогой, Киевом, Полоцком, Смоленском, Суздалем, Муромом и Ростовом; остальные четыре названия (Sýrnes, Gaðar, Álaborg, Danparstaðir) имеют не столь однозначные толкования [Of the cities, however, mentioned in the territory of Garðaríki, in the entire body of the old Scandinavian written records, only twelve can be counted. Eight of them (Hólmgarðr, Aldeigjuborg, Kænugarðr, Pallteskja, Smaleskia, Súrdalar, Móramar, Rostofa) are almost definitely identified by scholars with Novgorod, Old Ladoga, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov; the other four names (Sýrnes, Gaðar, Álaborg, Danparstaðir) have less unambiguous interpretations]". Jackson, Tatjana (2015). "Garðaríki and Its Capital: Novgorod on the Mental Map of Medieval Scandinavians". Slověne (in Russian). 4 (1). Moscow: 172. doi:10.31168/2305-6754.2015.4.1.9. Retrieved 2022-06-24.
Nosov 1987, p. 76: "The Ryurik Gorodishche existed, undoubtedly, in the mid-9th century and was probably founded even earlier." Nosov, E. N. (1987). Taavitsainen, J.-P. (ed.). "New Data on the Ryurik Gorodishche near Novgorod"(PDF). Fennoscandia Archaeologica (IV). Ekenäs: Archaeological Society of Finland. ISSN0781-7126.
Nosov 1987, p. 73: "During the existence of the Old Russian state Gorodishche served as the residence of Novgorodian princes who were squeezed out of the city by the developing republican system." Nosov, E. N. (1987). Taavitsainen, J.-P. (ed.). "New Data on the Ryurik Gorodishche near Novgorod"(PDF). Fennoscandia Archaeologica (IV). Ekenäs: Archaeological Society of Finland. ISSN0781-7126.
Nosov 1987, p. 85: "Novgorod which sprang into existence some time later in the locality and was called Holmgård by the Scandinavians received this name." Nosov, E. N. (1987). Taavitsainen, J.-P. (ed.). "New Data on the Ryurik Gorodishche near Novgorod"(PDF). Fennoscandia Archaeologica (IV). Ekenäs: Archaeological Society of Finland. ISSN0781-7126.
Gade & Whaley 2009, p. 279: "Garðar or Garðaríki is Novgorod (Hólmgarðr) and its territory in north-west Russia." Gade, Kari Ellen; Whaley, Diana, eds. (2009). "Arnórr jarlaskáld Þórðarson, Haraldsdrápa 17'". Poetry from the Kings' Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages. Vol. 2. Turnhout: Brepols N.V. pp. 279–280. ISBN978-2503518978.
Jøhndal 2018, section 1: "городъ Old Russian, common noun, occurs 322 times in the corpus ... English: city ... Russian: город". Jøhndal, Marius L. (2018-09-20). "Gorod" городъ [City]. Syntacticus. Retrieved 2023-07-10.
Dølo 2017, p. 87: "I de gamle norrøne kildene blir det reelle riket Rus beskrevet som Gardarike. Rus besto av flere riker løst knyttet til hverandre. Geografisk er det snakk om hovedsakelig Novgorod-området i dagens Russland og byer rundt Dvina elven. [In the Old Norse sources, the real kingdom of Rus is described as Garðaríki. Rus consisted of several kingdoms loosely connected to each other. Geographically, it is mainly about the Novgorod area in today's Russia and cities around the Dvina river.]" Dølo, Maria Johnson (2017). 'De andre' i fornaldersagaene. Undersøkelser av den islandske senmiddelalderens mentale verdensbilde ['The others' in the Sagas of the Ancient Time. Investigations of the Icelandic Late Medieval Mental Worldview] (MSc) (in Norwegian). University of Oslo.
Nosov 1987, p. 76: "The Ryurik Gorodishche existed, undoubtedly, in the mid-9th century and was probably founded even earlier." Nosov, E. N. (1987). Taavitsainen, J.-P. (ed.). "New Data on the Ryurik Gorodishche near Novgorod"(PDF). Fennoscandia Archaeologica (IV). Ekenäs: Archaeological Society of Finland. ISSN0781-7126.
Nosov 1987, p. 73: "During the existence of the Old Russian state Gorodishche served as the residence of Novgorodian princes who were squeezed out of the city by the developing republican system." Nosov, E. N. (1987). Taavitsainen, J.-P. (ed.). "New Data on the Ryurik Gorodishche near Novgorod"(PDF). Fennoscandia Archaeologica (IV). Ekenäs: Archaeological Society of Finland. ISSN0781-7126.
Nosov 1987, p. 85: "Novgorod which sprang into existence some time later in the locality and was called Holmgård by the Scandinavians received this name." Nosov, E. N. (1987). Taavitsainen, J.-P. (ed.). "New Data on the Ryurik Gorodishche near Novgorod"(PDF). Fennoscandia Archaeologica (IV). Ekenäs: Archaeological Society of Finland. ISSN0781-7126.
Petersen 1847, p. 27: "Eitt sumar sendi hann menn austr í Hólmgarða, at bjóða Hrollaugi konungi barnfóstr, er þá var ríkastr konúngr [One summer he sent men east to Hólmgarðr to offer to bring up the child of King Hrollaug, who was then the most powerful king]". Petersen, Niels Matthias, ed. (1847). Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks konungs. Nordiske oldskrifter (in Icelandic and Danish). Vol. 3. Translated by Thorarensen, Gísli. Copenhagen: Printing House of Brothers Berling. OCLC162978576.
Tikhomirov 1959, p. 7: "In Scandinavian sources, Rus is called Gardariki, a land of towns." Tikhomirov, Mikhail (1959). Skvirsky, D. (ed.). The Towns of Ancient Rus. Translated by Sdobnikov, Y. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House. LCCN61037475. OCLC405762.
Petersen 1847, p. 4: "Konungr hèt Sigrlami, svá er sagt, at hann væri sun Óðins. Hánum fèkk Óðinn þat ríki, sem nú er kallat Garðaríki". Petersen, Niels Matthias, ed. (1847). Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks konungs. Nordiske oldskrifter (in Icelandic and Danish). Vol. 3. Translated by Thorarensen, Gísli. Copenhagen: Printing House of Brothers Berling. OCLC162978576.
Petersen 1847, p. 27: "Eitt sumar sendi hann menn austr í Hólmgarða, at bjóða Hrollaugi konungi barnfóstr, er þá var ríkastr konúngr". Petersen, Niels Matthias, ed. (1847). Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks konungs. Nordiske oldskrifter (in Icelandic and Danish). Vol. 3. Translated by Thorarensen, Gísli. Copenhagen: Printing House of Brothers Berling. OCLC162978576.
Petersen 1847, p. 57: "Ívarr hinn víðfaðmi lagði þá undir sik allt Svíaveldi; hann vann ok Danaveldi ok Kúrland, Saxland ok Eystland, ok öll Austrríki allt til Garðaríkis". Petersen, Niels Matthias, ed. (1847). Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks konungs. Nordiske oldskrifter (in Icelandic and Danish). Vol. 3. Translated by Thorarensen, Gísli. Copenhagen: Printing House of Brothers Berling. OCLC162978576.
